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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1977

New vistas for the study of structural and functional dynamics of the heart, lungs, and circulation by noninvasive numerical tomographic vivisection.

Major segments of the biologic sciences and the practice of medicine are based on study and knowledge of the relationships of anatomic structure to biologic function. Traditionally, this knowledge has been gained by indirect means, inference, or by direct surgical vivisection or postmortem examination. The revolutionary capability of nondestructive, operator interactive, mathematical vivisection provided by synchronous cylindrical scanning tomography to obtain similar information non-invasively and painlessly will provide these data to the internist for individual patients. Furthermore, this information will be in a computerized format which can be subjected to myriad types of objective measurements and display. These developments promise beneficial effects of clinical diagnosis and health care which may approach those associated with the discoveries of the biomedical investigative and clinical diagnostic value of X-rays and cardiac catheterization.

Angiography↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Noninvasive numerical vivisection of anatomic structure and function of the intact circulatory system using high temporal resolution cylindrical scanning computerized tomography.

A high temporal resolution cylindrical scanning computerized tomographic system (DSR) is being built for study of anatomic structural/functional relationships of heart, lungs, vascular anatomy, and circulatory dynamics in any region of the body. Unlike current commercial CT scanners which scan only one or, at most, a few cross sections at a time, cylindrical scanners such as the current Mayo SSDSR and upcoming DSR scan nearly 250 cross sections simultaneously. Twenty-eight or more multiplanar images over a range of 160 or more degrees of an entire rapidly moving structure such as the heart or a segment of the circulation will be recorded in periods as short as 10 msec by the DSR at 60/sec rates and stored in computer memory. The scanned volumes can then be sectioned mathematically in any direction at will, including zooming in on regions of interest to problems at hand (e.g., clinical diagnoses). Progression from biomedical investigation to practical clinical and health care uses requires development of special-purpose, readily replicable, economical (but very high speed and volume) data handling and computational devices. The ultimates overall objective is to quantitatively characterize the performance of the human cardiopulmonary and circulatory systems utilizing pertubations associated with various types of physiologic stress and congenital or acquired disease processes including neoplasia.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

Noninvasive three-dimensional viewing of the motion and anatomical structure of the heart, lungs, and circulatory system by high speed computerized X-ray tomography.

A new generation X-ray computerized tomography system now under construction, the Dynamic Spatial Reconstructor (DSR), will record 1680 multiple view X-ray video images of the chest or other segments of the body per second. This allows com0utation of stop-action and 60-per-second instant replay motion pictures of the dynamic three-dimensional changes in shape and dimensions of the full anatomic extents of the internal and external surfaces of the heart chambers or the vascular anatomy and circulatory dynamics in any region of the body. Current commercially available scanners require one or more seconds per cross-sectional scan and lack the synchronous volumetric scanning capabilities of the DSR. These capabilities allow nondestructive mathematical selection and removal of any subvolume of interest from a reconstructed volume. The associated abilities to "zoom in" and "section" this subvolume so as to examine its structure and physiologic function in detail allow direct visualization of the internal anatomy and function of organ systems within the body. These capabilities of "noninvasive numerical biopsy" and "vivisection" have heretofore been the preserve of pathologists at autopsy or surgeons at the operating table. Possible future availability of these techniques to the practicing internist carries promise of revolutionary improvements in clinical diagnosis and treatment of the myriad of disease processes, including cancer, which may affect the heart, lungs, vascular anatomy or circulatory dynamics in any region of the body.

Blood Vessels↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The discovery of the body: human dissection and its cultural contexts in ancient Greece.

In the first half of the third century B.C, two Greeks, Herophilus of Chalcedon and his younger contemporary Erasistratus of Ceos, became the first and last ancient scientists to perform systematic dissections of human cadavers. In all probability, they also conducted vivisections of condemned criminals. Their anatomical and physiological discoveries were extraordinary. The uniqueness of these events presents an intriguing historical puzzle. Animals had been dissected by Aristotle in the preceding century (and partly dissected by other Greeks in earlier centuries), and, later, Galen (second century A.D.) and others again systematically dissected numerous animals. But no ancient scientists ever seem to have resumed systematic human dissection. This paper explores, first, the cultural factors--including traditional Greek attitudes to the corpse and to the skin, also as manifested in Greek sacred laws--that may have prevented systematic human dissection during almost all of Greek antiquity, from the Pre-Socratic philosopher-scientists of the sixth and fifth centuries B.C. to distinguished Greek physicians of the later Roman Empire. Second, the exceptional constellation of cultural, political, and social circumstances in early Alexandria that might have emboldened Herophilus to overcome the pressures of cultural traditions and to initiate systematic human dissection, is analyzed. Finally, the paper explores possible reasons for the mysteriously abrupt disappearance of systematic human dissection from Greek science after the death of Erasistratus and Herophilus.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

Freedom of inquiry and subjects' rights: historical perspective.

The author presents an historical overview of the various attitudes toward animal and human experimentation. He cites advocates (Bacon, Welch) and opponents (Johnson, Shaw) and traces the debate from the Graeco-Roman era, through the rise of the scientific establishment, to the present. Controversy over the fundamental rights of individual research subjects versus a future-oriented freedom of inquiry has been and continues to be a dilemma for clinicians and research scientists.

Animals↗