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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1984

Nestle and breast vs. bottle feeding: mainstream and Marxist perspectives.

The breast vs. bottle feeding issue has sparked a controversial debate. Mainstream analysis of the problem shows that arguments made by the business community, as represented by the Nestle Corporation, do not withstand examination of the evidence. For example, it cannot be substantiated that women begin formula feeding because they have entered the labor force. Mainstream studies of cost effectiveness further indicate that bottle feeding is a drain on the incomes of impoverished Third World families and nations. Marxist analysis gives a very different perspective. Nestle represents 19th century capitalist development and the Industrial Revolution, and 20th century imperialism, neocolonialism and monopoly capitalism. Its motive has been capital accumulation and expansion. To increase surplus value appropriation, capitalism must devalue the household (subsistence) economy in which women enjoyed considerable status. Women also produce the most fundamental commodity for capitalism-laborers; therefore, the biological connection must be masked and controlled for the benefit of capital. Thus, as the capitalist mode of production has developed, women have been removed from important roles in production and reproduction. Coupled with the ascendancy of science, expertism and public health imperialism, breast feeding in any market economy becomes nearly impossible. As women internalize the values of capitalist ideology, they elevate "man-made" marketed commodities over subsistence goods such as breast milk.

Bottle Feeding↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Modernization and status change among aged men and women.

This study investigates the differences between the relationship between elderly occupational status and modernization for men and women. Consonant with previous findings, it finds that economic development is associated with relative losses of elderly men in professional and technical occupations. Augmenting those findings, however, it finds an even stronger association between development and such losses for women. In accounting for the differences, several explanations are advanced and tested, using data from fifty-one nations.

Aged↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Project Redirection: evaluation of a comprehensive program for disadvantaged teenage mothers.

An evaluation of Project Redirection, a two-year demonstration program designed to help pregnant teenagers and teenage mothers, shows that teenagers from a comparison group, who were not enrolled in the demonstration program, were significantly more likely than project participants to experience a repeat pregnancy after one year, but that after two years the difference was small and nonsignificant. Likewise, at 12 months into the program, the project participants proved more likely to be using contraceptives, but by 24 months the comparison group had caught up. After one year of participation, the project teenagers were more likely than the others either to be in school or to have graduated (56 and 49 percent, respectively). However, this differential also disappeared by 24 months. Nonetheless, even at that point, project teenagers who had dropped out prior to joining the program and those who had had a repeat pregnancy were more likely to be in school or to have completed school than were similar comparison teens. Project teenagers also were somewhat more likely to have held a job during the two-year period than were teenagers not enrolled in the program. All in all, the evaluation demonstrated that teenagers who participated in the project and remained in it for more than a year had consistently better outcomes in education, employment and repeat pregnancy than any other group had. Comparison teenagers who had never participated in any special program for pregnant teenagers, on the other hand, demonstrated consistently poorer outcomes than any other group.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

Postoperative epidural bupivacaine-morphine therapy. Experience with 4,227 surgical cancer patients.

BACKGROUND: We prospectively studied surgical cancer patients who received epidural bupivacaine-morphine to determine perioperative morphine use, side effects, and complications. METHODS: All study patients received general-epidural anesthesia followed by epidural analgesia with 0.05% or 0.1% bupivacaine and 0.01% morphine at a rate of 5-10 ml.h-1 to keep the dynamic pain score at less than 5 (of 10). Patients were evaluated daily for pain relief, side effects, catheter migration, accidental removal, hypotension, respiratory rate, mental status changes, nausea and vomiting, and pruritus. RESULTS: Over 4 yr, 4,227 patients (61% women, aged 68 +/- 24 yr) were studied. Lumbar epidural catheters (n = 2,248 or 53.18%) were used more frequently than thoracic catheters (n = 1,979 or 46.82%) (P < 0.00001). Most of the patients were discharged to the surgical wards after the procedures (n = 3,001, 71%). Those patients (n = 1,226, 29%) admitted to the surgical intensive care unit, spent 1.2 +/- 0.8 days. Epidural catheter failure occurred in 283 (6.3%) patients. Length of epidural analgesia therapy was 6.3 +/- 2.6 days. There were three cases (0.07%) of respiratory depression which were treated with oxygen, intravenous naloxone, and by stopping the epidural infusion for 6 h. Hypotension occurred in 126 patients (3%). There were no apparent cases of catheter migration to either the subdural or subarachnoid space. Nausea or vomiting occurred in 929 patients (22%). Pruritus occurred in 930 patients (22%). CONCLUSIONS: Continuous epidural analgesia with 0.05-0.1% bupivacaine and 0.01% morphine is an effective method of postoperative analgesia with a low incidence of side effects, that can be safely administered on the surgical wards with no special monitoring equipment.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

Psychosocial support and change in the health status of physically disabled people.

Evidence is presented on the relationship between psychosocial support (social contact and emotional intimacy) and changes in health status (physical, psychosocial and emotional functioning) experienced by 583 adults age 45-75 years living at home with a preexisting physical illness. Data were used from a panel study of physically disabled adults in London, England to provide a test of the buffer and direct effects hypotheses concerning social support and adverse life events. Controlling for age, sex and initial level of health status, the analyses showed that a low level of social contact was associated significantly with deterioration in psychosocial and emotional functioning only in the presence of adverse life events. A similar but non-significant pattern existed for physical functioning. A high level of social contact had a more protective effect on the physical functioning of respondents with arthritis or heart trouble who also reported depression, except among women age 45-64. Level of emotional intimacy was not a significant influence on reported health status change. Confiding relationships do not appear important for adults with preexisting illnesses who are not at significant risk of developing stress-related conditions. Social participation outside the home would help to reduce deterioration in psychosocial and emotional functioning, important outcomes for improving and maintaining quality of life.

Aged↗
PubMed1992

Encephalopathy in ifosfamide-treated patients.

Acute encephalopathy following treatment with ifosfamide and mesna was observed in 5 (4 women and 1 men) of 28 patients (17.8%), with advanced sarcoma, lymphoma or ovarian carcinoma. This appeared within 2 to 7 days following the first dose of ifosfamide treatment, and included mental status changes, urinary incontinence, weakness, seizure activity, altered consciousness and psychiatric manifestations. Three cases were fatal, while two patients recovered completely. Brain CT and morphometric studies were normal in all the patients. Associated findings were myelosuppression, renal failure and electrolyte alterations.

Aged↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The effect of marital dissolution on contraceptive protection.

An analysis of data from the 1973 and 1976 National Surveys of Family Growth indicates that although marital disruption affects contraceptive practice, the patterns of contraceptive behavior among separated women who remain sexually active are very similar to those of women who remain married. Women about to separate rely less on barrier methods than do continuously married women, and this pattern persists after separation. It is likely that coitus-related methods are less frequently used because they require cooperation between the spouses. In addition, coitus-related methods are probably used less after separation because these methods are less effective, and unintended pregnancies are less desirable in the intermarital or postseparation period. As might be expected, both before and after separation, women who experience marital dissolution are less likely than the continuously married to be sexually active. The difference is greater after separation, but the major finding is the similarity of separated and continuously married women with respect to both coitus and contraceptive protection.

Contraception↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Education and timing of parenthood among Canadian women: a cohort analysis.

This research examines factors associated with the timing of first birth in Canada, focusing primarily on the role of women's educational attainment. Proportional hazards modelling techniques are applied to data from the 1984 Canadian Fertility Survey (CFS) in order to determine how educational attainment, estimated as close as possible to the date of first birth, influences the timing of first birth and whether the importance of this variable varies according to age cohorts. The results suggest that among a number of variables useful for distinguishing different levels of risk, educational attainment proves to be the most important predictor in the model. Education exerts a substantial positive influence on birth timing for women of all age groups. As expected, moreover, significant cohort differences are also evident, with the greatest to the smallest impact on the risk from the youngest to the oldest cohorts. These clear-cut cohort differences indicate a fundamental change in the effects of education over time, a trend most likely resulting from substantial changes in both the content and social significance of formal schooling during the past few decades.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Future caregivers: projected family structures of older persons.

Elderly persons depend upon spouses and children for emotional, physical, and financial support. In particular, the use of institutional long-term care has been shown to vary by family status. Changes in past and future levels of mortality, fertility, marriage, and divorce will influence the probability that elderly persons of the future have surviving spouses and children. This research uses multiple decrement life tables and component projection methods to project the future family status of elderly persons until the year 2020. The high level of fertility among women during the 1950s will result in greater proportions of future elderly persons having surviving children. Declines in mortality, coupled with increases in rates of marriage, increase the probability that both men and women will have spouses surviving in their old age.

Black or African American↗
PubMed1991

Exogenous human growth hormone reduces body fat in obese women.

The effects of biosynthetic methionyl human growth hormone (met-hGH) on body composition and endogenous secretion of insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) were studied in obese women ranging between 138 and 226% of ideal body weight. Following double-blind procedures, 12 subjects were assigned at random to either treatment with met-hGH (n = 6, 0.08 mg/kg desirable body weight) or placebo (n = 6, bacteriostatic water diluent). Treatments were delivered intramuscularly three times per week for a period of 27-28 days. Subjects were instructed to follow a weight-maintaining diet and their pre- and posttreatment kilocaloric intake was monitored for verification. The baseline peak serum GH response to L-dopa/arginine stimulation for the study population as a whole, was in the hyposecretory range (9.6 +/- 1.9 ng/ml), accompanied by a low level of circulating IGF-I (0.56 +/- 0.09 U/ml). Hydrodensitometry revealed that the met-hGH-treated subjects had a significant reduction in body fat, while an observed mean increase in fat-free mass (FFM) approached significance. The percent change in body fat was unrelated to pretreatment levels of body fat, total body weight, or initial endogenous GH status. Changes in circulating IGF-I were similar to those for FFM, with increases approaching significance. There were no significant changes in body composition or IGF-I in the placebo-treated subjects. No significant differences were observed in the self-reported dietary intake of kilocalories during the experimental period between the two groups. We conclude that exogenous GH reduces body fat in obese women in the apparent absence of significant kilocaloric restriction. The effect appears to be unrelated to endogenous GH secretion or body composition.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1988

Race and sex differences in the correlates of blood pressure change.

Potential predictors of systolic and diastolic blood pressure change between 1960 and 1967 in the biracial population of Evans County, Georgia, were investigated. An all possible regressions multiple linear regression analysis was used. For systolic blood pressure change, the level of systolic blood pressure, age, and change in Quetelet index were significant (p less than 0.05) correlates in white men. The level of systolic blood pressure, the level and change of socioeconomic status, change in Quetelet index, and change in cholesterol were significant correlates for white women. The level of Quetelet index was of borderline significance (p less than 0.055) when the other significant variables were included in the model for white women. The change in Quetelet index was the only significant correlate of systolic blood pressure change in blacks. For diastolic blood pressure change, age, change in hematocrit, and change in Quetelet index were significant correlates for white men. Age, level and change of socioeconomic status, level and change of Quetelet index, and change in hematocrit were the significant correlates in white women. In black men, change in Quetelet index and age were significant. In black women, only age was a significant correlate of diastolic blood pressure change. These results indicate that there may be important differences in these correlates between race-sex groups and thus in the mechanism of blood pressure change for different race-sex groups. groups.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

Profile of Danish women undergoing reversal of sterilization, 1978-1983.

To help identify those women who might regret undergoing sterilization, the Danish women refertilized from 1978 to 1983 were contacted by mailed questionnaire. Eighty-three percent (120/144) responded. These women were younger at the time of sterilization than Danish women sterilized in the same period (mean age 29 years versus 34 years). Furthermore, they had more children at the time of sterilization and had their first and last child at a younger age than Danish women generally, in the same age group. Their social and educational status was lower than the background population and fewer were in gainful employment. At sterilization, most of the women were in an emotionally stressful situation (e.g., marital disharmony (78% of the married women), single parenthood (28%), unwanted pregnancy (27%], or had chronic health problems in the family. Alternative contraceptive methods had not been fully explored. Thirty-eight percent complained of late secondary effects attributable to the sterilization, but the main reason for wanting reversal of sterilization was a new partner (75%). The study suggests that the psycho-social situation and contraceptive alternatives should be carefully evaluated in women requesting sterilization, especially in those below the age of 30.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

[Follow-up studies of gerontopsychiatric long-term patients following a change in residential status].

Changes in living conditions of the elderly are considered as critical life events. The degree of stress produced by such critical life events is seen largely dependent on controllability and predictability of the situation. Our study focuses on changes in behavior and well-being at four times during ten weeks while 34 long-term gerontopsychiatric patients moved into reconstructed wards, which were mainly improved under ecological aspects. Investigations were performed with the "Beobachtungsskala für alternde Patienten (BAP)" and by free observation. In summary, the results show reduced well-being and behavioral problems at all four times of measurement for female patients compared to the male group. In contrary, for male patients there is a significant reduction in need of help, physical disability, aggression and depression one week after the move. But these improvements are not stable. Partly, they are followed by decreases even beyond the baseline six weeks after the move. Therefore, unlike the male patients it seems that the older and more impaired women in our sample can not at all profit from the positive changes in the new living conditions on the ward at any time during our study. Their well-being remains obviously unsatisfactory and becomes even worse and threatening for single cases after the move. Results are discussed with respect to psychiatric impairments like dementia, paranoia, with regard to stress and coping as well as with respect to some contradictory findings in this field of research.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMedDate not supplied

American household structure in transition.

The number of U.S. households rose by 58 percent between 1960 and 1983, with nontraditional household types accounting for most of the increase. Whereas the number of households containing married couples with children younger than 18 rose by only four percent over the period, one-parent households increased by 175 percent; one-person households, by 173 percent; and households composed of unmarried couples, by 331 percent. In 1983, households maintained by married couples constituted six in 10 U.S. households; the second most common household type--adults living alone--accounted for about one-quarter of all households. Lone parents living with their children represent nearly one in 10 households. Almost all of these parents are women--of whom two-thirds are separated or divorced, one-quarter have never been married, and fewer than one in 10 are widows. Among adults living alone, women aged 45 and older predominate; but the rate at which the practice has been adopted since 1960 has been greatest among those under age 45. Most of the growth in the number of one-person households occurred during the 1970s. The increase in cohabitation--most of it also in the 1970s--has similarly been concentrated in the younger age-groups. The living arrangements of children younger than 18 have changed accordingly over the two decades. Since 1960, the number of children living with two parents has declined by nearly one-fifth, and the number living with one parent--generally the mother--has more than doubled.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adolescent↗