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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1983

Endogenous Gibberellin-Like Substances in Somatic Embryos of Grape (Vitis vinifera x Vitis rupestris) in Relation to Embryogenesis and the Chilling Requirement for Subsequent Development of Mature Embryos.

Endogenous gibberellin (GA)-like substances were examined in suspension cultures of somatic embryos of a hybrid grape (Vitis vinifera x Vitis rupestris) during embryogenesis, and in mature embryos chilled at 4 degrees C, and subsequently incubated at 26 degrees C with and without abscisic acid (ABA). The extract was separated into a nonpolar fraction (would contain GA-precursors); a fraction that would contain free GAs; and a highly H(2)O-soluble fraction (would contain GA glucosyl conjugates and very polar free GAs). Quantitation after SiO(2) partition chromatography was accomplished by microdrop and immersion dwarf rice bioassays. As embryogenesis developed, the free and highly H(2)O-soluble GA-like substances, expressed on a dry weight basis, decreased (however, they increased on a per embryo basis). Chilling at 4 degrees C for 1 week greatly increased activity of free GA-like substances (per g dry weight and per embryo), it then declined over the next three weeks of chilling. Activity (per g dry weight and per embryo) in the H(2)O-soluble fraction declined throughout chilling. Activity in the GA-precursor fraction, however, increased steadily with chilling (per g dry weight and per embryo). Incubation at 26 degrees C after chilling enhanced activity in the free GA and H(2)O-soluble fractions (per g dry weight and per embryo), but activity in the GA-precursor fraction dropped dramatically. Incubation at 26 degrees C with (+/-) ABA after chilling prevented germination and maintained high activity for GA precursors and less polar free GAs and low activity in the polar free GA and H(2)O-soluble fractions.Kaurene and kaurenoic acid were characterized in the GA-precursor fraction of chilled embryos by gas-liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (GLC-MS). The existence of GA(4) and GA(9) in ABA-treated, chilled embryos was also confirmed by GLC-MS.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2002

Molecular linkage maps of Vitis vinifera L. and Vitis riparia Mchx.

Two linkage maps for grape (Vitis spp.) have been developed based on 81 F(1) plants derived from an interspecific cross between the wine cultivar Moscato bianco (Vitis vinifera L.) and a Vitis riparia Mchx. accession, a donor of pathogen resistance traits. The double pseudotest-cross mapping strategy was applied using three types of molecular markers. The efficiency of SSRs to anchor homologous linkage groups from different Vitis maps and the usefulness of AFLPs in saturating molecular linkage maps were evaluated. Moreover, the SSCP technique was developed based on sequence information in public databases concerning genes involved in flavonoid and stilbene biosynthesis. For the maternal genetic map a total of 338 markers were assembled in 20 linkage groups covering 1,639 cM, whereas 429 loci defined the 19 linkage groups of the paternal map which covers 1,518 cM. The identification of 14 linkage groups common to both maps was possible based on 21 SSR and 19 AFLP loci. The position of SSR loci in the maps presented here was consistent with other published mapping experiments in Vitis.

Base Sequence↗
PubMed1999

Shoot orientation affects vessel size, shoot hydraulic conductivity and shoot growth rate in Vitis vinifera L.

Vitis vinifera L. plants were grown in containers and each plant's single shoot was orientated upwards or downwards. Some plants were trained first upwards, then downwards, then again upwards (N-shaped plants). Vegetative growth was reduced in plants trained downwards compared to that in upward and N-shaped plants. Shoot growth rate slowed in downward shoot portions, but only after the apex had grown downwards for at least 10 internodes. Shoot hydraulic conductivity kh, measured after elimination of xylem embolisms, was lower in downward than in upward plants. In N-shaped plants kh was higher in the upward-growing shoot portions, and lower in the central, downward-growing portion. Shoot- and leaf-specific conductivities were also lower in downward than in upward shoot portions. Xylem cross-sectional area and xylem structure (number of wedges, number of vessels per unit xylem area) differed little in the three orientations. In contrast, vessel diameter and the sum of vessel cross-sectional areas were significantly smaller in downward than in upward shoot portions. These differences could explain the reduction in conductivity observed in the downward-orientated shoot portions. The measurements taken on N-shaped plants showed that the decreases in kh and in vessel size were a result of shoot orientation, not shoot bending.

Biological Transport↗
PubMed2000

Cloning and characterization of Vine-1, a LTR-retrotransposon-like element in Vitis vinifera L., and other Vitis species.

We report the organization of a grapevine chimeric gene Adhr-Vine-1, composed by an Adhr gene, into which a retroelement, Vine-1, was inserted. Sequence analysis revealed that Adhr is a member of the Adh multigene family, but does not correspond to any other grapevine Adh described to date. Vine-1, albeit defective, is the most complete LTR (long terminal repeat)-retrotransposon-like element described in Vitis vinifera L. It is 2392 bp long, with two almost identical LTRs (287 bp) in the same orientation, and flanked by direct repeats of a 5 bp host DNA. This element presents other features, characteristic of retroviruses and retrotransposons including inverted repeats, a primer binding site, and a polypurine tract. It has a single open reading frame (ORF) of 581 amino acids, potentially encoding for a gag protein and parts of the protease and integrase proteins. Vine-1 is most likely related to the copia-like type family, but with no significant similarity to any previously described plant retrotransposon or inserted element, nor to any eukaryotic element described to date. Vine-1 element has been found in Adhr at the same location in different V. vinifera cultivars, but not in some other analyzed Vitis species. These data suggest that Vine-1 insertion in Adhr is specific to V. vinifera, and has occurred after the Adh isogene separation, but prior to cultivar development. Sequences related to Vine-1 were revealed in multiple copies in the V. vinifera genome and, to a lesser extent, in other analyzed Vitis species. The polymorphism observed prompts us to question the role played by transposition in the evolution of the Vitis genus.

Alcohol Dehydrogenase↗
PubMed2005

Eriophyoid mite damage in Vitis vinifera (grapevine) in Australia: Calepitrimerus vitis and Colomerus vitis (Acari: Eriophyidae) as the common cause of the widespread 'Restricted Spring Growth' syndrome.

Leaf and shoot distortions and retarded shoot growth in Vitis vinifera L. prevalent in Australian vineyards in early spring, were investigated in replicated field experiments over 3 yrs. Leaf distortion and retarded shoot growth were identified as damage due to feeding of extremely high populations of over-wintered deutogynes of Calepitrimerus vitis (Nalepa) (grape rust mite). This damage was hitherto known in Australia as 'Restricted Spring Growth' (RSG), a syndrome comprising several growth abnormality symptoms, none with a clearly identified cause or a successful treatment. A successful treatment against C. vitis was used to selectively eliminate RSG, while C. vitis numbers were recorded using a validated trapping technique; intercepting deutogynes migrating from winter shelters in the wooden vine structure, to emerging green tissues. Severe leaf distortion was associated with > 400 C. vitis deutogynes per spur, while > 1000 per spur had the added effect of severely retarding shoot growth. A 43.0-47.2% shoot length reduction was recorded for Cabernet Sauvignon, 27.1-32.8% for Sauvignon Blanc, when 4-6 leaves were separated. Symptoms were most prominent up to 8-9 separated leaves, however 24.7-30.4% shoot length reduction was still evident at flowering, and 12.8% circa fruit set. C. vitis effect on vine fruitfulness, and yield parameters at fruit set, were also studied. Once successfully treated to prevent C. vitis damage, poor bud burst remained evident in some vineyards. Surveys of unburst buds from such vineyards revealed presence of Colomerus vitis (Pagenstecher) (grape bud mite). When Col. vitis numbers in unburst buds reached 100-500 per bud, apical meristems of primary, and commonly also secondary buds were dead, preventing bud burst. The remaining living scale tissue was distinctly scarred. Bud and associated shoot damage were documented. Retarded shoot growth and leaf distortion, previously attributed to RSG, are misdiagnosed C. vitis spring feeding damage. Clustered high infestations of Col. vitis can cause bud-axis necrosis, bud burst failure, shoots with short basal internodes, and short, thin, zigzagged shoots with absent fruit clusters; all previously considered RSG.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Effect of fosetyl-A1 on peroxidase from grapevine (Vitis vinifera) cells.

Grapevine (Vitis vinifera cv. Monastrell) suspension cell cultures were treated with fosetyl-A1, a widely used systemic fungicide for grapevine diseases caused by oomycetes, and examined at the electron microscope level for peroxidase cytochemistry. The results showed that treatment with fosetyl-A1 provokes an activation of both vacuolar sap and tonoplast-located peroxidase, already described as due to the basic peroxidase isoenzyme, B5, which was previously characterized as a constitutive marker of disease resistance against Plasmopara viticola in axillary bud cultures of Vitis spp. This activation of peroxidase isoenzyme B5, as seen at the electron microscope level, was confirmed by cytophotometric methods, but is in contrast with the unchanged enzyme level determined by biochemical methods. These results suggest a metabolic activation of peroxidase isoenzyme B5 as a consequence of fosetyl-A1 treatment, probably due to an acidification of the vacuole. This response was accompanied by the appearance of myelin-like structures inside the cytoplasm and osmiophylic-bodies inside the mitochondria. However, the latter structural changes cannot easily be related to the above described specific peroxidase response.

Biotransformation↗
PubMed2006

Grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.).

Grapevine (Vitis) is considered to be one of the major fruit crops in the world based on hectares cultivated and economic value. Grapes are used not only for wine but also for fresh fruit, dried fruit, and juice production. Wine is by far the major product of grapes and the focus of this chapter is on wine grape cultivars. Grapevine cultivars of Vitis vinifera L. have a reputation for producing premium quality wines. These premium quality wines are produced from a small number of cultivars that enjoy a high level of consumer acceptance and are firmly entrenched in the market place because of varietal name branding and the association of certain wine styles and regions with specific cultivars. In light of this situation, grapevine improvement by a transgenic approach is attractive when compared to a classical breeding approach. The transfer of individual traits as single genes with a minimum disruption to the original genome would leave the traditional characteristics of the cultivar intact. However, a reliable transformation system is required for a successful transgenic approach to grapevine improvement. There are three criteria for achieving an efficient Agrobacterium-mediated transformation system: (1) the production of highly regenerative transformable tissue, (2) optimal co-cultivation conditions for both grapevine tissue and Agrobacterium, and (3) an efficient selection regime for transgenic plant regeneration. In this chapter, we describe a grapevine transformation system which meets the above mentioned criteria.

Agrobacterium tumefaciens↗
PubMed2003

Effects of fludioxonil and pyrimethanil, two fungicides used against Botrytis cinerea, on carbohydrate physiology in Vitis vinifera L.

In Vitis vinifera L, photosynthesis and photosynthate partitioning are affected in the presence of fludioxonil and pyrimethanil, two fungicides commonly used in vineyards against Botrytis cinerea Pers. However, the effects were found to be different according to the model studied: plantlets (cv Chardonnay) grown in vitro, fruiting cuttings (cv Chardonnay) and plants grown in vineyards (cvs Chardonnay, Pinot noir and Pinot Meunier). In the plantlets grown in vitro, both fungicides decreased gas exchanges, photosynthetic pigment and starch concentrations in the leaves, whereas soluble carbohydrates transiently accumulated, suggesting that plantlets mobilised starch in response to photosynthesis inhibition caused by fungicides. In the fruiting cuttings, the fungicides did not affect photosynthesis, although fludioxonil caused starch decrease in parallel with sucrose accumulation, suggesting that the fungicide effects were of lower intensity than in vitro. Conversely, in vineyard, the two fungicides stimulated photosynthesis and increased pigment concentrations in the three vine cultivars tested. In the meantime, glucose, fructose and starch levels of the leaves declined after fungicide exposure, whereas sucrose accumulated, indicating that sucrose synthesis increased in the leaves following the fungicide treatment. Among the three varieties, Chardonnay was the most sensitive to the fungicides as revealed by the intensity of the responses and the longer period for recovery. In vineyard, the results suggested that the two fungicides, in addition to inhibiting B cinerea development, had a beneficial effect on vine physiology through the stimulation of leaf carbon nutrition, which may further enable the plant to rapidly make use of its defence reactions.

Botrytis↗
PubMed1973

Benzyladenine-induced Movement of C-Labeled Photosynthate into Roots of Vitis vinifera.

Roots of Vitis vinifera L., were treated with benzyladenine when the plant shoots were 38 cm long. Seventy-two hours after benzyladenine treatment, apical or basal leaves on separate shoots were exposed to (14)CO(2). Control shoots received (14)CO(2) but no benzyladenine. Application of benzyladenine directed (14)C-photosynthate to roots, but a small amount of radioactivity was detected in the shoot tip when (14)CO(2) was administered to an apical leaf. Distribution of radioactivity among the sugar, organic acid, and amino acid fractions was altered by benzyladenine treatment. In all parts of plants with roots treated with benzyladenine and apical leaf fed (14)CO(2), the percentage of the total label in the sugar fraction comprised of fructose was generally more than twice that in control plants.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2003

Genetic structure and differentiation in cultivated grape, Vitis vinifera L.

222 cultivated (Vitis vinifera) and 22 wild (V. vinifera ssp. sylvestris) grape accessions were analysed for genetic diversity and differentiation at eight microsatellite loci. A total of 94 alleles were detected, with extensive polymorphism among the accessions. Multivariate relationships among accessions revealed 16 genetic groups structured into three clusters, supporting the classical eco-geographic grouping of grape cultivars: occidentalis, pontica and orientalis. French cultivars appeared to be distinct and showed close affinity to the wild progenitor, ssp. sylvestris from south-western France (Pyrenees) and Tunisia, probably reflecting the origin and domestication history of many of the old wine cultivars from France. There was appreciable level of differentiation between table and wine grape cultivars, and the Muscat types were somewhat distinct within the wine grapes. Contingency chi2 analysis indicated significant heterogeneity in allele frequencies among groups at all loci. The observed heterozygosities for different groups ranged from 0.625 to 0.9 with an overall average of 0.771. Genetic relationships among groups suggested hierarchical differentiation within cultivated grape. The gene diversity analysis indicated narrow divergence among groups and that most variation was found within groups (approximately 85%). Partitioning of diversity suggested that the remaining variation is somewhat structured hierarchically at different levels of differentiation. The overall organization of genetic diversity suggests that the germplasm of cultivated grape represents a single complex gene pool and that its structure is determined by strong artificial selection and a vegetative mode of reproduction.

Genetic Variation↗
PubMed2003

Action of UV and visible radiation on chlorophyll fluorescence from dark-adapted grape leaves (Vitis vinifera L.).

Grapevine plants (Vitis vinifera L. cv. Silvaner) were cultivated under shaded conditions in the absence of UV radiation in a greenhouse, and subsequently placed outdoors under filters transmitting natural radiation, or screening out the UV-B (280 to 315 nm), or screening out the UV-A (315 to 400 nm) and the UV-B spectral range. All conditions decreased maximum chlorophyll fluorescence (F(M)) and increased minimum chlorophyll fluorescence (F(0)) from dark-adapted leaves; however, with increasing UV, F(M) quenching was stimulated but increases in F(0) were reduced. The F(V)/F(M) ratio (where F(V)=F(M)-F(0)) was clearly reduced by visible radiation (VIS): UV-B caused a moderate extra-reduction in F(V)/F(M). Exposure of leaves (V. vinifera L. cv. Bacchus) to UV or VIS lamps quenched the F(M) to similar extents; further, UV-B doses comparable to the field, quenched F(0). A model was developed to describe how natural radiation intensities affect PS II and thereby change leaf fluorescence. Fitting theory to experiment was successful when the same F(M) yield for UV- and VIS-inactivated PS II was assumed, and for lower F(0) yields of UV- than for VIS-inactivated PS II. It is deduced, that natural UV can produce inactivated PS II exhibiting relatively high F(V)/F(M). The presence of UV-inactivated PS II is difficult to detect by measuring F(V)/F(M) in leaves. Hence, relative concentrations of intact PS II during outdoor exposure were derived from F(M). These concentrations, but not F(V)/F(M), correlated reasonably well with CO(2) gas exchange measurements. Consequently, PS II inhibition by natural UV could be a main factor for UV inhibition of photosynthesis.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1969

Influence of Benzyladenine, Leaf Darkening, and Ringing on Movement of C-labeled Assimilates Into Expanded Leaves of Vitis vinifera L.

Leaves of Vitis vinifera L., nearly fully expanded, imported only trace amounts of (14)C following assimilation of (14)CO(2) by a lower leaf on the same shoot, but benzyladenine (BA) application at 4.4 x 10(-3)m caused a marked increase in the movement of (14)C into these leaves. Older leaves near the shoot base were less responsive; BA treatment alone had little effect on import of labeled assimilates from adjacent leaves but when the BA-treated leaves were darkened there was an increased import of labeled materials. When these 2 treatments were combined and applied to leaves on shoots with ringed bases, relatively high levels of radioactivity were detected in the BA-treated leaves but under these conditions darkening, without the application of BA, also resulted in an increased import of (14)C. Accumulation of imported (14)C was found to be restricted to the area of the leaf blade treated with BA. Separation of labeled compounds in ethanol extracts of treated leaves showed a lower percentage of radioactivity present in the sugar fraction from BA-treated leaves and an increased percentage present in the amino acid fraction.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1998

Isolation, identification, and antioxidant activity of three stilbene glucosides newly extracted from vitis vinifera cell cultures

Suspension cultures of Vitis vinifera L. (Vitaceae) produce many hydroxylated stilbene glucosides found in red wine. From these cells, we isolated and characterized glycosylated stilbenes, (Z)-piceatannol (3,5,3',4'-tetrahydroxystilbene) -3-O-beta-d-glucopyranoside (6) and (E)- and (Z)-resveratrol (3,5, 4'-trihydroxystilbene)-4'-O-beta-d-glucopyranoside (2 and 7, respectively), which have not previously reported to be constituents of Vitis vinifera or wine. The ability of these compounds to act as radical scavengers was investigated using 1,1 diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl, a stable free radical. Antioxidant activities were assessed by their capacity to prevent Cu2+-induced lipid peroxidation in human low-density lipoprotein.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2002

Chemopreventive effect of Vitis vinifera extract on 12-O-tetradecanoyl-13-phorbol acetate-induced cutaneous oxidative stress and tumor promotion in murine skin.

Vitis vinifera (grapes) is used as a fruit worldwide and known for its pharmacological properties. The present paper assesses the chemopreventive potential of Vitis vinifera against 12-O-tetradecanoyl-13-phorbol acetate (TPA)-mediated tumor promotion in 7,12-dimethyl-benz[a]anthracene (DMBA) initiated mice skin. Skin tumor initiation was achieved by a single topical application of DMBA (40 microg/animal/0.20 ml acetone) to mice. Two weeks after the initiation, promoting agent, TPA (5.0 microg/animal/0.2 ml acetone) was applied two times a week for 20 weeks. Pretreatment of Vitis vinifera 1h prior to each application of TPA resulted in protection against cutaneous tumorigenesis in dose-dependent manner. This inhibition was evident when tumor data was considered as the percentage of mice with tumor and the number of tumors per mouse. We have shown that typical application of Vitis vinifera prior to that of TPA resulted in significant inhibition against TPA-caused induction of epidermal ODC activity (P<0.001) and DNA synthesis. Application of Vitis vinifera at a dose level of 5.0 mg and 10.0 mg kg(-1) body weight in acetone prior to that of TPA treatment resulted in partial significant inhibition of oxidative stress in dose-dependent manner. The concomitant increase in the microsomal lipid peroxidation and xanthine oxidase activities were significantly reduced (P<0.001). In addition, the depleted level of glutathione and inhibited activities of antioxidant enzymes were recovered to the partial significant level. Hence, it can be suggested that Vitis vinifera can be used as a chemopreventive agent against oxidative stress and carcinogenesis.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Ultrastructure and germination of Vitis vinifera cv. Loureiro pollen.

The cultivar Loureiro of Vitis vinifera is one of the most economically important, recommended in almost the totality of the Região Demarcada dos Vinhos Verdes. In vineyards, the grape productivity of this cultivar is normal while in others it is extremely low. The aim of this work was to study the morphology and germination of Vitis vinifera cv. Loureiro pollen with high and low productivity. The pollen grain was examined under light, transmission and scanning electron microscopy. Typically V. vinifera pollen present three furrows but in the cultivar Loureiro we found tricolporated and acolporated (without furrows or pores) pollen grains. Both pollen types present generative and vegetative cells with the usual aspect and a dense cytoplasm rich in organelles. In the acolporated pollen a continuous exine layer and an irregular intine layer were observed. Differences were found in the starch accumulation, since only in tricolporated pollen abundant plastids filled with numerous starch granules were observed. To determine the causes of the low productivity of this cultivar we tested pollen viability by the fluorochromatic reaction and pollen germinability by in vitro assays. We observed that the acolporated pollen grain is viable, but no germination was recorded.

Cell Survival↗
PubMed2006

Multiple origins of cultivated grapevine (Vitis vinifera L. ssp. sativa) based on chloroplast DNA polymorphisms.

The domestication of the Eurasian grape (Vitis vinifera ssp. sativa) from its wild ancestor (Vitis vinifera ssp. sylvestris) has long been claimed to have occurred in Transcaucasia where its greatest genetic diversity is found and where very early archaeological evidence, including grape pips and artefacts of a 'wine culture', have been excavated. Whether from Transcaucasia or the nearby Taurus or Zagros Mountains, it is hypothesized that this wine culture spread southwards and eventually westwards around the Mediterranean basin, together with the transplantation of cultivated grape cuttings. However, the existence of morphological differentiation between cultivars from eastern and western ends of the modern distribution of the Eurasian grape suggests the existence of different genetic contribution from local sylvestris populations or multilocal selection and domestication of sylvestris genotypes. To tackle this issue, we analysed chlorotype variation and distribution in 1201 samples of sylvestris and sativa genotypes from the whole area of the species' distribution and studied their genetic relationships. The results suggest the existence of at least two important origins for the cultivated germplasm, one in the Near East and another in the western Mediterranean region, the latter of which gave rise to many of the current Western European cultivars. Indeed, over 70% of the Iberian Peninsula cultivars display chlorotypes that are only compatible with their having derived from western sylvestris populations.

DNA, Chloroplast↗
PubMed1989

Effects of Ambient and Acute Partial Pressures of Ozone on Leaf Net CO(2) Assimilation of Field-Grown Vitis vinifera L.

Mature, field-grown Vitis vinifera L. grapevines grown in open-top chambers were exposed to either charcoal-filtered air or ambient ozone partial pressures throughout the growing season. Individual leaves also were exposed to ozone partial pressures of 0.2, 0.4, or 0.6 micropascals per pascal for 5 hours. No visual ozone damage was found on leaves exposed to any of the treatments. Chronic exposure to ambient O(3) partial pressures reduced net CO(2) assimilation rate (A) between 5 and 13% at various times throughout the season when compared to the filtered treatment. Exposure of leaves to 0.2 micropascals per pascal O(3) for 5 hours had no significant effect on A; however, A was reduced 84% for leaves exposed to 0.6 micropascals per pascal O(3) when compared to the controls after 5 hours. Intercellular CO(2) partial pressure (c(i)) was lower for leaves exposed to 0.2 micropascals per pascal O(3) when compared to the controls, while c(i) of the leaves treated with 0.6 micropascals per pascal of 0(3) increased during the fumigation. The long-term effects of ambient O(3) and short-term exposure to acute levels of O(3) reduced grape leaf photosynthesis due to a reduction in both stomatal and mesophyll conductances.

Journal Article↗