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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1992

Validation of virus inactivation by heat treatment in the manufacture of diaspirin crosslinked hemoglobin.

Diaspirin crosslinked hemoglobin (DCLHb), a hemoglobin based oxygen carrying solution prepared from outdated human blood, is subjected to a heat treatment step to inactivate viruses in our manufacturing process. To validate the efficacy of this inactivation, we have simulated the heat treatment procedure at a reduced scale using hemoglobin solution spiked with representative viruses. Human Immuno-deficiency Virus (HIV), Cytomegalovirus (CMV), and Duck Hepatitis B Virus (DHBV) were used in this validation. Inoculation with concentrated virus was performed just prior to the heat treatment to determine the effect of that specific process step. Samples were taken before, during, and after heat treatment and assayed for virus titer in an attempt to assess the rate as well as the extent of virus inactivation. CMV was analyzed in a plaque assay using MRC-5 indicator cells. The titer was reduced from 3.3 x 10(6) plaque forming units (PFU) per mL to less than 5 x 10(1) PFU/mL (detection limit) within 30 minutes. DHBV was analyzed by inoculation of serially diluted samples into Pekin ducklings, followed at intervals by screening sera for DHBV DNA by dot blot hybridization. The titer was reduced from 5.0 x 10(6) duck infectious units (DIU) per mL to less than 5 x 10(0) DIU/mL (detection limit) within 1 hour. HIV titers were determined through an ELISA assay for p24 antigen present in peripheral blood lymphocyte cocultivation supernatants. The titer was reduced from 2.0 x 10(4) infectious units (IU) per mL to less than 2 x 10(0) IU/mL (detection limit) within 1 hour. These data indicate that high titers of these blood borne viruses are rapidly inactivated by this heat treatment process.

Aspirin↗
PubMed1979

Glycyrrhizic acid inhibits virus growth and inactivates virus particles.

Screening investigations in antiviral action of plant extracts have revealed that a component of Glycyrrhiza glabra roots, found to be glycyrrhizie acid, is active against viruses. We report here that this drug inhibits growth and cytopathology of several unrelated DNA and RNA viruses, while not affecting cell activity and ability to replicate. In addition, glycyrrhizic acid inactivates herpes simplex virus particles irreversibly.

Antiviral Agents↗
PubMed1975

[Studies on simian viruses as possible contaminants of inactivated virus vaccines. I. Direct and serologic detection of simian adenovirus SV20 (author's transl)].

In the Federal Republic of Germany inactivated vaccines against poliomyelitis and measles are still produced in monkey kidney cell cultures which may be contaminated by simian viruses. One of these viruses is the oncogenic adenovirus SV20. A control of monkey sera from the institute's monkey house showed a high incidence of hemagglutination-inhibiting and neutralizing antibodies against this virus (table 1). Experimentally could be demonstrated that inactivated virus vaccines may be contaminated with SV20 antigen. Vero cells were infected at the time of their seeding with small doses of SV20. After 7 and 14 days CPE and hemagglutinin were frequently undetectable although infectivity could be shown by passages (table 2). Vaccines experimentally contaminated with SV20 were injected into guinea-pigs or rabbits (tables 3-6). In this way small amounts of the contaminating virus antigen could be detected by demonstrating neutralizing and hemagglutination-inhibiting antibodies. It is suggested to include passages of control cultures and of the virus harvest, after neutralization of the vaccine virus, for the control of virulent extraneous viruses. Alternatively to the last suggestion high amounts already inactivated virus pools could be inoculated into animals for the detection of antibodies against extraneous virus antigens. These controls are necessary until inactivated virus vaccines will be produced in safer substrates.

Adenoviridae↗
PubMed1976

[Studies on virus inactivation by chlorine during water disinfection (author's transl)].

The studies described indicate a potential for water-borne transmission of viral diseases and the problems involved in virus inactivation by means of water chlorination. In contrast to the amount of free chlorine, the value of the oxidation-reduction potential (ORP) was found to be a criterion of virus inactivation. For virus inactivation, higher ORP values and longer periods of contact than for the killing of bacteria, respectively, were found to be necessary. To ensure the inactivation of poliovirus in water contaminated with organic substances, an ORP of + 780 mV (0.3-0.6 mg/l free chlorine) should be maintained for 15-30 min. Adenovirus has shown an almost identical resistance to inactivation. Possibilities for utilizing the mechanism of virus inactivation by the action of chemical disinfectants are discussed.

Chlorine↗
PubMed1992

Virus inactivation of fresh frozen plasma by a solvent detergent procedure: biological results.

In order to increase the safety of blood products, we have developed a procedure for the virus inactivation of fresh frozen plasma. Several batches have been prepared and with the first 10 batches, each of them composed of 60 litres of plasma, we have determined a set of biological parameters. Virus inactivation was realised using TnBP (1%) and Octoxynol 9 (1%). After their elimination with castor oil using chromatography on insolubilized C18 resin, glycine was added and the pH of the plasma was adjusted to 7.4. Plastic bags were aseptically filled with a mean volume of 200 ml of plasma. The mean levels of coagulation factors were all over 0.7 U/ml and their recovery from initial plasma was nearly the same as total protein except for factor VIII:C. The net loss in factor VIII:C was 16%, when including the dilution of plasma. In vivo and in vitro tests demonstrated that in the final product there were no activated factors. As in fresh frozen plasma, the protein concentration was over 50 g/l and the potassium level lower than 5 mmol/l. According to these results, virus-inactivated plasma has the same qualities of fresh frozen plasma and could now replace it.

Blood Coagulation Factors↗
PubMed1992

Effects of hydrostatic pressure on a membrane-enveloped virus: high immunogenicity of the pressure-inactivated virus.

A new approach to the preparation of antiviral vaccines relying on the inactivation of the virus particle by hydrostatic pressure is described. The enveloped virus vesicular stomatitis virus was utilized as a model; a pressure of 260 MPa applied for 12 h reduced infectivity by a factor of 10(4), and the antibodies against pressurized material were as effective as those against the intact virus when measured by their neutralization titer. Fluorescence measurements indicate that application of pressure results in perturbations of the particle interactions that permit binding of specific molecular probes. Electron microscopy showed that the membrane of the pressurized virus was partially preserved, presenting the spike pattern of the membrane G protein. Unlike the icosahedral viruses, dissociation into smaller particles was not observed, but a constant change in the morphology was the presence of a bulge in the surface of the pressurized virus, indicating a displacement of the capsid subunits, retained under the lipid and protein membrane.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

Interferon induction with Newcastle disease virus in FS-4 cells: effect of priming with interferon and of virus inactivating treatments.

Inoculation of human FS-4 cells with Newcastle disease virus (NDV) resulted in the induction of two distinct interferon responses, one that peaked at about 5 hr (early response) and one that reached a maximum between 10 to 24 hr after inoculation (second response). The early interferon response was enhanced by previous treatment of the cells with interferon (priming), whereas the second response decreased after interferon treatment in a dose-dependent manner. The early response diminished with decreasing multiplicities of infection, the magnitude of the second response in unprimed cells was relatively independent of the dose of NDV employed. The early interferon response was sensitive to inhibition by actinomycin D for only 1 hr after inoculation. In marked contrast, the second response remained sensitive to inhibition by actinomycin D until 12 hr after inoculation. The ability of NDV to induce the second response was greatly diminished by irradiation of the virus with ultraviolet light or by its treatment with hydroxylamine, whereas the ability to stimulate the early response was relatively resistant to these virus-inactivating treatments. Treatment of NDV with hydroxylamine abolished the virus to induce the second response at the same rate as it destroyed infectivity. The results suggest the existence of at least two distinct mechanisms of interferon induction by NDV; the early response is triggered either by a virion component or by a product of primary transcription, whereas induction of the second response requires the expression of some functions of the virus not needed for triggering the early response.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Virus inactivation during intravenous immunoglobulin production.

Effects of time, temperature, pH and stabilizers (i.e. medium) on inactivation of lipid-enveloped model viruses, Semliki Forest and vesicular stomatitis viruses in the production process of intravenous immunoglobulin were investigated on a laboratory scale. The lowering of pH, the raising of temperature and the increasing of incubation time improved the inactivation effect. However, small changes in pH and stabilizer concentrations did not influence the results. Inactivation was not linear and a clear tailing off could be seen. Therefore, for complete virus inactivation incubation times longer than 20 h are necessary. Inactivation took place much more rapidly in intravenous immunoglobulin solution than in intramuscular immunoglobulin solution. Processing steps such as freeze-dying in the presence of ethanol or storage of intramuscular immunoglobulin in the liquid state at pH7 only partially inactivated these viruses.

Blood Transfusion↗
PubMed1979

Enveloped virus inactivation by fatty acid derivatives.

The enveloped bacteriophage phi6 has been shown to be a valuable model system for the preliminary screening of compounds that might be expected to inactivate herpes simplex virus and other enveloped mammalian viruses. A variety of fatty acid derivatives that form fluid micelles in aqueous media have been found to be potent inactivators of phi6. The chemical nature of the polar head group, the length of the alkyl chain(s), and the extent and geometry of unsaturation are all important parameters in determining the antiviral effectiveness of this class of compounds.

Antiviral Agents↗
PubMed1992

Field trials of an inactivated virus vaccine against porcine parvovirus.

Serological response and reproductive performance were estimated in field trials of an inactivated virus vaccine against porcine parvovirus. Experiments were carried out in 10 selected pig breeding herds. A total of 277 seronegative gilts were used. Two hundred and twenty animals were vaccinated twice before mating, fourteen days apart and revaccinated after farrowing. Blood samples were obtained from both vaccinated and non-vaccinated (57 animal) control gilts, one week after the 2nd dose of vaccination, at farrowing time and one week after revaccination. Although there were considerable variations among the herds, the number of returns to oestrus in all herds was higher in vaccinated gilts (11.81%) than in the controls (10.52%). This difference, however, was not statistically significant. The reproductive performance results revealed the absence of an increase in the total born, as pooled values, in vaccinated gilts compared to controls. However, when these results are interpreted in relation to serological data, many control gilts were already seropositive before mating, or remained seronegative at farrowing. According to our results, the duration of immunity with this vaccine is apparently short, as there is a clear decrease in the titres between the 1st and the 2nd sampling times (2.35 +/- 0.14 and 1.97 +/- 0.08, respectively).

Animals↗
PubMed1976

Virus inactivation by grapes and wines.

Infusions and extracts of different grapes inactivated poliovirus; agents responsible for this property resided in the skin of the grape. Commercial grape juice at both natural and neutral pH inactivate various enteric viruses and herpes simplex virus; a 1,000-fold reduction in poliovirus infectivity occurred after incubation with grape juice, pH 7.0, for 24 h at 4 degrees C. A variety of wines were antiviral but to a lesser extent than grape juice; red wines were more antiviral than white. Antiviral activity was demonstrable in fractions of grape juice varying in molecular weight from less than 1,000 to greater than 30,000 as determined by membrane filtration. Some restoration of poliovirus infectivity from virus-grape juice complexes was achieved with 1% gelatin, 0.1% Tween 80, 0.5% polyvinyl pyrrolidone, and 0.5% polyethylene glycol.

Antiviral Agents↗
PubMed1979

Cell-mediated immunity to varicella-zoster virus measured by virus inactivation: mechanism and blocking of the reaction by specific antibody.

The process whereby varicella-zoster (V-Z) virus is inactivated in vitro by immune human peripheral blood leukocytes stimulated with V-Z antigen was examined. It was found that stimulation of leukocytes by V-Z antigen, but not by other viral antigens, was required for inactivation of V-Z virus to occur. Viral inactivation could be blocked by addition of V-Z antiserum to either the stimulation phase of the reaction or the inactivation phase, further demonstrating the specificity of the reaction. In addition these blocking experiments suggested that modulation of V-Z membrane antigen by antiserum occurred with an accompanying loss of immunological recognition of virus-infected cells. Inactivation of V-Z virus in vitro in this study appeared not to be dependent upon the secretion of interferon or upon antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity. The specific cells required for V-Z inactivation were T lymphocytes and monocytes (macrophage precursors).

Antibodies, Viral↗
PubMed1979

Large-scale concentration and purification of virus suspension from microcarrier culture for the preparation of inactivated virus vaccines.

Because of the presence of bovine serum proteins in poliovirus and rabiesvirus suspensions harvested from microcarrier cultures, a concentration and purification process has been developed in order to remove these proteins. The process comprises clarification by filtration, concentration by ultrafiltration, gel filtration on Sepharose 6B and column chromatography on DEAE-Sephadex A50. The serum protein content of the virus suspensions if reduced to a serum dilution of less than 1: 10(6) at a virus antigen recovery rate of 70 to 80%.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Virus inactivation by hydrogen peroxide].

The effect of H2O2 on adenovirus types 3 and 6, adenoassociated virus type 4, rhinoviruses 1A, 1B, and type 7, myxoviruses, influenza A and B, respiratory syncytial virus, strain Long, and coronavirus strain 229E was studied in vitro, using different H2O2 concentration and timec of exposure. H2O2 in a 3 percent concentration inactivated all the viruses under study within 1--30 min. Coronavirus and influenza viruses were found to be most sensitive. Reoviruses, adenoviruses and adenoassociated virus were relatively stable. H2O2 is a convenient means for virus inactivation.

Adenoviridae↗
PubMed1978

Comparison of pseudorabies virus inactivated by bromo-ethylene-imine, 60Co irradiation, and acridine dye in immune assay systems.

Pseudorabies virus infections among animals, especially swine, have become prevalent in the United States in the past few years. The disease in swine is now economically important. Test systems and antigens are being developed for use in control and disease suppression efforts. Pseudorabies virus was inactivated by three methods: chemically, with bromo-ethylene-imine; physically, with 60Co irradiation; and chemically and physically, with 3,9-diaminoacridine dye followed by exposure to white visible light. The antigenicities of the preparations were determined in the presence of specific antibody in immunodiffusion tests and through immunoelectrophoresis. The latter technique permitted quantitation of either antigen or antibody. In the electrophoretic patterns, the antigenic mass in bromo-ethylene-imine preparations was estimated to be 42 mg/ml, the same as in the untreated control material. After 60Co irradiation, 22 mg/ml was present, in comparison with 50 mg/ml in the untreated control antigen. In contrast, 67 mg/ml was present in the acridine dye-light-treated preparation, in comparison with 58 mg/ml in the untreated control material. A possible explanation for the acridine dye-light-treated preparation values is that photodynamic inactivation interferes with viral maturation during the replicative cycle within cells, with a resulting production of a greater amount of antigen, at least some of which is in the form of defective particles.

Acridines↗
PubMed1979

Presence of herpes simplex virus type 2 DNA in hamster cells oncogenically transformed by ultraviolet-inactivated virus.

Herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) DNA has been detected by molecular hybridization in hamster fibroblast cells oncogenically transformed by ultraviolet-irradiated virus. At early passages after cloning in soft agar, about 40% of the HSV-2 genome was present in all the transformed cell lines at one to six copies per cell. In cell lines derived from tumors induced by these cells, the same percentage of the HSV-2 genome was also found with more uniform number of copies (between two and three). Thus the presence of viral DNA seems to be necessary for the maintenance of the transformed state in these cell lines.

Animals↗