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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1979

Weight gain and the outcome of pregnancy.

This study determined the relationship of maternal weight gain in pregnancy to its outcome. Mothers who were overweight at the start of pregnancy had the fewest fetal and neonatal deaths with a 16 pound weight gain at term. The optimal weight gain for normally proportioned mothers was 20 pounds and for underweight mothers 30 pounds. For all three groups perinatal mortality rates increased with weight gains less or more than these optimal values. Very low or very high pregnancy weight gains had only a modest influence on the frequency of common placental and fetal disorders. However, once one of these disorders was established, mortality rates from it usually increased severalfold when mothers had very low or very high weight gains.

Body Height↗
PubMed1978

Hypothalamo-pituitary-thyroid function in anorexia nervosa: influence of weight gain.

The functional state of the hypothalamo-pituitary-thyroid axis was assessed in 14 women and girls with anorexia nervosa when at low body weight and again in 12 cases after they had gained weight. Mean serum thyroxine concentrations were low before and after weight gain. Mean serum triiodothyronine (T3) concentrations were substantially reduced at low weight and doubled after weight gain, the absolute values being linearly correlated with body weight expressed as a percentage of the ideal. Concentrations of reverse T3 were greatly increased in some patients initially and fell with weight gain. Basal concentrations of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) were unchanged after weight gain but the TSH response to thyrotrophin-releasing hormone was significantly augmented; delayed patterns of response were found in seven out of 12 patients tested before and three out of 12 patients tested after weight gain. Changes in the hypothalamo-pituitary-thyroid axis are common in anorexia nervosa and probably represent both peripheral and central adaptations to the altered nutritional state.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1979

[The relationship of maternal obesity, excessive weight gain in pregnancy and pre-eclampsia].

The records of 2,671 pregnancies were reviewed regarding maternal obesity, excessive weight gain in pregnancy and pre-eclampsia. Pre-eclampsia is significantly more frequent in maternal obesity. Correlation between excessive weight gain in pregnancy and pre-eclampsia is only found for the signs of edema and hypertension. Edema and excessive weight gain in pregnancy are related to each other, since edema frequently induces the excessive weight gain. Overall, maternal obesity perior to pregnancy is much more important in the development of pre-eclampsia than excessive weight gain during pregnancy.

Adult↗
PubMed1979

Caloric requirements for weight gain in anorexia nervosa.

The caloric requirements for weight gain were studied in 29 patients during 35 days of treatment for anorexia nervosa. Associations between the caloric requirements for weight gain and the amount of body weight depletion at the beginning of treatment were analyzed. There was a positive correlation between the percentage standard weight on the 1st day of treatment and the excess calories required to gain a kilogram. This highly significant correlation was possibly due to differences in type to tissue formed and/or an increase in metabolic rate as part of an adaptive response, as the patient nears target weight.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2026

Pharmacogenomics of antipsychotic-induced weight gain: A systematic review.

BACKGROUND: Antipsychotic-induced weight gain (AIWG) is a major clinical concern, affecting approximately 30% of patients. Clinical predictors explain only part of AIWG risk. Genetic and molecular variations are hypothesized to contribute to susceptibility. The purpose of this review is to summarize recent results to identify replicated and novel findings. STUDY DESIGN: Applying PRISMA guidelines, we searched MEDLINE, Embase, and PsycINFO (May 2018-May 2026) for studies on genetic and molecular associations with AIWG, extending our prior review. Reviews, editorials, and conference abstracts were excluded. We extracted study characteristics (design, diagnosis, antipsychotic exposure, sample size, ancestry, genetic variants, and AIWG outcomes) (e.g., ≥7% weight gain, BMI change). RESULTS: Fifty-three studies met inclusion criteria. In candidate gene studies, the most consistently replicated genes associated with AIWG were observed for DRD2, HTR2C, and MC4R. Multiple novel associations were identified by genome-wide association studies (GWAS) (e.g., MAP2K1, ZDBF2, PEPD), polygenic risk scores (PRS) (e.g., body mass index PRS), gene expression (e.g., CYP3A4, EP300), and epigenetic analyses (e.g., cg12034943 at CRTC1). CONCLUSIONS: Polymorphisms in candidate genes related to neurotransmission and appetite regulation continue to be investigated for associations with AIWG, while novel findings have emerged from GWAS, gene expression, and epigenetic studies. Evidence remains inconsistent due to limited replication, methodological variability, sparse ancestry data, and geographical underrepresentation. No single genetic variant is ready for clinical use, and multi-omic and multi-ancestry models are needed to improve prediction and clinical utility.

Humans↗
PubMed1976

Cigarette smoking in pregnancy: Associations with maternal weight gain and fetal growth.

1159 mother-infant "pairs" have been studied to examine the inter-relationship of cigarette smoking in the latter half of pregnancy, maternal weight gain, and fetal growth. Non-smokers gained significantly more weight than heavy smokers (greater than 15 cigarettes per day) while light-to-moderate smokers (1-14 cigarettes a day) were intermediate. Birth-weight, length, and head circumference of the infants showed a similar gradient with infants born to non-smokers being heavier, longer, and with larger head circumferences than those born to heavy smokers. Co-variance analysis showed that a large part of the effect of maternal smoking is mediated through maternal weight gain with only a very small additional direct effect on the fetus. This suggests that increasing weight gain in smoking mothers might prevent some of the harmful effects of smoking on fetal growth. A randomised controlled trial of diet supplementation of smoking mothers would seem justified.

Birth Weight↗
PubMed1978

How does maternal smoking affect birth weight and maternal weight gain? Evidence from the Ontario Perinatal Mortality Study.

A large data set was used to examine the possibility that maternal smoking during pregnancy causes low birth weights by reducing maternal appetite, eating, and weight gain. As always, birth weight distributions shifted downward as maternal smoking level increased. Maternal weight gain distributions, on the other hand, were the same for smokers and nonsmokers. Within each level of maternal weight gain, from less than five pounds to over 40 pounds, the more the mothers smoked the greater was the percentage of neonates weighing less than 2,500 grams. This evidence supports a direct effect of maternal smoking on birth weight, possibly due to the hypoxic effects of carbon monoxide, rather than one mediated through eating. Efforts to prevent or reduce smoking should have greater benefits for mother and child than would efforts to increase food intake among pregnant women who smoke.

Birth Weight↗
PubMed1978

[Weight, height, skull and chest circumferences, biparietal diameter in the newborn infant as a function of gestational age, weight, height and weight gain of the mother].

The weights, heights, skull and chest circumferences and biparietal diameters were measured in 7,905 newborns in 1972, in the 5 maternity hospitals of Lyon. These data were studied with respect to the gestational ages of the children and according to the usual weights, heights and weight gains of the mothers. The evolution of these parameters was compared to each other; tentative explanations are given.

Adult↗
PubMed2026

Efficacy and Safety of GLP-1 Receptor Agonists for the Management of Antipsychotic-Induced Weight Gain.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to compare the efficacy and safety of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists for the management of antipsychotic-induced weight gain. DATA SOURCES: A systematic review was conducted following PRISMA methodology through July 2025 that evaluated the efficacy and safety of GLP-1 agonists for the management of antipsychotic-induced weight gain. STUDY SELECTION AND DATA EXTRACTION: Efficacy endpoints were change in body weight (kg), change in body mass index (BMI) (kg/m2), and change in HbA1c (%). The safety endpoint was gastrointestinal (GI) adverse effects. A P-value of 0.05 was considered statistically significant, and heterogeneity was reported as I2. DATA SYNTHESIS: Six studies were included in this systematic review, of which 4 trials were included in the meta-analysis. The difference found between GLP-1 agonists and placebo was a change in weight of -5.85 kg (P = 0.0622, 95% CI = -9.72 to -1.97), a change in BMI of -2.11 kg/m2 (P = 0.7692, 95% CI = -5.51 to 1.29), and a change in HbA1c of -1.58 (P = 0.6659, 95% CI = -4.75 to 1.58). The overall risk ratio for a patient to experience a GI-related adverse effect when taking a GLP-1 agonist compared to placebo was 1.83 (95% CI = 1.42 to 2.37). RELEVANCE TO PATIENT CARE AND CLINICAL PRACTICE: While the efficacy endpoints did not reach significance, this meta-analysis shows that select GLP-1 receptor agonists may be used to promote weight loss in patients taking antipsychotics. Controlling antipsychotic-induced weight gain helps patients remain adherent to therapeutic doses of their antipsychotic medications. CONCLUSION: The use of certain GLP-1 agonists may be considered to help promote weight loss in patients experiencing antipsychotic-induced weight gain.

Humans↗
PubMed1977

Weight-gain inhibition by lactose in Australian Aboriginal children. A controlled trial of normal and lactose hydrolysed milk.

Weight-gain in 35 slightly undernourished Australian Aboriginal infants was studied in hospital (49 admissions) during a blind controlled trial of a pre-hydrolysed low-lactose milk preparation and reconstituted full-cream milk powder. Infants fed the lactose hydrolysed milk gained 70% more weight than those receiving normal milk. Better weight-gains were achieved in those on the lactose hydrolysed milk irrespective of percentage standard weight for age, the presence of diarrhoea on admission to the trial, and stool sugar concentrations. The use of low-lactose milk should be considered in nutritional aid programmes for undernourished children throughout the world.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

[Weight gains in rats of different ages after administration of insulin].

An experiment was made to examine the body weight gains after administration of deposit insulin (40 units per kg of live weight) in rats at the age of 1-12 days, 8-10 weeks and 18-20 weeks. The administration of insulin to suckling young (aged 11-12 days) did not influence the weight gains. Eight- to ten-week old rats showed a reduction and 18- to 20-week old rats showed a reduction and 18- to 20-week old rats an increase of weight gains in the course of the experiment.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1977

Body weight-gain equivalents of selected foods.

A table of body weight-gain equivalents of selected foods has been developed to illustrate the weight gain to expect when eating single protions of a food above daily maintenance requirements for varying periods. The data were designed to discourage overeating habits, which result in obesity, and may be utilized to reinforce proper dietary habits in counseling of all individuals.

Body Weight↗
PubMed1975

Weight gain and the sleeping electroencephalogram: study of 10 patients with anorexia nervosa.

The relation between reduced nutritional intake, with consequent weight loss, and sleep disturbance was studied by comparing certain sleep encephalogram patterns in a group of inpatients with anorexia nervosa before, during, and after a regimen of refeeding with a normal diet to a matched population mean weight. At low body weights patients had less sleep and more restlessness, especially in the last four hours of the night. During refeeding and weight gain slow-wave sleep initially increased and then tended to decrease during the final stage of restoration of weight back to matched population mean levels. With the overall weight gain, however, there was a significant increase in length of sleep and rapid eye movement sleep, the latter increasing especially during the later stages of weight gain. These results reaffirm that insomnia, and especially early morning waking, is associated with low body weight in anorexia nervosa, and their implications are discussed with particular reference to a hypothetical association between various anabolic profiles and the need for differing components of sleep.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1975

The influence of protein concentration of the perfusate on weight gain and kidney transplant outcome.

We have described a technique to compare parameters of perfusion using canine kidneys. Using this system, we observed that weight gain during pulsatile perfusion varied inversely with perfusate albumin concentration. The weight gain was more rapid with albumin concentration below 4.0 Gm%. Perfusion characteristics deteriorated in association with early rapid weight gain, indicating greater ischemic damage to the kidneys perfused with the low protein perfusate. Finally, the protein concentration of cryoprecipitated plasms is low enough to cause a rapid increase in kidney weight, a condition predisposing to poor function upon re-implantation of the kidney.

Albumins↗
PubMed1975

The infant's self-regulation of food intake and weight gain. Difference in metabolic balance after growth constraint or acceleration in utero.

Methods of infant feeding, volume of milk intake, the introduction of solid supplements, and weight gain since birth have been studied in 191 babies at the age of 2 months. There were four groups: a hospital sample infants born to women who had been hypertensive during pregnancy, and infants who had been small-for-dates (S.F.D.) or large-for-dates (L.F.D.) at birth. Among bottle-feeders, S.F.D. infants took significantly more milk per kilogramme body-weight than infants in the hospital sample and hypertensive series; L.F.D. infants took significantly less. Within each group there was a negative correlation between actual weight at 2 months and milk intake per kilogramme body-weight. These findings are at variance with previous studies made on normal babies. Mean weight gain per kilogramme birth-weight per day was significantly increased in the S.F.D. series and reduced in the L.F.D. series compared with the hospital sample. Although mean milk intake per day at the age of 2 months was less for S.F.D. babies than for L.F.D. babies, mean weight gain per day was greater for S.F.D babies. In both extreme groups there was a tendency for breast-fed babies to revert towards the median faster than bottle-fed babies. These feeding and growth patterns of S.F.D. and L.F.D. babies suggest that there are powerful self-regulatory controls within the infant, and that the metabolic balance of S.F.D. infants is different from that of L.F.D. infants in the early postnatal months.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

Increased weight gain as a morphine withdrawal response in rats.

Adult male Wistar rats injected daily with 20 or 200 mg/kg morphine-SO4 for 35 days suffered a dose-dependent weight loss over the first 3 days of morphine withdrawal. However, during the next 28 days they gained weight more rapidly than controls, the rates being related to the previous morphine dosage. These findings were replicated in Sprague-Dawley rats treated for 26 days with 60 mg/kg morphine. Food-restricted controls suffering weight losses equal to those of the morphine-treated or morphine-withdrawn groups did not subsequently gain weight as rapidly as the latter groups. Therefore the rapid post-withdrawal weight gain may be a true adaptive response to the weight suppressing effects of morphine. Also, comparisons of weight changes during treatment in the two experiments indicated possible strain differences for tolerance to morphine's direct weight-reducing effect.

Animals↗