PubMed Health⌕ Search

SEARCH · PubMed Health

Results for “Varus”

Explore indexed PubMed citations for clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health research. Read source abstracts and follow each citation to its original PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2026

The knee-ankle link: impact of knee varus severity on distal joint malalignment and concomitant pathologies.

BACKGROUND: Knee varus deformity is traditionally managed as an isolated joint pathology; however, persistent distal symptoms following proximal realignment suggest a more extensive kinetic chain dysfunction. The degree to which knee varus severity dictates distal malalignment and secondary pathologies remains poorly quantified in the current literature. METHODS: This systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted in accordance with PRISMA 2020 guidelines (PROSPERO: CRD420261363327). A comprehensive search of PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Library was performed from inception to April 2026. Studies examining the relationship between knee varus (HKA angle) and radiographic distal alignment or pathologies were included. Data synthesis utilized random-effects models, with prevalence analyzed via generalized linear mixed models (GLMM). RESULTS: Fourteen studies were included in the final synthesis. While pooling of continuous radiographic parameters was limited by high statistical heterogeneity in Talar Tilt (I2 = 96.5%), individual large-cohort data (Huang et al.) indicated that severe knee varus (HKA > 10°) was associated with increased odds of concomitant ankle osteoarthritis (OR 2.29; 95% CI 1.28-4.11) and a specific cohort prevalence of 37.1%. Furthermore, single-arm prevalence data revealed divergent trends across different study populations, with compensatory hindfoot valgus reaching 69.9% in some cohorts and rigid varus up to 63.9% in others. CONCLUSIONS: Severe genu varum is associated with distal kinetic chain alterations and concomitant ankle pathologies. However, due to the extreme heterogeneity and divergent distal adaptations observed across different cohorts, standardized knee-centric protocols may be insufficient. Further longitudinal and interventional studies are required to establish phenotype-specific rehabilitation guidelines.

Humans↗
PubMed1978

Results of treatment of supracondylar fractures of the humerus in children with special reference to the cause and prevention of cubitus varus.

Report and analysis of the results of treatment of 56 children who exhibited a typical supracondylar fracture of the humerus necessitating reposition and treatment by clinical methods. The functional results were good on the whole and they were not clearly dependent on the nature of the treatment. The treatment consisting in manual reposition followed by application of a plaster cast was followed in about 50% of the cases by disfiguring cubitus varus. The causes of this phenomenon are discussed. The typical endorotation of the distal fracture fragment in regard to the proximal fragment plays an important part in causing cubitus varus. Cubitus varus may be prevented by wire traction through the olecranon, even if the rotation displacement persists. For this reason, this treatment is recommended. If the rotation displacement persists in the course of the traction treatment, it is advisable to use Baumann's method of demonstrating and correcting a possible varus tilting during the course of the traction treatment. If development of cubitus varus is still suspected, surgical reposition and fixation are possible, a safe method which gives good results. The surgical treatment should achieve an anatomically correct position of the fragments.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1979

Varus deformity in supracondylar fractures of the humerus in children.

Eighty cases of supracondylar fracture of the humerus at the elbow in children have been analysed. The post-reduction radiograph of the fracture was classified depending on the residual deformity present and related to the loss of carrying angle and cubitus varus deformity at the time of follow-up. Fifty-four percent of the displaced fractures showed a loss of carrying angle greater than 5 degrees, and of these 23 per cent developed cubitus varus deformity. Eighty-five per cent of those cases with a loss of carrying angle greater than 10 degrees showed either residual tilt or medial rotation on the post-reduction radiograph. All cases in which there was residual medial tilt after manipulation and 40 per cent of those with medial rotation on the post-reduction radiograph developed cubitus varus. In our series, there was no evidence of epiphyseal injury causing the deformity and in none of the cases was the deformity progressive. It is suggested that, in order to reduce the incidence of varus deformity in suprocondylar fractures, open reduction and internal fixation is indicated in those fractures in which tilt or medial rotation cannot be reduced by conservative means.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1979

[Dwyer's calcaneal osteotomy for varus deformity of the foot. (A follow-up study including gait analysis) (author's transl)].

A follow-up study on 20 patients one to 9 years after lateral wedge resection of the calcaneus according to Dwyer is reported. In 18 feet with neurogenic varus deformity of the hind foot, the angle between the axis of the lower leg and the heel was altered from 11.4 degrees +/- 1.4 degrees SD varus to a normal value of 5.9 degrees +/- 0.9 degrees SD valgus. The position of the calcaneal tuberosity was changed from 6.7 degrees +/- 1.1 degree SD varus to 0.1 degree +/- SD varus in 7 congenital club feet. The osteotomy reduced accompanying deformities of pes cavus and pes adductus in the operated children.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The effect of varus stress on the moving rabbit knee joint.

Unicompartmental osteoarthritis was produced by applying varus stress to moving rabbit knee joints. Degenerative changes were confined to the medial tibial and the medial femoral articular surfaces. Within the range of varus stress used, duration appears to be more important than magnitude of varus stress in determining the severity of cartilage damage. The calcified zone remained histologically unchanged despite advanced changes in the noncalcified zone superficial to the tidemark. Intrachondral degenerative cysts were frequently found in the basilar layers of the noncalcified cartilage adjacent to the tidemark where shear stresses were likely to be highest and diffusible nutrients least available. Highly cellular cartilaginous tissue was noted in the subchondral marrow spaces in the specimens with advanced cartilage degeneration. These areas appeared to be continuous with the overlying degenerated cartilage through gaps in the calcified cartilage. Subchondral bone did not show remarkable trabecular thickening despite advanced degenerative changes in the articular cartilage.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

A new surgical technique for metatarsus primus varus correction with radical bunionectomy: a preliminary report.

Dr. Panacos has developed a new surgical technique for correction of metatarsus primus varus. His technique, which is indicated in moderate to severe metatarsus primus varus (when the intermetatarsal angle exceeds 15 degrees), makes use of a stabilizing implant at the first metatarsal-cuneiform joint. Although the procedure has been performed on a limited number of patients, the author believes it to be superior to the osteotomy for metatarsus primus varus correction.

Hallux Valgus↗
PubMed1978

The development of a computational stress analysis of the femoral head. Mapping tensile, compressive, and shear stress for the varus and valgus positions.

Using a computer-based, two-dimensional finite-element analysis which has wide application to problems involving the hip joint, alterations in the distribution of stress in the femoral head consequent to varus and valgus osteotomy were studied. The mathematical model used in this analysis incorporated experimentally measured spatial variations in the stiffness of the bone of the femoral head and neck. These variations led to patterns of load transmission that were strikingly different from those in a homogeneous material. Because of their lower stiffness, the central region of the head and the medullary region of the neck make very little contribution to weight-bearing, regardless of the orientation of the femoral head. In the neutral configuration (normal neck-shaft angle), the lateral cortex of the neck is in slight tension, while the medial cortex is under strong compression and provides the support for the over-all load on the joint. With increasing valgus angulation, the bending component of the joint load disappears progressively, and when the valgus angulation is 30 degrees in excess of normal essentially equal compressive stresses prevail in both cortices. Varus osteotomy exaggerates the bending component relative to the compressive component of the load. The computed stress patterns in the femoral head and neck for the normal neck-shaft angle show elevations of shear stress where the lateral epiphyseal artery enters and branches within the femoral head. This finding may be significant since this region is the area at risk of infarction in both Legg-Perthes disease in children and idiopathic aseptic necrosis in adults. Since a 30-degree varus angulation induces tensile stresses in the lateral cortex of the neck that are increased fourfold above those for the neutral configuration, it is postulated that force transmitted through the femur when the hip is in abduction could produce shear fractures of the bone in the region of the central branch of the lateral epiphyseal artery and thus occlude this vessel and initiate aseptic necrosis of the femoral head.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Metatarsus primus varus: including various clinicoradiologic feautres of the female foot.

Metatarsus primus varus occurs in feet which have a normal 1--2 intermetatarsal angle. Fifty-two Caucasian females, average age 18 years, were analyzed radiologically for 1--2 and 1--5 intermetatarsal angles and for metatarsophalangeal and first interphalangeal joint angles. Measurement of the 1--5 rather than the 1--2 intermetatarsal angel is a more reliable indicator of first metatarsal varus. Valgus at the first interphalangeal joint is normally greater than that at the first metatarsophalangeal joint and excessive first interphalangeal valgus (valgus interphalangeus) is significantly linked with the presence of ossia tibiale externa. The high arch foot tends either to feature valgus interphalangeus or become excessively broad. The anatomy of the ungual tuberosity is highly variable.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1979

Anomalous insertion of the tibialis posterior tendon in congenital metatarsus varus.

Congenital metatarsus varus is a common deformity that usually responds to conservative treatment. In fifteen feet operated on for resistant deformity, an anomalous insertion of the tibialis posterior tendon was found in fourteen. Six cadaveric infant feet were dissected to confirm the normal insertion. The dynamic component of the deformity is stressed.

Foot Deformities, Congenital↗
PubMed1975

[Treatment of post-traumatic cubitus varus in children. A propos of 32 cases].

The authors have reviewed 32 cases of severe varus deformity following supra-condylar fractures in childhood. The sequellae were mainly cosmetic, the function being preserved. All cases were treated by supra-condylar osteotomy fixed by screwing. The technique is described. The results were satisfactory in 20 cases.

Bone Screws↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Humerus varus congenitus (author's transl)].

Two cases of humerus varus congenitus have been treated by lengthening of the humerus using an external distraction device. The first was lengthened by about 6 centimetres and the second by about four centimetres. In one case, primary bone union was obtained and in the second, secondary grafting had to be done. The clinical results were satisfactory.

Adult↗
PubMed1979

[Upper tibial osteotomy for degenerative arthritis of the knee with varus deformity.-A review of 250 cases. (author's transl)].

The authors have reviewed 250 cases of upper tibial osteotomy for varus deformity of the knee with degenerative arthritis of the medial compartment. Most of the osteotomies (136) were closing osteotomies, the remainder being opening osteotomies using a bone graft. Closing osteotomy is recommended together with an arthrolysis of the upper tibio-fibular joint instead of a fibular osteotomy. Hyper-correction appeared to be beneficial in cases with lateral ligament laxity. The authors do not recommend intra-articular cartilage shaving or meniscectomy. They advocate surgical release of the patella by division of the lateral patellar retinacula or by anterior displacement of the tibial tuberosity.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1979

An examination procedure for cavo-adducto-varus.

This examination is used in cava-adducto-varus feet to determine the primary areas producing the secondary forefoot pathology. Table I is a compilation of the data and shows by means of an asterisk those pathologies possible with an additional primary deformity. The fold face test parts, when indicated in the exact order, are diagnostic. Once the primary areas have been elucidated, the remaining components are secondary, and the prognosis of biochemical and specific surgical treatment can be made. The specific treatment procedures and their rational use will be discussed in a future presentation.

Ankle Joint↗
PubMed1979

Compression screw fixation in proximal first metatarsal osteotomies for metatarsus primus varus: initial observations.

Many methods of fixation have been used after proximal abductory metatarsal osteotomies for the correction of metatarsus primus varus. The methods include external immobilization and the application of devices such as stainless steel wire, Kirschner wires, staples, and compression plates. We have combined external immobilization with compression screw fixation across the osteotomy site. Two different types of screws were used: 1) an AO screw 3.6 mm. wide and 26 to 28 mm. long and 2) a standard Woodruff screw 3.5 mm. wide and 31.8 to 44.4 mm long. Twenty-two procedures were reviewed. When we compared the results, we found the AO screw to be superior in the degree of rigid fixation which it provides, as judged by the extent of postoperative callus formation.

Bone Screws↗
PubMed1979

[Spasm of the adductor muscles, pre-dislocations and dislocations of the hip joints in children and adolescents with cerebral palsy. Clinical observations on aetiology, pathogenesis, therapy and rehabilitation. Part II. The importance of the iliopsoas tendon, its tenotomy, of the coxa valga antetorta, and correction through osteotomy turning the hip into varus (author's transl)].

The following factors besides spasm and contraction of the adductor muscles contribute to the occurrence of dislocations of the hip in spastic paralysis: Spasm and contraction of the iliopsoas muscle and enhanced valgus position and antetorsion. The author holds the opinion that in case of malformation of the proximal end of the femur, it is not only the indirect action of the spastic musculature via the proximal femur-epiphyseal cartilage which is responsible for this phenomen in accordance with the law on functional adaption through longitudinal growth (Pauwels), but also the direct traction of the iliopsoas tendon. A clue in this direction is the often very pronounced elongation or enlargement of the trochanter minor. The author demonstrates the pathogenetic importance of iliopsoas contracture and malpositioning of the neck of the femur by means of analyses of the course in two patients. The following principles of treatment are postulated for spastic dislocation of the hip: Elimination of the pathogenetic factors through myotenotomy of the adductor muscles and complete resection of the obturator nerve, with observation of strict aftertreatment criteria, tenotomy of the iliopsoas, repositioning and osteotomy with turning into varus. Osteotomy without previous elimination of the pathogenetically acting muscular forces does not appear useful. Likewise, permanent re-positioning by means of muscle-relaxing operation cannot be sufficiently safe-guarded without additional osteotomy once the dislocation has taken place. In twelve patients with spastic dislocation of the hip, treated in accordance with these guidelines (two without osteotomy) aged 6 6/12 and 19 5/12 years, a roentgenologically good result was obtained in half of the cases, whereas the functional result was satisfactory not only with these patients but also with part of the other patients. If surgical treatment is instituted early enough, and if the experiences described here are taken into consideration, it is to be expected that the results will be even more satisfactory. The corset supporting the seated patient, developed by us, has been found very useful during the aftertreatment stage. A definite stand is taken against the therapeutic nihilism which leaves treatment of spastic dislocations to physiotherapy. It is also pointed out that indication for treatment is not represented only by the target of learning how to walk, but also by providing an overall improvement of the life situation of the patient, by either enabling him, or improving his ability, to sit or by "merely" improving the care of the perineum.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1978

Pathology of congenital metatarsus varus and its relationship to other congenital deformities of the foot.

Congenital metatarsus varus may be regarded as a deformity caused by a dislocation and in that respect is similar to congenital clubfoot and vertical talus but not to calcaneovalgus. The dislocation causes adaptive bone changes as well as secondary contracture of the soft tissues. That the dislocation in the forepart of the foot may occur in a maximally dorsiflexed foot also may explain the valgus position of the hindfoot. The secondary changes in bone and soft tissue may explain the lack of spontaneous recovery and the difficulties in effecting correction in severe cases. It is still not possible to explain why the dislocation arises.

Foot Deformities, Congenital↗
PubMed1978

Repair of calcaneal varus and cavus.

Calcaneal varus or calcaneal cavus alone can be readily corrected, and the surgical procedure is not technically difficult. The author states that if the four basic points he describes are followed, good results will be obtained, and the osteotomy will heal in the desired position without incident. If other osseous deformities of the foot are involved, the deformities must be considered separately and in relation to each other, and other procedures may be necessary.

Adult↗