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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1987

Infections, pregnancies, and infertility: perspectives on prevention. World Health Organization.

The World Health Organization sponsored a multicenter, collaborative investigation of the infertile couple by use of a standardized approach. The study was conducted between 1979 and 1984 in 33 centers in 25 countries throughout the developed and developing world. More than 5800 couples completed the investigation. Bilateral tubal occlusion and other infectious infertility etiologies were clearly related to a woman's history of sexually transmitted disease, pelvic inflammatory disease, and pregnancy complications. African centers had the highest rates of infectious infertility, more than threefold that in other regions. The relative contribution of either abortion or childbirth to these infectious causes apparently differed among the four regions investigated. Public health programs aimed at reducing these infections may pay reproductive health dividends.

Africa↗
PubMed2001

Health and social security reforms in Latin America: the convergence of the World Health Organization, the World Bank, and transnational corporations.

International financial institutions have played an increasing role in the formation of social policy in Latin American countries over the last two decades, particularly in health and pension programs. World Bank loans and their attached policy conditions have promoted several social security reforms within a neoliberal framework that privileges the role of the market in the provision of health and pensions. Moreover, by endorsing the privatization of health services in Latin America, the World Health Organization has converged with these policies. The privatization of social security has benefited international corporations that become partners with local business elites. Thus the World Health Organization, international financial institutions, and transnational corporations have converged in the neoliberal reforms of social security in Latin America. Overall, the process represents a mechanism of resource transfer from labor to capital and sheds light on one of the ways in which neoliberalism may affect the health of Latin American populations.

Commerce↗
PubMed1994

World Health Organization partograph in management of labour. World Health Organization Maternal Health and Safe Motherhood Programme.

As part of the Safe Motherhood Initiative, launched in 1987, the World Health Organization have produced and promoted a partograph with a view to improving labour management and reducing maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality. This partograph has been tested in a multicentre trial in south east Asia involving 35,484 women. Introduction of the partograph with an agreed labour-management protocol reduced both prolonged labour (from 6.4% to 3.4% of labours) and the proportion of labours requiring augmentation (from 20.7% to 9.1%). Emergency caesarean sections fell from 9.9% to 8.3%, and intrapartum stillbirths from 0.5% to 0.3%. Among singleton pregnancies with no complicating factors, the improved outcome was even more marked, with caesarean sections falling from 6.2% to 4.5%. The improvements took place among both nulliparous and multiparous women. The World Health Organisation partograph clearly differentiates normal from abnormal progress in labour and identifies those women likely to require intervention. Its use in all labour wards is recommended.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

Comparative trial of tubal insufflation, hysterosalpingography, and laparoscopy with dye hydrotubation for assessment of tubal patency. World Health Organization.

A World Health Organization-sponsored multicentered trial comparing the efficacy of gaseous tubal insufflation with hysterosalpingography (HSG) and/or laparoscopy plus dye hydrotubation in the assessment of tubal patency was undertaken. Three hundred ninety-three women in eight centers were involved (365 insufflations, 289 HSG, 189 laparoscopy). Patency was proven positive in 56% of insufflation, 45% of salpingography, and 52% of laparoscopy cases. Laparoscopy showed some women to have fibroids and a number of others to have ovarian abnormalities, endometriosis, pelvic adhesions, and/or congenital uterine malformation. Comparison of insufflation and HSG showed a false-positive rate of 42% and false-negative rate 24% in 363 cases. The false-positive rate of insufflation versus laparoscopy was 35% and the false-negative rate 38% of 180 cases. Only 55% of 125 women undergoing both HSG and laparoscopy had similar findings. The results suggest that gaseous tubal insufflation should not be employed as a method of investigating tubal patency. Diagnostic reliability of HSG is poor, but it is useful as a primary screening procedure, particularly when complimented with laparoscopy plus dye hydrotubation, which is the optimum method not only for assessing tubal patency but for discovering other hitherto unsuspected disease.

Clinical Trials as Topic↗
PubMed1995

The World Health Organization Quality of Life assessment (WHOQOL): position paper from the World Health Organization.

This paper describes the World Health Organization's project to develop a quality of life instrument (the WHOQOL). It outlines the reasons that the project was undertaken, the thinking that underlies the project, the method that has been followed in its development and the current status of the project. The WHOQOL assesses individuals' perception of their position in life in the context of the culture and value systems in which they live and in relation to their goals, expectations, standards and concerns. It has been developed collaboratively in several culturally diverse centres over four years. Piloting of the WHOQOL on some 4500 respondents in 15 cultural settings has been completed. On the basis of this data the revised WHOQOL Field Trial Form has been finalized, and field testing is currently in progress. The WHOQOL produces a multi-dimensional profile of scores across six domains and 24 sub-domains of quality of life.

Culture↗
PubMed2002

Choice of fecal occult blood tests for colorectal cancer screening: recommendations based on performance characteristics in population studies: a WHO (World Health Organization) and OMED (World Organization for Digestive Endoscopy) report.

OBJECTIVE: There is now strong evidence that screening for colorectal cancer with fecal occult blood tests (FOBTs) is effective in reducing the incidence and mortality of this disease. Various FOBTs are now available with a wide range of evidence supporting their use. The purpose of this study was to review published data on the performance of these FOBTs to provide recommendations for their effective use in screening. METHODS: A joint committee representing the World Health Organization and the World Organization for Digestive Endoscopy was established for this study. A process was designed that would search the literature systematically for evidence of FOBT performance. Criteria for including studies in this paper were established based on study design, cohort size, and performance variables reported. RESULTS: Of the guaiac tests, Hemoccult SENSA had the highest sensitivity for cancer and adenomas but a high test positivity. It had a better readability than the older Hemoccult II test. Immunochemical tests, HemeSelect, FlexSure OBT, and Immudia Hem Sp have acceptable performance characteristics and are easier for participants to use but are more expensive. These tests have been well studied in large cohorts, but only Immudia Hem Sp is commercially available. CONCLUSIONS: At present, there is no extensively studied FOBT that fulfills the needs for all target populations worldwide. Choice of FOBT should take into account population dietary compliance and colonoscopy resources: The more sensitive newer tests should be used if dietary compliance is good (in the case of guaiac tests) and colonoscopy resources are adequate for diagnostic workup of people who test positive. Immunochemical tests remove the difficulties created by diet and drug restrictions and are more amenable to standardized development and quality control.

Colorectal Neoplasms↗