Antiinflammatory principles of Caesalpinia sappan wood and of Haematoxylon campechianum wood.
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Anti-Inflammatory Agents↗
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[Occupational dermatoses in workers of the wood-processing industry caused by tropical varieties of wood].
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Adult↗
Role of soil mycelium in nutrition of wood-destroying basidiomycetous fungi on inoculated wood blocks in soil.
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Basidiomycota↗
[Comparative study of the glycosidases of 2 Lepidoptera wood-eating Cossidae (Cossus cossus L., and Zeuzera pyrina L.) and various wood-eating Coleoptera].
The authors present here the results of their research concerning the study of the osidases of the caterpillars Cossus cossus L. and Zeuzera pyrina L. (Lepidoptera Cossidae). Its enzyme equipment shows very important differences compared to the different species of Scolytidae, Cerambycidae, Curculionidae and Buprestidae. The differences are lie especially in the absence of some osidases acting on polysaccharides (hémicelluloses and cellulose).
Animals↗
Microbiological aspects of wood chip storage in tropical environments.
The microbiology of tropical wood chip storage has been examined in small experimental piles at two sites in New Guinea. Biodeterioration occurred in the forms of wood discoloration and loss of wood substance, including cellulosics; over a period of 2-4 months c. 20% per month of the chip pile by volume was seriously discoloured by microorganisms, and wood substance loss amounted to c. 1.5% per month (microscopic assessment). A range of microorganisms which produce discoloration were isolated. Decay was mainly due to soft-rotting microfungi such as Chaetomium globosum, C. thermophile, Humicola lanuginosa, Cephalosporium acremonium and Gliomastix subiculosa. Wood-rotting basidiomycetes were infrequent, although pockets of decayed (white rot) mycelial-matted chips were observed in the outer 1.5 m during dismantling of the 4-month-old pile at Vanimo. A successional trend of colonizing microorganisms was established, and profiles of the main zones of microbiological activity have been determined. The rapid rise in temperature, which is characteristic of wood chip piles after construction, had a marked influence on the microbial populations. Thermotolerant isolates included Humicola spp., Aspergillus spp., some actinomycetes, and members of the bacterial genus Bacillus. Reasonable chemical control of biodeterioration was achieved by dipping chip samples in a 1% solution of sodium pentachlorophenate. Three trichlorophenol formulations were less effective.
Alkaline Phosphatase↗
The effects of dynamic loading on intracalcaneal wood implants and on the tissues surrounding them.
The dorsal parts of the calcanei of rabbits were resected and replaced with similarly-shaped implants made of ash wood. In each case the Achilles tendon was reinserted into the projecting part of the implant so as to subject the latter to the dynamic loads generated by use of the limb. The implants were removed from some of the animals after 5 weeks and from the others after 14 weeks. They were evaluated by preparing undecalcified microtome sections and ground sections which were examined by light microscopy and microradiography. Some of the animals underwent vital staining so as to produce polychromatic sequential labelling of the calcaneal specimens. In the area of insertion of the Achilles tendon soft tissue grew into the larger pores of the wood and, in some cases, differentiated into cartilage. Every implant remained stably anchored in the calcaneus. In every animal the intracalcaneal part of the implant became surrounded by new bone which was in direct contact with the surface of the implant and which also formed in the pores of the wood, even all rabbits loaded the operated foot. The formation of new bone in and around the implants demonstrates the basic feasibility of using ash wood as an isoelastic implant material in bone.
Achilles Tendon↗
Localization of malanin pigmentation in the skin with Wood's lamp.
Examination of the skin or hair with Wood's lamp has long been used to aid in the clinical diagnosis of some cutaneous disorders. A new observation reported here illustrates that Wood's light can be used to determine the depth of melanin pigmentation in the skin: contrast in epidermal pigmentation is increased while contrast in dermal pigmentation is decreased under Wood's lamp illumination compared to ambient visible light. The principles underlying this phenomenon are discussed. Use of the Wood's lamp to localize abnormal melanin pigmentation in the skin can be a guide to clinical diagnosis of hypermelanosis.
Diagnosis, Differential↗
Incidence of infection and host specificity of Cuterebra tenebrosa in bushy-tailed wood rats (Neotoma cinerea) from central Washington.
Cuterebra tenebrosa Coquillett bot flies were studied under natural and laboratory conditions in bushy-tailed wood rats and 7 other small mammal host species. Larvae demonstrated strong host specificity for Neotoma cinerea. Monthly trapping samples of wood rats in central Washington showed infection peaks of 65--70% in May and 30--40% in late summer. In laboratory-induced infections, wood rats supported 7 larvae without host mortality. Natural infections in trapped rats ranged from 1 to 6 per host. Larvae developed in lateral and dorsal warbles in laboratory and natural infections. Few wood rats demonstrated evidence of acquired immunity in repeated infections over 2 years.
Animals↗
Toxic woods.
Eighty-three cases of dermatitis caused by wood or sawdust have been seen at St John's Hospital for Dieases of the Skin, London, in the last 20 years. The clinical details and results of patch tests are reported. The literature on dermatitis, mucosal irritation, asthma and other toxic effects of woods of some 300 botanical species is reviewed at length, with an index of scientific, trade and vernacular names, chemical formulae of the known sensitizing substances, and a table of the 28 toxic woods most often encountered. Pathogenesis, diagnosis and prophylaxis are discussed.
Adolescent↗
[Biocompatibility of wood in bone tissue (author's transl)].
Alcohol-extracted and sterilised cylinders of ash- and birchwood were implanted into the tibia of rabbits. The selection criteria of these two wood species were thoroughly described. 28 implants were evaluated after 3, 5, 14 and 32 weeks using undecalcified microtome sections and ground sections employing polychromatic sequential-labelling and microradiography. In spite of a foreign-body-tissue reaction new bone is formed around the implants and within the pores of the wood as well. Both wood species therefore seem to be suitable implant materials, which were anchoraged by the bone itself. A tensile strength and elastic properties comparable to bone and simple handling would be the advantages of this material.
Animals↗
Isolation of Klebsielleae from within living wood.
Previous studies from this laboratory have documented the presence of coliform bacteria emanating from wooden reservoirs containing finished drinking water. Coliforms were identified as Klebsiella pneumoniae and Enterobacter spp. In the present report, evidence is presented which suggests that the origin of these coliforms is from the wood used to construct the reservoirs. In liquid expressed from freshly cut redwood, total bacterial counts in the range of 10(5) to 10(6)/ml were commonly observed. When present, coliform counts were over 10(3)/ml of expressed liquid. E. agglomerans was the most prevalent coliform present, but Klebsiella was isolated from freshly cut logs. Citrobacter freundii was also occasionally isolated. No fecal coliform-positive Klebsiella were obtained from any of the samples. Highest total bacteria and coliform counts were observed in sapwood specimens. Coliforms were present throughout sapwood as evidenced by contact plating serial sections of freshly cut wood. Scanning electron micrographs illustrate the presence of bacterial colonies within sapwood tracheids. Other wood species also contained coliform bacteria but in numbers lower than found in redwood.
Citrobacter↗
Ecology and taxonomy of bacteria attaching to wood surfaces in a tropical harbor.
Water, sediment, and wooden pilings, samples of which were collected from a harbor in Puerto Rico during the course of a long-term study of biofouling of wood treated with creosote and related compounds, were found to support growth of microbial populations, the dominant taxa of which included Hyphomicrobium, Hyphomonas, Pseudomonas, Vibrio, and Bacillus. New wood exposed to the harbor water was rapidly colonized by Hyphomicrobium vulgare. Old pilings in an advanced stage of biodeterioration maintained a diverse bacterial microflora, representatives of which were also found widely distributed in the water column and sediment. Evidence for bacterial species succession was obtained, indicating that microbial interactions are important for attachment to, and subsequent colonization of, wood surfaces in the marine environment.
Bacteria↗
Nitrosylhemoglobin Wood: effects of inositol hexaphosphate on thiol reactivity and electron paramagnetic resonance spectrum.
Properties of Hb Wood (beta-97(FG4)His leads to Leu), a high oxygen affinity hemoglobin with reduced hemeheme interaction, were examined in its nitric oxide liganded form. The reactivity of the beta-93 thiol groups and the electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectrum were examined to determine what effect the amino acid substitution, which occurs at the alpha1beta2 interface, would have on inositol hexaphosphate induced transition of this form of the tetramer. Binding of inositol hexaphosphate (IHP) in a 1:1 stoichiometry was demonstrated. In spite of apparently normal interaction with IHP, there was little or no change in the reactivity of the beta-93 thiol groups and in the electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectrum as contrasted with the marked changes characteristic of normal hemoglobin (HbA). In contrast with NO-HbA, there was also no development of the EPR hyperfine structure in NO-Hb Wood with increased protonation of the protein at pH below 7.0. Taken together with the observations of Henry and Banerjee ((1973), J. Mol. Biol. 73, 469) on the development of NO-Hb EPR hyperfine structure and of Perutz et al. (1974a), Biochemistry 13, 2174) on changes in thiol reactivity with the R leads to T transition, the results suggest that IHP or H+ cannot switch NO-Hb Wood to the T conformation. Since the atomic structures of met- and deoxyhemoglobin offer no indication that His-97 plays any special part in the allosteric mechanism (M. E. Perutz, personal communication), it appears that the replacement of His-97 by Leu reduces the stability of the T structure relative to that of R.
Binding Sites↗
Comparison of hemoglobins Wood (alpha 2 beta 2 97 leu) and Malmö (alpha 2 beta 2 97 gln). Diagnostic value of citrate agar electrophoresis.
Diagnostic value of citrate agar electrophoresis. Am J Clin Pathol 71:668-671, 1979. Of approximately three dozen hemoglobin variants that have greater than usual oxygen affinity, nearly half are inseparable from hemoglobin A by electrophoresis at pH 8.6. A comparison of hemoglobins Wood (alpha2beta297leu) and Malmö (alpha2beta297gln) is of interest from several standpoints. They represent similar substitutions at the identical locus in the beta chain. They result in identical clinical and hematologic manifestations. Oxygen affinities of these variants are identical. Both are poorly resolved from hemoglobin A by electrophoresis at pH 8.6. The position of each is identical when studied by isoelectric focusing in polyacrylamide gel. Finally, they are easily distinguished by citrate agar electrophoresis at pH 6.2. The excellent resolution of hemoglobins Malmö and Wood from each other results neither from difference in charge, nor size, nor in quaternary structure. This technic provides a simple but effective means for identifying and differentiating these hemoglobin variants. Comparison with the results of citrate agar electrophoresis of other high oxygen-affinity hemoglobins indicates that the findings for hemoglobins Malmö and Wood are unique and unambiguous.
Adolescent↗
A simple method of isolation and purification of cultures of wood-rotting fungi.
A simple method of isolation and purification of cultures of higher fungi, mainly wood-rotting fungi, without special requirements for the presence of nitrogencontaining nutrients is described. Parts of fruiting bodies, spores or infected wood is inoculated on Petri dishes with an agar medium of the following composition: 1.0 g KH2PO4, 0.2 g MgSO4 - 7 H2O, 0.1 g caSO4, 0.01 g Fe2(SO4)3, 10.0 g glucose, tap water to 1 litre; 20.0 g agar. This medium does not suit most of the contaminants but fungal hyphae overgrow the whole surface of the dish so that a purified culture can be obtained from parts distant from the inoculation site.
Agar↗
Facultative wood-digesting bacteria from the hind-gut of the termite Reticulitermes hesperus.
Among the facultative bacteria capable of growth on mesquite wood which were isolated from the asceptically dissected hind-gut of the termite Reticulitermes hesperus were two strains of Bacillus cereus, one strain each of Arthrobacter, Alcaligenes and Serratia, and a very small Gram-negative fermentative rod. The B. cereus strains, the Serratia marcescens strain and the Arthrobacter sp. grew well on a mineral salts alpha-cellusose agar. One of the Bacillus cereus strains and Serratia marcescens hydrolysed gels of carboxymethylcellulose. All isolates grew well with mesquite wood as the carbon source. The Serratia marcescens isolate produced prodigiosin but differed from a typed strain both in size and in some physiological characteristics.
Alcaligenes↗
On the evolutionary stability of the female-biased sex ratio in the wood lemming (Myopus schisticolor): the effect of inbreeding.
The evolutionary stability of the female-biased sex ratio observed in the wood lemming (Myopus schisticolor) is discussed. The hypothesis analysed is that the skewed sex ratio is maintained as a result of partial and/or recurrent inbreeding. Fredga et al. (1976, 1977) have suggested that an X-linked mutant gene, X, affects the male-determining action of the Y chromosome, thus converting some XY individuals into females. By a mechanism of selective non-disjunction in the foetal ovary only X-carrying eggs are produced. In particular the stability of that genetic mechanism (or the X chromosome) is analysed by considering the introduction of a "suppressing" sex-linked mutant gene Y. Several deterministic simulation models assuming father-daughter and/or brother-sister matings have been developed and analysed. It is concluded that in the case of extremely strong inbreeding, the hypothesised genetic mechanism may, as a result, be evolutionarily stable. Interpreting field observations on microtine rodents in general it is concluded that only a few species are likely to experience such extreme cases of inbreeding. The wood lemming and the related collared lemming (Dicrostonyx troquatus), another case which seems to have XY-females, are likely to exhibit sufficiently strong inbreeding.
Animals↗
Diagnostic procedures of the skin. Part one: Wood's light, KOH slide, Gram's stain, and cultures.
The diagnosis of skin lesions involves the same priniciples and methodology required in other medical problems. Visual recognition alone and "shotgun" therapy is not a satisfactory clinical approach. A disciplined and careful examination of lesions, establishment of a differential diagnosis, and selection of appropriate procedures are frequently necessary for cutaneous diseases. The indications, limitations, interpretation, and techniques of diagnostic procedures must be well understoood to obtain reliable information. Not all tinea capitis will reveal fluorescence with Wood's light examination, but the Wood's light may be particularly helpful in the diagnosis of tinea versicolor, erythrasma, porphyria, and tuberous sclerosis. Bacterial growth on cultures taken from the skin does not necessarily mean infection. Because the eczematous skin teems with bacteria, there must be a careful interpretation of the cultures results within the context of the clinical situation. This paper is the first in a two-part series dealing with selected cutaneous procedures which are useful to the family physician in everyday practice.
Bacteriological Techniques↗