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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1975

[Dependence of mean duration of heart period and of arrhythmia during dynamic muscular work on the greatness and differences of work load and during static muscular work on the greatness of work load (author's transl)].

Mean duration of heart period (DHP chi) and its standard deviation (SD), indicating heart arrhythmia and significantly correlating with DHP chi, decreased with stepwise increase of dynamic muscular work on a bicycle ergometer and static muscular work of the right upper arm flexor beyond the limit of permanent performance. This correlation, however, can be understood globally only, since the decrease of DHP chi and SD was not always continuous, but frequently changing, with alterations of increase and decrease from step to step of dynamic work load and from minute to minute of static muscular strain. This concerned particularly SD. A continuous decrease of DHP chi in dynamic muscular work was obtained only by load differences of 40 W, not by differences of 10 or 20 W. A more continuous decrease of SD was also noted during greater load-differences. The significant correlation of DHP chi and SD was lost at a load-difference of 10 W on the 60 W-step and at a load-difference of 40 W on the 180 W-step. Great loads caused at the same load-step less frequent variations of DHP chi, not of SD, than little loads. If no preceding work took place, a contary reaction of DHP chi and SD was noted often at the first load-step. Static work with greater holding force caused a more continuous decrease of DHP chi, in a lower degree of SD, than static work with lower holding force. DHP chi decreased mainly in the first minute of strain. The adjustment of mean heart rate and heart arrhythmia on a level corresponding to increase of load is influenced essentially by the difference of muscular strain appearing between two periods of work load or periods of holding. The regulation of the mean duration of heart period and of heart arrhythmia does not necessarily depend on each other.

Adult↗
PubMed1976

Effect of heart work and insulin on the incorporation of [14C]glucose into hexose phosphates, uridine diphosphate glucose and glycogen in the normal and insulin-deficient perfused rat heart under working and non-working conditions.

1. The specific radioactivities of glucose 1-phosphate, glucose 6-phosphate, fructose 6-phosphate, UDP-glucose and glycogen, derived from [14C]gluocose, were determined in the normal and insulin-deficient (streptozotocin-diabetic and anti-insulin-serum-treated) perfused non-working and working rat heart. 2. The specific radioactivities of all glucose metabolities reached a plateau after about 10 min, except that for glycogen, which increased slightly but steadily over the whole observation period of 30min. 3. The specific radio-activities of fructose 6-phosphate, UDP-glucose and glycogen were slignificantly lower in the streptozotocin-diabetic heart than in the normal heart. 4. Mechanical work in the normal rat heart increased the specific radioactivities of glucose 1-phosphate, UDP-glucose and glycogen, but had little or no effect on those of gluose 6-phosphate and fructose 6-phosphate. 5. In the normal heart insulin strongly increased the specific radioactivities of all gluocse metabolites under all conditions tested. The maximum values achieved in the normal working heart in the presence of insulin were only about 15-20% above those in the normal non-working heart in the presence of insulin for the phosphorylated intermediates and about 40% above for glycogen. 6. In the streptozotocin-diabetic heart, work restored the specific radioactivities of all glucose metabolities to about normal values. 7. In the streptozotocin-diabetic heart insulin strongly increased the specific radioactivities of the direct glycogen precursors glucose 1-phosphate and UDP-glucose; the effect of insulin on glucose 6-phosphate and fructose 6-phosphate was less marked. These results confirm previous findings that the primary metabolic lesion in diabetic heart muscle is a defect of glycogen synthesis. The specific radioactivity of glycogen itself was increased sixfold. 8. Under all conditions tested the specific radioactivity of glucose 1-phosphate was always found to be higher than that of glucose 6-phosphate. This indicated either compartmentation of a small but metabolically very active pool of glucose 6-phosphate, or the existence of a hitherto unknown pathway of metabolism in which glucose 1-phosphate is the primary reaction product. For a number of reasons the authors prefer the first explanation, which could also account for the observation that in the perfused normal working and non-working heart the specific radioactivity of fructose 6-phosphate was always found to be higher than that of glucose 6-phosphate. This difference disappeared or was reversed in the rat hearts rendered insulin-insufficent by either streptozotocin or anti-insulin treatment.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Ergonomic analysis of the working post of gutter in the fish processing plant and the dependency between subjective evaluation of the work fatigue and the body posture assumed while working.

The main goal of the present paper was an ergonomic analysis of the working post of the gutters employed in the Fish Processing Plant in Gdańsk and to find the relation between the ailments manifest in the musculo-skeletal system, the degree of the weariness with the work and the body posture assumed during the operations after the first and the sixth hour of the work. The material investigated comprised 20 gutters aged 30-49 years, their employment period on given working post ranging from 11 to 16 years. On the basis of the observation and time analysis of each operation an ergonomic analysis of their working posts was accomplished. Apart from this the subjects were submitted to a questionaire concerning subjective evaluation of the factors affecting fatigue as well as the degree of several body parts load. Shutter method was employed in the cinematographic analysis of the simple flat images. When the contours of a woman were drawn in schemes the following angles could be plotted: angles of the forward inclination of the trunk and the head, angle of the left hand. The pictures were taken in two series: after the first and the sixth hour of the work. On the basis of these investigations no statistically significant differences in the angle of the forward inclination of the trunk and the head after the first and the sixth hour of work were revealed. It indicate the other reasons than a body posture as decisive in the origin of the fatigue with work.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Work satisfaction among community-based mental health service providers: the association between work environment and work satisfaction.

This is a study of work environment and work satisfaction among 601 community mental health service providers in the central United States. Aspects of the work environment may limit resources and strategies available to minimize staff burnout and maximize effective service delivery. Three human resource issues related to work satisfaction are reviewed: (a) unique constraints in rural mental health service delivery, (b) the role of paraprofessionals in service delivery, and (c) community-based services for seriously mentally ill individuals. This study demonstrates hypothesized associations between work environment and work satisfaction variables. The results suggest that staff members working with seriously mentally ill individuals are vulnerable to dissatisfaction and stress, and may require special skill and mastery enhancement.

Community Mental Health Services↗
PubMed1992

[Workload in software development work. A consideration based on work-characteristics and analysis on workload factors of each working group].

To clarify workload factors in software developing work, we designed questionnaires composed of questions of work-content based on the interview survey. For the analysis of workload, Cumulative Fatigue Symptom Index (CFSI) and the stress-rating-method by 7-likert-scale were used. With the cooperation of the Japanese Software Engineers' Association (SEA) responses were obtained from 270 out of 1,100 members and from 553 non-member software engineers in 18 companies in Japan. The CFSI score obtained was higher than those of other groups of other industries obtained in our previous studies. The stress-rating showed that "time-pressure," "too much amount of work, and "ambiguity in job specification" were the highest stressors. The work groups were categorized by the results of CFSI profile into 4 types. The results of stress-ratings were significantly different between the 4 type groups. Based on the multiple comparison analysis, the workload factors of each group could be specified. Out of the foregoing 4 types, the work groups which showed the deviation in F1B (depression) in CFSI and the work groups which showed high scores in every category in CFSI were higher in "ambiguity of specification" in stress-ratings. This result indicates that "ambiguity in specification" is a significant stressor in software engineers. This stressor is caused by the complicated communication process between users and engineers and by the shortage of tools or rules in this process. This stressor is considered to be the most typical workload which characterizes the software developing work.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

[Morbidity status, causes for work disability and social factors influencing work disability in pregnancy. 2. Causes for work disability].

The higher level of patients of pregnant woman in comparison with non-pregnant ones results from a higher unfitness for work which nearly corresponds to the increase of sicknesses depending on gestation. From all causes of unfitness for work more than 60% were depending on gestation. Causes for the half of the release from work depending on gestation were the three diagnoses threatening abortion, threatening premature birth and bleedings. On the total level of patients of 11.66% they had a share of 5.70% points. Infections of the ureter, the diagnosis' 'Other complications in pregnancy', hyperemesis and gestoses followed. Infections of the upper respiratory tract and influenza were the causes of all releases from work which were not depending on gestation. Their share on the level of patients amounted to 0.9% points. Releases from work because of sicknesses of circulation and of the digestive tract followed in their frequency. A number of further causes of unfitness for work had only a small share on the happenings of unfitness for work.

Abortion, Spontaneous↗
PubMed1989

[Analysis of the work of the head nurse and a work model for the head nurse in university hospitals in Korea].

When the head nurse who is pivotal in the nursing service administration of the hospital performs efficiently as a first-line manager, the effectiveness of the nursing unit, which includes the quality of nursing care, the job satisfaction of staff members, and the cohesiveness of staff members is increased. With this point of view in mind, the researcher carried out a study to determine the actual work (the content of the work, the work process, the role of the head nurse, the activity media, and the purpose of the work) of the head nurse in a university hospital in Korea. In addition, this study was also carried out for the purpose of preparing an ideal model for the work of the head nurse. The research subjects were 39 head nurses. This included all the head nurses in two university hospitals except those who were working in outpatient care, operating rooms, central supply, nursing administration, in-service education and emergency care. Data were collected from September 24th to October 21st, 1987 and April 4th to 12th, 1988. A work activity record on which the head nurse recorded directly in a chronological narrative form, was used as the research instrument. The 234 work activity records, 39 head nurse's continuous recording over 6 days (from Monday to Saturday) were collected and analysed. The results were as follows: 1. With regard to the work content for the total daily work of the head nurse, 45.2% of the activities were managerial activities but 58.1% of the head nurse's time was spent in direct patient care. 2. With regard to the work process of the head nurse, specifically the location, the size and membership of groups contacted, the results were as follows: 1) Of the total daily work activities 92.4% were carried out in the nursing unit and this occupied 84. 5% of total daily work time. Direct patient care was generally performed on the nursing unit and managerial work was performed in other areas. 2) Of the total daily work activities, 73% was with one or more persons and 51.2% of total daily work time was spent in groups. 3) A total of 51 persons, working in different capacities were contacted. These included 21 persons giving patient care, 19 persons working in nursing unit management, and 7 persons working in human resource management.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Hospitals, University↗
PubMed1985

A comparison of the effects of mixed static and dynamic work with mainly dynamic work in hot conditions.

Current physiological criteria for limiting work in hot conditions are frequently based on responses to mainly dynamic work (eg treadmill walking). Their applicability to industrial situations containing mixed static and dynamic work is questioned, since the physiological responses to static work are different from those of dynamic work. Each of eight subjects attempted a one hour uphill treadmill walk (mainly dynamic work), and an uphill treadmill walk whilst intermittently carrying a 20 kg weight in the arms (mixed static and dynamic work). The external work rates in the two conditions were equal, effected by lowering the treadmill gradient in the loaded condition. Experiments were conducted in a hot climate (33 degrees C dry bulb, 25 degrees C wet bulb). Oxygen consumption, minute ventilation, sweat rate and rated perceived exertion were all significantly higher (p less than 0.001) for the mixed static and dynamic work than for the dynamic work. This was also the case for heart rate and forearm skin temperature (p less than 0.01), and for auditory canal temperature (p less than 0.05). There was no significant difference between the two types of work for mean skin temperature, calf skin temperature and chest skin temperature. These results show that for the same external work, physiological strain and perceived exertion are greater for mixed static and dynamic work (carrying a load in the arms) than for mainly dynamic work (walking on a treadmill). They suggest that it is not appropriate to make direct comparisons of laboratory studies based on dynamic work, with practical situations containing mixed static and dynamic work in the heat.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Observations of working postures in garages using the Ovako Working posture Analysing System (OWAS) and consequent workload reduction recommendations.

The working postures of mechanics (n = 84) in 42 garages were observed using the Ovako Working posture Analysis System (OWAS). During observation, both working postures and work activities were recorded. A computer program was developed for the data analyses. Using this program it is possible to calculate the working posture load for each work activity and the contribution of a specific activity to the total working posture load. This is a substantial extension of the original OWAS method. Five out of 19 observed postures of the body members were classified as Action Category 2, which suggests they were slightly harmful to the musculoskeletal system and likely to cause discomfort. Of the so-called typical working postures, 31.9% was classified in Action Category 2, suggesting that during a substantial part of the working day typical working postures occur which are at least slightly harmful to the musculoskeletal system. Moreover, those work activities principally causing the workload to fall in OWAS' higher Action Categories were identified. For each of these three work activities an alternative work method was observed. The data show that in all three work activities the use of a vehicle lift reduces the number of poor working postures thereby reducing the load on the musculoskeletal system.

Accidents, Occupational↗
PubMed1991

Work load and individual factors affecting work ability among aging municipal employees.

The effects of work stressors, individual characteristics, symptoms, and diseases on work ability were studied among 4255 municipal employees. Work ability was assessed by a work ability index in two cross-sectional inquiries, one in 1981 and the other in 1985. The most impairing for work ability were mental symptoms and musculoskeletal disease. Among the work stressors, high physical demands at work, poor physical work environment, and lack of freedom were associated with impaired work ability. Muscular work, disturbing temperatures at the workplace, and lack of freedom particularly affected employees with disease, whereas poor work postures and role conflicts at work were particularly injurious for healthy employees. The worst situation was observed when a worker with many symptoms and disease was exposed to many different work stressors. Life satisfaction, sitting work posture, a good basic education, and physical exercise during leisure time were associated with good work ability.

Cardiovascular Diseases↗
PubMed1990

[Use of the disability classification "Residual work capacity for part-time work" in an area of Croatia].

A retrospective evaluation of disability was carried out in a group of workers with residual work capacity for part-time work from the region of Slavonski Brod over a ten-year period. The evaluation comprised disability assessment, estimation of the reliability of primary diagnosis with respect to disability assessment, and determination of the period between the assessment of residual work ability for part-time work and retirement due to disability. The disability category "residual work capacity for part-time work" was assigned to 1,029 persons, and was most frequently caused by cardiovascular diseases. Disability pension was based mostly on the diagnoses of mental disorders and cardiovascular diseases and was received by 1,365 persons. With part-time workers who had their residual work ability assessed on the basis of cardiovascular diseases and mental disorders, working part-time was only a temporary, short-term solution, because as soon as within a year, after a regular check-up, they were given disability pension owing to deterioration of primary disease. On the other hand, workers with diseases of the locomotor system as primary diagnosis, who had worked part-time for several years, often had disability pension granted because of some other disease. A detailed analysis among 426 still active workers with residual work capacity showed disability to have been assessed mostly on the ground of diseases of the locomotor system. Functional disorders were usually light to moderate, and working conditions often inappropriate. It is considered that the categories "residual work capacity with full-time work at a more appropriate workplace", with a change of occupation or without it, and "altered work capacity" would have been better applicable in the majority of cases.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Effects of musculoskeletal work load and muscle strength on strain at work in women and men aged 44 to 58 years.

The effects of musculoskeletal work load and muscle strength on strain at work were analysed among 60 women and 69 men (mean age 52 +/- 3.4) in municipal jobs in Finland. The musculoskeletal work load was determined by analysing the jobs by a job description method. The maximal isometric hand grip strength was assessed with a manometer, trunk flexion and trunk extension strength with a dynamometer, and dynamic trunk flexion endurance strength with a sit-up test. Heart rate was registered continuously and ratings of perceived exertion were determined 4 times during the work shift. The results revealed that high musculoskeletal work load was systematically and significantly related to high strain at work in both sexes. A high mean heart rate related to an individual's range in women was an interaction effect of high work load and low hand grip strength or low trunk flexion strength. Among men, both high mean and maximal heart rates in relation to the heart rate range was due to the interaction effects of high work load and low trunk extension strength. The interaction of work load and strength was not systematically related to the ratings of perceived exertion during work. It was concluded that the musculoskeletal work load exerted the main effects on the cardiorespiratory and perceived strains at work. The interaction effects of work load and strength on strain depended on the sex and the muscle group in the studied work load level of elderly municipal employees.

Female↗
PubMed1986

[Work and health: work-related disease].

Work and health interact with one another in the following ways: when work is adapted to human goals and capacities of men, work can play important role in promoting both physical and mental health; exposure to chemical, physical and biological risk factors, can lead to occupational diseases; both work environment and work condition can play a role, together with other risk factors, in the development of diseases characterized by a multiple etiology. Such diseases have been commonly called work-related. In occupational disease, there is a direct cause-effect relationship between hazard and disease, whereas in work-related disease, the work environment contributes, but as one of a number of factors, to the development of the disease. Because of their multifactorial and complex etiology, work-related diseases represent an interesting subject for epidemiological surveys. At the time, epidemiological study of work-related diseases can take the following forms. Descriptive studies relating morbidity to occupation, work area, task, or specific exposure can be concerned with anything from "hard" indicators of illness (such as death), to "soft; indicators (such as non-specific symptoms). Descriptive studies of work-related diseases utilizing the latter indicators of disease are usually study ad hoc, since morbidity registers do not exist for any disease in our country.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Health↗
PubMed1990

[Work load of nursery teachers in a nursery school. Relationship between age of children and work load].

Time study of six nursery teachers of children aged 0 to 5 was conducted at a public nursery school to ascertain their work load, and the results obtained were examined from the following two viewpoints. First, comparison was made between the results obtained by the following two methods of analysis; 1) An observer recorded the work contents and the working postures of a nursery teacher at place of work in one-minute units. 2) The nursery teacher was recorded on video tape and the analysis of the work contents and the working postures was made in one-second units. Second, comparison was made between the work loads (work content, working posture, walking, lifting children and recess) of nursery teachers of children of different age group. The results could be summarized as follows: 1. The results of analysis made by the two methods of the work contents and the working postures were in good agreement. 2. The higher the age of children in the class, the longer was the cumulative time for "indoor group nurture" and the shorter was the cumulative time for "help and care for feeding", "help and care for afternoon nap" and "help and care for excretion". 3. The higher the age of children in the class, the longer was the cumulative time of "standing" in a nursery teacher and the shorter was the cumulative time of "sitting on the floor". The total time of "bending forward", "squatting" and "rising on the knee" occupied 20% of the working hours on an average and was not related clearly to the age of children. 4. The frequency of walking was not found to be related to the age of children. 5. The nursery teachers of children aged 0 and 1 lifted children much more frequently among all nursery teachers. 6. The recess away from children was rarely observed throughout the day.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1986

Work therapy and return to work.

In summary, data were selected for 1 year on patients treated in the Work Tolerance Program at the Hand Rehabilitation Center in Philadelphia. The type of information obtained has been used to obtain a profile of the patient population in the Work Tolerance Program. Statistical analysis was used, not only to formulate patient demographics, but also to evaluate the length of treatment of patients in the Work Tolerance Program. This period averaged 6 weeks. The statistical analysis also revealed there was significant interaction between the type of injury and the patient's diagnosis, and the rate of return to work. The patients with injuries to bone and nerve required longer periods of treatment until they returned to work than did patients with injuries to soft tissue or combination injuries. Our statistical analysis revealed that in 1982, 75 per cent of the patients in the Work Tolerance Program returned to work to regular or modified jobs. The length of time from injury to return to work was 63 per cent longer for patients with Workers' Compensation coverage than for patients with private insurance coverage. Because the statistical analysis that 60 per cent of the patients treated in the Work Tolerance Program were Workers' Compensation insured, and 80 per cent of the patients treated in the Work Tolerance Program were secondarily referred, it should be recognized that all patients with severe hand injuries would benefit from an immediate referral to a Hand Rehabilitation Center of excellence to facilitate their therapeutic management and expedite their recovery from time of injury to return to work. This study was restricted to the analysis of length of treatment and rate of return to work. Future studies should study the effect of early referral and the application of specific treatments.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

The work and energetic cost of locomotion. II. Partitioning the cost of internal and external work within a species.

Previous studies have shown that large animals have systematically lower mass-specific costs of locomotion than do smaller animals, in spite of there being no demonstrable difference between them in the mass-specific mechanical work of locomotion. Larger animals are somehow much more efficient at converting metabolic energy to mechanical work. The present study analyzes how this decoupling of work and cost might occur. The experimental design employs limb-loaded and back-loaded dogs and allows the energetic cost of locomotion to be partitioned between that used to move the center of mass (external work) and that used to move the limbs relative to the center of mass (internal work). These costs were measured in three dogs moving at four speeds. Increases in the cost of external work with speed parallel increases in the amount of external work based on data from previous studies. However, increases in the cost of internal work with speed are much less (less than 50%) than the increase in internal work itself over the speeds examined. Furthermore, the cost of internal work increases linearly with speed, whereas internal work itself increases as a power function of speed. It is suggested that this decoupling results from an increase with speed in the extent to which the internal work of locomotion is powered by non-metabolic means, such as elastic strain energy and transfer of energy within and between body segments.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Mechanical efficiency of pure positive and pure negative work with special reference to the work intensity.

The mechanical efficiencies of pure positive (eta) and pure negative (eta-) work were investigated on a special "sledge ergometer" with 25 and 36 subjects, respectively. The work intensities varied in positive work between 40% and 90% and in negative work from 30% to 120% of the maximum concentric exercise. In 54 exercises of positive work, eta was 17.1% +/- 2.2%, and its value correlated negatively with the work intensity (r = 0.367, P less than 0.01) and with the average knee angular velocity, omega+ (r = 0.359, P less than 0.01). In 103 eccentric exercises, eta- was on the average 80.2% +/- 31.8%, correlating positively with the work intensity (r = 0.396, P less than 0.01). Both inter- and intrasubject variations were large (32%-163%). The integrated electrical activity (IEMG) of the leg extensor muscles increased with an increase of work intensity both in the positive and in the negative work situations. Less efficient MU recruitment in higher positive work rates is suggested to be the reason for the decrease in eta, whereas better stiffness regulation via increased preactivation is speculated to cause high values of eta- in higher work intensities in eccentric exercise.

Biomechanical Phenomena↗