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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2002

Oral vaccination with subunit vaccines protects animals against aerosol infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

Immunity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis depends largely on activation of cell-mediated responses, and gamma interferon has been shown to play a crucial role in this process in both humans and animal models. Since the lung is normally the organ in which infection is initiated and is the major site of pathology, immune responses in the lung play a significant role in restricting initial infection with M. tuberculosis. The aim of the present study was to stimulate efficient immunity in the lung by targeting the gut mucosa. Detoxified monophosphoryl lipid A (MPL) has been shown to be a relatively nontoxic adjuvant which efficiently promotes the induction of type 1 responses when it is given by the traditional subcutaneous route. We have therefore compared subcutaneous immunization of mice to oral immunization by using a model subunit vaccine carrying two immunodominant proteins from M. tuberculosis, in combination with MPL-based adjuvants. While less effective when used to prime a response, a heterologous priming and boosting vaccination strategy employing oral boosting induced significant systemic type 1 responses which equaled and surpassed those attained by subcutaneous immunization protocols. Moreover, the increased immune responses observed correlated with the induction of substantial protection against subsequent aerosol infection with virulent M. tuberculosis at levels comparable to, or better than, those obtained by multiple subcutaneous vaccinations. These results demonstrate that booster vaccinations via mucosal surfaces, by combining efficient subunit vaccines with the potent adjuvant MPL, may be an effective method of addressing some of the shortcomings of current vaccination strategies.

Acyltransferases↗
PubMed1978

Effective protection against influenza after vaccination with subunit vaccine.

Immunization with an influenza subunit vaccine given in one dose about 1 month to 2 months before onset of an epidemic of influenza afforded from 80% to 90% protection in a double-blind clinical trial which was supported by isolation of virus and serological studies. In the vaccinated group, 20% failed to develop antibodies to the vaccine. Either serology tests or attempted isolation of virus alone would have failed to detect some of the cases.

Antibodies, Viral↗
PubMed1998

Therapeutic periocular vaccination with a subunit vaccine induces higher levels of herpes simplex virus-specific tear secretory immunoglobulin A than systemic vaccination and provides protection against recurrent spontaneous ocular shedding of virus in latently infected rabbits.

Rabbits latently infected with herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) were vaccinated either periocularly or systemically with a subunit vaccine (gB2 + gD2) plus adjuvant or adjuvant alone. Tear films were collected daily to measure recurrent infectious HSV-1 shedding. After systemic vaccination, the latently infected rabbits were not protected against recurrent ocular viral shedding (HSV-1-positive tear film cultures/total cultures) compared with either the systemic or periocular adjuvant controls (systemic vaccination = 49 of 972, 5.0%; systemic control = 46 of 972, 4.7%; periocular control = 43 of 930, 4.6%; P > 0.8). In contrast, latently infected rabbits vaccinated periocularly with the same vaccine had significantly reduced recurrent shedding (20 of 1026, 2.0%) compared with controls (P < 0.001) or systemic vaccination (P = 0.0002). Thus, recurrent HSV-1 shedding was significantly reduced by therapeutic local periocular subunit vaccination but not by therapeutic systemic subunit vaccination. Neutralizing antibody titers in the serum of systemically and ocularly vaccinated rabbits was similar. In contrast, HSV-specific tear secretory immunoglobulin A was significantly higher in the ocularly vaccinated group (P < 0.01). These results strongly suggest that in the rabbit, and presumably in humans, the local ocular (mucosal) immune response is much more important than the systemic immune response for therapeutic protection against recurrent ocular HSV-1. Thus development of a therapeutic vaccine against recurrent ocular HSV-1 should be directed at enhancing the local ocular (mucosal) immune response.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

Potentiation of the immune response to influenza virus subunit vaccines.

Influenza subunit vaccines are poorly immunogenic in unprimed lower animals and man and methods were sought to potentiate the humoral response. Influenza B intact virus vaccines potentiated the antibody response of hamsters to purified vaccines containing influenza A hemagglutinin and neuraminidase subunits. The levels of anitbody induced were at least as high as those induced by equivalent doses of whole virus. Similarly, intact heterologous influenza A virus vaccine (A/Victoria/3/75 [H3N2]) potentiated the antibody response of hamsters to A/NJ/76 [Hswl NI] subunit vaccines but large doses of intact virus were required. Considerably lower doses of homologous intact A/NJ/76 [Hswl NI] potentiated the antibody response of hamsters and sero-negative people to subunit vaccines. This suggests that future influenza subunit vaccines for use in seronegative people should contain a minimal dose of whole virus vaccine sufficient to potentiate the immune response to the subunits but insufficient to be reactogenic. A synthetic water soluble adjuvant (N-acetyl-muramyl-L-alanyl-D-isoglutamine) was also shown to potentiate the immune response of hamsters to A/NJ/76 [Hswl NI] influenza virus subunit vaccines.

Adjuvants, Immunologic↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Potentiation of the immune response to influenza virus subunit vaccines.

Influenza subunit vaccines are poorly immunogenic in unprimed lower animals and man and a method was sought to potentiate the humoral response. Intact heterologous influenza A virus vaccine (A/Victoria/3/75 [H3N2]) potentiated the antibody response of hamsters to A/NJ/76 [Hsw1 N1] subunit vaccines but large doses of intact virus were required. Studies in seronegative young human adults showed that much lower doses of homologous A/NJ/76 [Hsw1 N1] virus potentiated the antibody response to both the hemagglutinin and neuraminidase subunits of A/NJ/76 influenza vaccines. This suggests that future influenza subunit vaccines for use in seronegative people should contain a small amount of whole virus vaccine, sufficient to potentiate the immune response to the subunits but insufficient to be reactogenic.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Prevention of transplacental transmission of moderate-virulent classical swine fever virus after single or double vaccination with an E2 subunit vaccine.

The use of a vaccine against classical swine fever virus (CSFV) during an outbreak of CSF should lead to a reduction in the horizontal or vertical transmission of CSFV. The reduction of vertical, i.e. transplacental, transmission of a moderate-virulent strain of CSFV from the sow to its offspring was studied in sows vaccinated once or twice with a CSFV E2 subunit vaccine. Two groups of nine sows were vaccinated with one PD95 dose of the E2 subunit vaccine, approximately four weeks before insemination. A third group of nine inseminated sows served as controls. One group of nine sows were vaccinated again at two weeks after insemination. At ten weeks after the primary vaccination, approximately six weeks after insemination, all 27 sows were challenged intranasally with 10(5) TCID50 of a moderate-virulent strain of CSFV, the Van Zoelen strain. The sows were euthanized at five weeks after challenge, and samples from the sows and fetuses were collected for detection of CSFV. All 27 sows were in gestation at the time of slaughter, CSFV was detected in the fetuses of all unvaccinated sows but it was not detected in any of the samples collected from fetuses of the double-vaccinated sows. Virus was however recovered from the fetuses of one out of nine sows vaccinated once. All the sows, except four double-vaccinated sows, developed CSFV Erns antibodies. Transplacental transmission of CSFV was reduced significantly (p <0.001) in all vaccinated sows. When the results from the experiment were extrapolated to a herd level, it could be concluded that, with 95% certainty, approximately 11% (single vaccination) or 0% (double vaccination), confidence intervals of 0.01-0.44 and 0.0-0.30 respectively, of the pregnant sows would still not be protected against vertical transmission of moderate-virulent CSFV. We conclude that vaccination with the CSFV E2 subunit vaccine can reduce the transmission of moderate-virulent strain of CSFV from the sow to its offspring significantly.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Progress towards the eradication of Aujeszky's disease in New Zealand by vaccination with a subunit vaccine.

Attempts to control Aujeszky's disease by vaccination with a glycoprotein-I negative subunit vaccine have been made on nine New Zealand pig farms. Thirty-one to 42 months after the programme of vaccination began, its progress was assessed by measuring the gI-antibody response in pigs from seven of the farms. Three farms had totally eradicated the 'wild' virus infection, one farm was close to achieving complete eradication and the other three farms had made little or no progress. One of the farms which eradicated the 'wild' virus infection achieved this status in two years by combining vaccination with an intensive testing and culling programme; the other two farms had eradicated the 'wild' virus infection by a combination of vaccination and good standards of hygiene without undertaking an intensive culling programme. The farms that had made little or no progress had less satisfactory standards of hygiene and did not practise an intensive testing and culling programme.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Virus-like particles as a rotavirus subunit vaccine.

Rotavirus subunit vaccines are being evaluated for use in humans. The virus-like particles (VLPs) for these vaccines are produced in insect cells coinfected with combinations of baculovirus recombinants expressing bovine RIF VP2 and simian SA11, VP4, VP6, or VP7 rotavirus proteins. VLPs were administered parenterally to mice and rabbits, and the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of the vaccines were evaluated. Rabbits vaccinated with VP2/4/6/7 or VP2/6/7 VLP combinations developed high levels of rotavirus-specific serum antibody and fecal IgG but not fecal IgA. The induction of fecal IgG was associated with total or partial protection from oral challenge with ALA rotavirus. Heterotypic serum and fecal neutralizing antibody was induced in mice vaccinated parenterally with G1 VP2/6/7 or VP2/4/6n VLPs. VLPs were highly immunogenic when administered in QS21 adjuvant, inducing serum neutralizing antibody titers comparable to those induced by SA11 virus. VLPs are effective immunogens when administered parenterally and may be an effective subunit vaccine.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Dengue type 2 virus subviral extracellular particles produced by a stably transfected mammalian cell line and their evaluation for a subunit vaccine.

A dengue subunit vaccine candidate was developed using a mammalian cell line continuously expressing subviral extracellular particles (EPs) of the New Guinea C (NGC) strain of dengue type 2 virus. The cell line, designated D cell line, maintained envelope (E) antigen production for at least 10 passages. The EPs contained an E protein biochemically and antigenically equivalent to authentic E produced by NGC-infected Vero cells. Two immunizations of BALB/c mice with purified EPs containing 100ng or 400ng of E induced moderate levels of neutralizing antibody and anamnestic neutralizing antibody responses were produced when these animals were challenged with dengue virus. The yield of E antigen from D cells was comparable to that from NGC-infected Vero cells. When D cells were transfected with the anti-apoptotic bcl-2 gene, the E antigen release increased approximately two-fold. These results indicate that D cell EPs are a promising non-infectious vaccine antigen for dengue.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Interleukin-6 and interleukin-12 participate in induction of a type 1 protective T-cell response during vaccination with a tuberculosis subunit vaccine.

We examined the role of cytokines in the development of gamma interferon (IFN-gamma)-secreting protective T cells following immunization with a culture filtrate subunit vaccine against Mycobacterium tuberculosis containing the adjuvant dimethyldioctadecylammonium bromide (DDA). Depletion of either interleukin-6 (IL-6) or IL-12 with specific neutralizing antibodies during vaccination reduced the priming of T cells for antigen-specific proliferation and IFN-gamma secretion. Such reduction was also observed in IL-6 gene-disrupted mice as compared to wild-type animals. IL-6 was found to play a role in the initial differentiation of Th1 cells but not in their expansion. The defect found after IL-6 depletion or in IL-6-knockout mice was compensated by the inclusion of recombinant mouse IL-12 in the vaccine. The induction of protective immunity against an intravenous or an aerosol challenge with live, virulent M. tuberculosis was markedly reduced by neutralizing either IL-6 or IL-12 during immunization with the vaccine. Likewise, the effects of IL-6 neutralization were partially reversed by including IL-12 in the vaccine. Our data point to an important role of IL-6 and IL-12 in the generation of cell-mediated immunity to tuberculosis.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Evaluation in swine of a subunit vaccine against pseudorabies.

A subunit vaccine against pseudorabies virus (PRV) was prepared by treating a mixture of pelleted virions and infected cells with the nonionic detergent Nonidet P-40 and emulsifying the extracted proteins incomplete Freund's adjuvant. Three 7-week-old pigs without antibodies against PRV were given 2 IM doses of this vaccine 3 weeks apart. Thirty days after the 2nd vaccination, 10(6) median tissue culture infective doses (TCID50) of a virulent strain of PRV were administered intranasally. Tonsillar and nasal swabs were collected daily between 2 and 10 days after challenge exposure. The pigs vaccinated with the subunit vaccine were not found to shed virulent PRV. Two groups of five 7-week-old pigs vaccinated with commercially available vaccines, either live-modified or inactivated virus, and subsequently exposed to 10(6) TCID50 of virulent PRV, shed virulent virus for up to 8 days. The subunit vaccine induced significantly higher virus-neutralizing antibody titers than either the live-modified or inactivated virus vaccine.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Antibody detection-based differential ELISA for NDV-infected or vaccinated chickens versus NDV HN-subunit vaccinated chickens.

With the advent of subunit vaccines for microbial diseases it is becoming increasingly important to be able to differentiate naturally infected animals from those vaccinated with the corresponding subunit vaccine. For avian viruses such as Newcastle disease virus (NDV), a whole virus-based ELISA cannot make such a differential diagnosis since in both cases the antisera would react with the whole virus. The nucleocapsid protein (NP) gene of the NDV Hitchner B1 strain was cloned, sequenced and expressed to develop a differential ELISA. The B1 NP had 95.7 and 96.1% amino acid identities with the NP of the d26 and Ulster 2C strains, respectively. The B1 NP expressed in a baculovirus expression vector (recNP) was the expected size and reacted with NDV-specific antibodies (Ab) in Western blots and by radioimmunoprecipitation. The ELISA using recNP-coated wells, tested on serum samples from flocks pretested with a commercial NDV kit gave results corresponding to those of the kit. Furthermore, use of both the renNP-based ELISA and a whole virus ELISA allowed the differentiation of birds vaccinated and a NDV haemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) expressing fowlpox virus from birds infected with NDV. This provides the basis for establishing an ELISA that discriminates between the antibody response to a recombinant fowlpox vaccine (expressing NDV HN protein) and that to live and inactivated NDV.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Design and production of recombinant subunit vaccines.

The development of subunit vaccines is presently the main strategy being evaluated for prevention of infectious diseases. The use of recombinant-DNA techniques has facilitated the development of new principles for design and production of subunit vaccines. First of all, the properties of a target protein immunogen can be improved by the use of gene-fusion technology or by the creation of specific changes, to generate 'second-generation protein vaccines'. Properties that can be modified include protein solubility, protein stability, in vivo half-lives, etc. In addition, for subunit protein vaccine candidates, the immunogenic properties can be significantly augmented by the addition of immunopotentiating tags or by means of targeting to immunoreactive sites. The recombinant subunit vaccine can furthermore be adapted by gene-fusion technology, to be efficiently incorporated into immunopotentiating adjuvant systems. Also in passive vaccination strategies, i.e. the use of antibodies or antibody fragments for prevention of infectious diseases, the recombinant strategies have become increasingly important. Humanized antibodies and antibody fusion proteins represent common present anti-infectious-disease agents. The selected examples will indicate that recombinant strategies will indeed have an impact on the design, selection and production of recombinant proteins to be used in the prevention of infectious diseases.

Adjuvants, Immunologic↗
PubMed1981

Protection against feline leukemia by vaccination with a subunit vaccine.

An effective vaccine against feline leukemia virus infection has been developed by the collection and concentration of tissue culture medium harvested from a tumor cell line. Lymphoid cells were grown to near saturation density in a normal growth medium and then transferred to a serum-free medium. The serum-free medium was collected, concentrated, and evaluated for its vaccine potential. Cats receiving the vaccine emulsified in complete Freund adjuvant developed high antiviral and antitumor titers and were protected (81%) against virus challenge. Cats receiving the vaccine without an adjuvant developed lower antibody levels and lower protection (53%) from viremia. Age-matched and litter-matched controls developed no antibody to test antigens before the challenge, and 100% became persistently viremic after the challenge. Vaccination with the soluble tumor cell antigen vaccine proved successful in preventing the induction of feline leukemia virus infection.

Adjuvants, Immunologic↗
PubMed1993

[Tolerance of preventive influenza vaccination with a subunit vaccine].

The frequency and intensity of undesirable side effects after protective vaccination against influenza with a commercially available vaccine were studied. 82 gainfully employed persons of both sexes were questioned in respect of local reactions such as weal and flare reactions, itching, sensation of heat, tenderness on pressure, and impeded movement, as well as systemic reactions e.g. elevated temperature or fever, profound sweating, headache, malaise, and insomnia. In 61 of 82 questioned persons local reactions occurred within 24 hours after vaccination, mainly weal and flare reactions and tenderness on pressure. 10 persons had systemic reactions, chiefly headache and fever, 39 of the questioned persons who reported on undesirable effects considered these impairments to be slight, whereas 28 of the group did not feel that the impairments disturbed or upset them in any way.

Adult↗
PubMed1978

A/New Jersey/76 influenza vaccine trial in seronegative schoolchildren: comparison of a subunit vaccine with a whole-virus vaccine.

In the present vaccination trial, 202 seronegative schoolchildren comprising both sexes and aged 11 to 12 years were vaccinated i.m. in the upper arm with either the subunit vaccine at a dosage of 600 CCA or 200 CCA or with a whole-virus vaccine at a dosage of 200 CCA, using the double-blind procedure. Both vaccines were prepared from the strain A/New Jersey/76 (x 53a-recombinant). The vaccination was followed four weeks later by a booster injection. In tests of local and systemic reactogenicity, it was found that at both dosages the subunit vaccine caused a low frequency of minor adverse reactions. The whole-virus vaccine was marked by a significantly higher rate of adverse reactions, whether of the local or systemic variety. The whole-virus vaccine had, however, a higher immunogenicity than the subunit vaccine, and due to the relatively high rate of adverse reactions it causes, it is not recommended for the vaccination of seronegative children. Because of its low reactogenicity, the subunit vaccine can be given at higher dosage, and it is a matter for consideration whether a better antibody response might not result from two booster injections.

Antibodies, Viral↗