Pre-weaning and post-weaning survivability in Corriedale, Coimbatore and their cross-bred sheep.
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Animals↗
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Changes in the microflora and physiology of the anterior intestinal tract of pigs weaned at 2 days, with special reference to the pathogenesis of diarrhea.
The gastrointestinal microflora and gastric physiology of piglets weaned at 2 days was compared with that of piglets allowed to continue sucking the sow. Although there was a significantly higher count of Escherichia coli in the stomach, duodenum, and jejunum of the early-weaned compared with sow-reared pigs, these differences were not detectable in samples from the ileum. There were no quantitative differences in lactobacilli and in streptococci between the two treatments. Lactobacillus fermentum, L. acidophilus, Streptococcus salivarius, S. bovis, and related biotypes were isolated from both groups of pigs. L. fermentum and S. salivarius were isolated more frequently from sow-reared piglets. The weight of digesta in the stomach was greater in weaned than in sucking pigs and was even greater in scouring weaned pigs, suggesting that in scouring pigs there may be gastric stasis. The gastric pH was higher in the weaned pigs at 4 days of age, but gradually decreased up to 10 days, during which time the lactic acid concentration rose. In weaned pigs there was a highly significant negative correlation between pH and lactic acid concentration in the stomach digesta, and also a positive correlation between pH and number of E. coli. These correlations suggest that lactic acid, from bacterial fermentation, is the major component in the regulation of gastric pH in weaned pigs. Three of twenty sucking pigs, but none of the weaned pigs, were secreting HCl (chloride concentration > 3 mg/g, pH < 3.5). In sucking pigs there was an inverse relationship between the chloride and lactic acid concentrations in the digesta. In weaned scouring pigs there was a nonsignificant increase in pepsin concentration in the stomach tissue. There was a threefold increase in the total proteolytic activity of the stomach tissue.
Animals↗
Cardiorespiratory and sympathoadrenal responses during weaning from controlled ventilation.
Weaning from controlled ventilation was attempted in 20 patients who were ventilated with volume constant ventilators for at least 24 hours before study. Measurement of alveolar to arterial oxygen tension differences on 100% oxygen (Aa DO2 1.0) in patients who failed to wean (nonweaners, n = 10), showed a mean AaDO21.0 at 5 minutes after beginning to wean of 388 +/- 56 mm Hg (SEM), and right-to-left shunt (QS/Qt) of 21% values which were significantly different from control (p less than 0.025) and significantly different from ten patients who weaned (p less than 0.005). Since rises in QS/Qt were not accompanied by increased pulmonary capillary wedge pressure, the increased QS/Qt was most likely due to acute atelectasis and not left ventricular failure. These data suggest that patients who fail an initial period of weaning should be placed on positive end-expiratory pressure during subsequent weaning attempts. Significant increases in cardiac output and atrial PCO2 occurred in both groups. Assessment of urinary catecholamine excretion during weaning suggests that sympathoadrenal stimulation often is intense and usually is greater in those patients who weaned successfully. Increased arterial PCO2 may be the mechanism for sympathoadrenal stimulation and rises in cardiac output (r = 0.39, p less than 0.01) during weaning.
Adrenal Medulla↗
[Effects of different growth rates in weaned piglets, starvation and hormonal action, on various metabolic parameters in the blood plasma].
Changes in concentrations of metabolites of the main nutrients in the blood plasma, caused by weaning and by different body weight gains, by starvation, exogenous adrenaline and ASTH administration were studied in 141 weaned piglets of the Large White breed at an age of 26 to 69 days. After weaning, the total protein level showed a faster decrease in the intensively growing piglets than in those with lower growth rates. This rapid decrease was induced by adrenaline. The post-weaning levels of glucose decreased irrespective of the growth rate of the piglets. Adrenaline caused hyperglycaemia and, after 48 hours of starvation, hypoglycaemia. Urea levels significantly increased after weaning. During starvation they remained unchanged, even under exposure to hormonal effects. Cholesterol concentration decreased after weaning, after ACTH and adrenaline administration also showed a decrease. The concentration of non-esterified fatty acids decreased after weaning, the decrease being more pronounced in the piglets with less intensive growth. The action of adrenaline, ACTH, together with an increased level of glucocorticoids, increased the concentration of these acids even in the state of starvation. It is assumed that early piglet weaning implies great metabolic changes which need not impair growth if their character is transient. The author evaluates the suitability of the starter used and parameters chosen for the determination of the metabolic profile of pigs.
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone↗
Positive end-expiratory pressure in weaning patients from controlled ventilation. A prospective randomised trial.
Twenty-five patients in acute respiratory failure were randomised to receive either 5 cm of positive end-expiratory pressure (P.E.E.P.) or no-P.E.E.P. while weaning from controlled ventilation. The use of P.E.E.P. resulted in a significant reduction in the increase in alveolar-arterial oxygen tension gradient (AaDO21) which occurred in the group of patients who were converted from controlled ventilation to spontaneous ventilation without P.E.E.P. Patients who weaned without P.E.E.P. had a mean increase in AaDO21 of 102+/-35 mm Hg S.E. while those who weaned with P.E.E.P. had a mean increase of only 10+/-22 mm Hg (P less than 0-03). The use of P.E.E.P. was also associated with a significant improvement in the vital capacity and the maximum inspiratory force. Patients who weaned with P.E.E.P. had an increase in vital capacity of 258+/-108 ml (P less than 0-05) and an increase in inspiratory force of -15+/-5 cm H2O (P less than 0-01), while patients who weaned without P.E.E.P. did not have significant changes in these measurements. The use of P.E.E.P. during weaning may be helpful in patients who fail to wean because of the development of hypoxaemia due to rapid alveolar collapse, since P.E.E.P. appears to minimise the increase in intrapulmonary right-to-left shunt which normally occurs during weaning from controlled ventilation.
Acute Disease↗
Effect of early weaning of the neonatal rat on pancreatic acinar cell responsiveness to urecholine.
Pancreatic response to urecholine was studied in rats weaned prematurely on the morning of their 13th, 15th, 17th and 19th day and killed 2 1/2 days later. In pups kept with their mother and weaned at 21 days, amylase chymotrypsin and lipase concentrations increased gradually. Weaning after 12, 14 and 16 complete days is associated with significant increases in pancreatic amylase and chymotrypsin concentrations; if it occurs after 16 and 18 days, a significant delay in lipase development is observed. Premature weaning is associated with modifications in the basal release of the three enzymes and their secretion in response to urecholine. Amylase and chymotrypsin secretions are increased if weaning occurred before day 18. Lipase secretion, however, is decreased in rats weaned after 16 days. If, however, secretion is expressed in percentages, as the amount of enzyme released over the total tissue content, premature weaning does not seem to modify the capacity of the tissue to secrete enzymes under basal and urecholine stimulation. It thus seems that solid food intake as early as 12 days is not an important factor in the maturation of the pancreatic response to urecholine.
Amylases↗
Sympathoadrenal Neurochemistry and early weaning of swine.
Three litters of pigs were weaned at 21 days of age, and 3 others were left with the sow. Pigs were killed at 21, 23, 28, or 39 days of age. Weaned pigs exhibited anxiety, gastrointestinal dysfunction, and decreased rate of body weight gain. Plasma glucose or liver glycogen concentrations were not decreased by weaning. Adrenal gland weights and tyrosine hydroxylase (EC 1.14.3a), dopamine beta-hydroxylase (EC 1.14.2.1), phenethanolamine-N-methyl transferase (EC 2.1.1), and monoamine oxidase (EC 1.4.3.4) activities were increased after weaning. Adrenal catecholamine and cortisol levels and dopa decarboxylase (EC 4.1.1.26) and catechol-o-methyl transferase (EC 2.1.1.6) activities were not significantly altered, although some increases were indicated. Cranial cervical ganglionic choline acetyltransferase (EC 2.3.1.6) and tyrosine hydroxylase activities were increased after weaning. Weaning of swine at 21 days of age is a stressful experience, and many effects persist for at least 18 days; however, growth was no longer impaired 18 days after weaning.
Adrenal Glands↗
Weaning from the breast for a happy ending to a satisfying experience.
Weaning from breastfeeding is often more traumatic for both the mother and her child than most people think. A mild form of postpartum blues often occurs and is intensified when the mother lacks the needed emotional support. Advice by specialists varies from "weaning naturally" to "gradual omission of each separate breastfeeding", but all emphasize the need for gradual weaning. Little information is available on "how to wean". The nurse's role is to learn of the parent's feelings toward breastfeeding, provide for support, and avoid any actions that might undermine the mother's confidence in her decision to wean or not to wean.
Breast Feeding↗
When and why are babies weaned?
A prospective study was designed to investigate the weaning practices of 50 primiparous mothers whose babies were born between September 1976 and March 1978. The question whether the age of weaning influenced growth from birth to 6 months was also considered. The mothers and babies were seen in hospital and then at a follow-up clinic at 1, 2, 3, and 6 months. Details were taken of feeding practices, and measurements made of the babies' weight, length, and subscapular and triceps skinfold thicknesses. Seventeen infants who were breastfed received their first solid food at a mean age of 13.8 weeks, compared with 8.3 weeks for the 33 bottle-fed infants. Most (38) mothers weaned because they though their babies were hungry (crying after a feed or demanding more frequent feeds, or both). The age of weaning did not influence weight gain, growth in length, or change in skinfold thicknesses. The results suggest that the "4-month rule" for weaning is unrealistic. The decision to wean should be based more on the mother's interpretation of her baby's needs than on age alone.
Age Factors↗
Significance of the weaning period for natality and maternal behaviour of laboratory rats.
Normally weaned females (at 30 days) displayed seasonal cyclic changes in natality and the characteristics of the young. Natality in the spring and summer was high, the litters were large, the proportion of females and males in the litter was equal and deaths among the unweaned young were very few. Natality in the autumn and winter was low and the litters were small and consisted mainly of males. The death rate among the young was higher than in the spring and summer. Prematurely weaned females (at 15 days) displayed no seasonal cycle either in natality or in the characteristics of the young. The studied parameters corresponded to the values found in the spring and summer in normally weaned females. No differences were found in maternal retrieving, but there was a marked difference in nest-building. The normally weaned female tore up paper (building material) into small fragments 24 hours before giving birth and dropped the young into a soft nest of finely shredded paper. On leaving the nest it covered the young up. The prematurely weaned female scattered the paper about the cage 24 hours before giving birth and dropped the young into a depression stamped out among whole pieces of paper. It did not cover the young up on leaving the nest. The cause of the difference in building behaviour is evidently that prematurely weaned females failed to acquire early experience of this behaviour between the 15th and 30th day of life.
Animals↗
Blood lipids during normal and early weaning in rats.
In young rats reared with their mothers, a gradual increase of serum cholesterol, triglycerides, phospholipids and total lipids was found between the 7th and the 18th to 22nd postnatal day. Then the concentrations of lipids gradually decrease. Early weaning at the 18th postnatal day causes a precocious decrease of the concentration of all studied lipids in blood so that their values on days 22 and 26 are significantly lower than in animals weaned on the 30th postnatal day. The body weight of early weaned rats decreases only slightly and returns to normal by the 30th day. The changes in serum lipids after early weaning are caused by differences in the amount of cholesterol and other lipids in breast milk, in comparison with those in the standard laboratory diet. Perhaps they may participate in disturbing the homeostatic equilibrium of cholesterol in early weaned rats.
Age Factors↗
Effect of premature weaning to different diets on the subsequent response to a dietary change.
Rats were weaned prematurely (day 18 postnatally) to a high-fat, high-carbohydrate or Purina Chow diet until aged 30 days. They were then fed the Purina Chow diet until aged 43 or 68 days. For a further 2 days they then received a high-fat diet. They were compared with rats weaned on day 30 to the Purina Chow diet. Adipose tissue of rats weaned prematurely to the high-carbohydrate diet or Purina Chow showed higher activities of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase, malic enzyme and fatty acid synthetase than the same tissue from normally weaned rats or rats fed the high-fat diet from 18 to day 30. Prematurely weaned rats also have a higher level of blood cholesterol on day 45 after 2 days on the high-fat diet.
Adipose Tissue↗
Effect of sodium intake on aldosterone and corticosterone production, the serum sodium concentration and body weight in infant rats during weaning period.
1. The effect of a low salt (LS, 0.3% NaC1) and control (HS, 1% NaC1) diet on in vitro aldosterone and corticosterone production, the serum corticosterone level, the serum sodium concentration and adrenal and body weight was studied in 30-day-old male rats, some of which were weaned prematurely at the age of 15 days (PW) and some left with the female up to the end of the experiment (NW). 2. Aldosterone production in the control (HS-NW) animals was 1.07+/-0.07 mug/100 mg adrenal/hour (mean +/-S.E.M.), in HS-PW animals 0.6+/-0.07 (P less than 0.01), while in LS-NW and LS-PW animals it rose to 1.59+/-0.1 and 1.81+/-0.14 respectively. The effect of the salt regimen was significant in both the NW group (P less than 0.01) and the PW group (P less than 0.01). Premature weaning did not inhibit aldosterone production in LS-PW animals. 3. Corticosterone production in animals fed on the control diet was 1.81+/-0.16 mug corticosterone/100 mg adrenal/hour in HS-NW rats and 0.91+/-0.09 in the HS-PW group (P less than 0.01). On the low salt diet it fell to 1.4+/-0.11 in LS-NW rats (HW-NW) vs LS-NW: P less than 0.01) and to 0.4+/-0.06 in LS-PW animals (HS-PW vs LS-PW: P less than 0.01). The difference between LS-NW and LS-PW was likewise statistically significant (P less than 0.01). Changes in production were not accompanied by parallel changes in the serum corticosterone level, where an analysis of variance showed no significant difference. 4. The low salt diet reduced the serum sodium concentration in both NW and PW animals (HS-NW 132.9+/-0.86 mEd HS-PW 132+/-0.86, LS-PW 128.5+/-1.16: P less than 0.01). The differences between NW and PW animals were not significant. 5. A low salt intake also reduced the body weight both of animals left with the female (HS-NW vs LS-NW: P less than 0.01) and of prematurely weaned animals (HS-PW vs LS-PW: P less than 0.01). Early weaning significantly affected body weight in LS animals only, the body weight of LS-PW animals being significantly lower than that of LS-NW animals (P less than 0.02). 6. The results show that infant rats are hypersensitive to a low salt intake at the end of the weaning period and that this phenomenon is not mediated by lower reactivity of the zona glomerulosa and of its regulation.
Adrenal Glands↗
Effect of premature weaning on the fatty acid composition of rat adipose tissue.
The authors described the effect of premature weaning on the fatty acid spectrum in the retroperintoneal fat of female rats during ontogenesis. Premature weaning reduced the lower fatty acid content [decanoic acid C 10:0, lauric acid C 12:0, myristic acid C 14:0] in 30- to 90-day-old rats, but in further development no differences between the amount of these fatty acids were observed in suckled and prematurely weaned animals. These changes concurred with the fatty acid composition of the relevant diet (rat milk and a standard laboratory diet). Changes induced in the amount of other acids by premature weaning were not permanent in character, with the exception of stearic acid C 18:0 and linoleic acid C 18:3, which were raised at 720 days in the retroperitoneal fat of prematurely weaned rats. The amount of lower saturated fatty acids fell with advancing age, whereas oleic C 18:1, linolic C 18:2 and linolenic C 18:3 acid rose.
Adipose Tissue↗
Studies of the pathogenesis of enteric E. coli infections in weaned pigs: bacteriological and immunofluorescent studies.
Qualitative and quantitative, bacteriological studies were performed on spontaneous cases of post weaning E. coli diarrhoea (PWD). The pigs derived from a herd, D, in which the disease had persisted for a period of almost 2 years. Orally vaccinated healthy pigs from herd D and from herds A and M without the disease were also examined. The results showed that haemolytic E. coli were frequently isolated from faecal samples which had been collected 5--7 days after weaning but seldom from samples from the same pigs collected before weaning. Haemolytic E. coli dominated the aerobic intestinal flora at 3--5 days after weaning in pigs from herd D with PWD. Oral vaccination using a formalinized vaccine delayed and suppressed the occurrence of haemolytic E. coli in pigs from herd D (Table I). Intestinal counts of the bacteria showed that the number of haemolytic E. coli present in the anterior portion of the jejunum was 10(-3)--10(-5) times higher in pigs which suffered from PWD than in weaned pigs of the same age which did not show symptoms of the disease (Table II). The lowest bacterial counts in various portions of the intestine were consistently observed in the sections obtained from the orally vaccinated healthy pigs. Pure cultures of K88-negative enteropathogenic E. coli serotype O149:K91 were consistently isolated from all the diseased pigs. Fluorescent antibody studies showed that the specific strain of bacteria adhered to the villous epithelium of the jejunum in a layer which covered the villi from the tip to the base and sometimes continued down into the crypts (Figure 1). The bacterial adhesion coincided with an intensive colonization of the jejunum with the homologous E. coli serotype and was nerve observed in apparently healthy pigs which did not have symptoms of PWD. It was concluded that characteristic intestinal colonization by adhesion may occur with enteropathogenic strains of E. coli O149:K91 which lack the K88 antigen (Figure 2).
Animals↗
[Quantitative analysis of the gastrointestinal flora in the piglet prior and after weaning with special reference to the pathogenesis of Coli-enterotoxemia].
The gastro-intestinal flora of clinically intact piglets on an industrialised sow unit was investigated prior to weaning (n = 12) and after weaning (n = 12). The age of the former group was 23 to 36 days and that of the latter between six and eleven days. While enormous proliferation of haemolysing E. coli was recorded from the anterior portion of the small intestine in the post-weaning group, weaning, quite, generally, was found to have only little impact upon the gastrointestinal flora of piglet. More particularly were there no indicators to the effect that post-weaning proliferation of enteropathogenic strains was favoured by any correlation whatsover between E. coli and other bacterial species or between different types of E. coli. Other factors of possible importance to the pathogenesis of coli-enterotoxaemia are discussed with reference to literature.
Animals↗
Factors influencing survival and successful weaning from clinical ventricular bypass with local heparinization and blood filtration: an analysis in 21 consecutive patients.
A simple circulatory support of transapical ventricular bypass type with nonpulsatile pumping and regional heparinization in 21 patients has revealed that several factors contribute to the patient's outcome. The duration of the bypass was not an essential determinant of prognosis and patients supported for 5--8 days could be weaned from TALVB. Those patients who could maintain steady hemodynamics with flow rates of 30--40% of cardiac output, were usually successfully weaned. Patients who required longer support with high flow rates (60--80% or over) had less probability of being weaned. Persistent or preexistent dysfunction of vital organs, as manifested by renal failure, brain damage, respiratory failure and infection, were main factors determining unsuccessful weaning. The complications related to pumping itself, thromboembolization, bleeding, infection and blood damage, were much less frequently observed with this type of support. The simplicity and less time consuming surgical technique for cannulation and, in addition, less harmful procedure of decannulation and avoidance of thrombus formation were directly related to the improved prognosis.
Adolescent↗
Effect of insulin hypoglycaemia on adrenocortical function and blood plasma vitamin E and cholesterol levels in suckling and weaned piglets.
Suckling piglets aged 28-31 days and weaned piglets aged 46-60 days were injected with insulin at a rate of 1 U/kg body weight to induce hypoglycaemia. All the animals were blood-sampled before and 45 and 90 minutes after the insulin injection. Both groups developed a marked adrenocortical response without any significant differences, though the rise in plasma 17-hydroxycorticosteroid (17-OHCS) levels of weaned piglets was slightly delayed. Plasma vitamin E concentration showed a significant rise in suckling piglets and a slight rise in weaned animals; it was not accompanied by an increase in total cholesterol levels. The results suggest that glucocorticoids affect vitamin E metabolism. The values of plasma 17-OHCS, cholesterol and vitamin E levels as well as of blood glucose levels and circulating eosinophil leucocyte counts confirmed differences in these parameters between suckling and weaned piglets.
17-Hydroxycorticosteroids↗