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PubMedDate not supplied

Effect of intragastric pH on the absorption of oral zinc acetate and zinc oxide in young healthy volunteers.

BACKGROUND: Zinc is an important nutrient and is necessary to maintain a multitude of physiologic processes. Mineral supplements that provide physiologic doses of zinc may be used when dietary zinc is inadequate. Zinc is also used in pharmacologic doses to treat zinc deficiency and diseases such as Wilson's disease and acrodermatitis enteropathica. Although there are several zinc salts available, they are not equal in solubility, which is thought to be a key factor in zinc absorption. Moreover, the solubility of the salts is affected by pH, which may vary between pH 1 and 7 under various physiologic conditions in the stomach. The objectives of this 2-way 4-phase crossover study were to evaluate the effect of high (> or = 5) and low (< or = 3) intragastric pH on the absorption of zinc from the acetate and oxide salt in young healthy volunteers. METHODS: After a 9-hour fast, 10 healthy subjects (5 males and 5 females) were given a single oral dose of 50 mg of elemental zinc as the acetate or the oxide salt and under either high or low intragastric pH conditions. In all phases, a Heidelberg capsule pH detector-transmitter was used to continuously monitor intragastric pH. During the high pH phases, single oral doses of famotidine 40 mg oral suspension were administered before the zinc to raise the intragastric pH above 5. Intragastric pH < or = 3 was maintained in the low pH phases. RESULTS: The mean plasma zinc area under the curve for zinc acetate at low pH (AL), zinc acetate at high pH (AH), zinc oxide at low pH (OL), and zinc oxide at high pH (OH) were 524, 378, 364, and 66 micrograms x h/dL, respectively. The highest zinc plasma concentrations occurred with the acetate salt at a low intragastric pH, while the lowest plasma concentrations occurred with the oxide salt at a high intragastric pH. The importance of pH to the dissolution of these salts was verified by in vitro tests. Twenty-four-hour urinary zinc excretion was the highest for the AL phase and lowest for the OH phase. CONCLUSION: This study indicates that intragastric pH and salt solubility-dissolution are important in the oral absorption of zinc. Specifically, the oxide salt is not an appropriate zinc salt to use in those patients with elevated intragastric pH.

Absorption↗
PubMed1980

Zinc concentration of liver and kidneys from rat pups nursing dams fed supplemented zinc dipicolinate or zinc acetate.

The zinc concentration of liver and kidneys was determined in rat pups nursing dams given 10 micrograms Zn/ml as either zinc dipicolinate or zinc acetate in water solution during the last week of gestation and for 5 days of lactation. Dams were fed a casein-based diet that contained 8.5 micrograms Zn/g and 2.0 micrograms pyridoxine-HCl/g during this period. The zinc concentrations of both liver and kidneys from the 5-day-old pups nursing dams fed the zinc dipicolinate solution were significantly greater than the zinc concentrations of these tissues from pups nursing dams given a solution of zinc acetate. The results demonstrate that a greater quantity of dietary zinc is transferred from the intestine of the lactating female rat to the pups when zinc is fed in the form of zinc dipicolinate.

Acetates↗
PubMed1996

Zinc acetate and lyophilized aloe barbadensis as vaginal contraceptive.

Twenty samples of fresh ejaculate, donated by healthy volunteers ranging in age from 20-30 years, were obtained from the Center for Fertility & Cryobiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri. Average semen volume was 2.49 ml; average sperm motility was 71.32%; and average sperm density was 113.71 x 10(6) /ml. Testing for spermicidal effectiveness of a 1% concentration of zinc acetate, zinc sulfate, zinc chloride, and zinc gluconate proved that only zinc acetate was spermicidal. It appears this is due to the acetate in zinc acetate which may decrease oxygen utilization by sperm. Zinc acetate in vitro was antiviral while lyophilized aloe barbadensis was not. Lyophilized aloe barbadensis at concentrations of 7.5% and 10% proved to be spermicidal due to the multiple micro elements (boron, barium, calcium, chromium, copper, iron, potassium, magnesium, manganese, phosphorus, and zinc) which were toxic to the tail causing instant immobilization. The two compounds did not irritate or cause ulceration of rabbit vaginal epithelium. These results suggest the possibility of using zinc acetate and lyophilized aloe barbadensis as a new, effective and safe vaginal contraceptive.

Acetates↗
PubMed2004

Growth of layered basic zinc acetate in methanolic solutions and its pyrolytic transformation into porous zinc oxide films.

Layered basic zinc acetate (LBZA), Zn(5)(OH)(8)(CH(3)COO)(2).2H(2)O, was deposited on glass substrates by a chemical bath deposition (CBD) method using methanolic solutions of zinc acetate dihydrate. The substrates were put into bottles filled with the solutions and sealed up and were kept at 60 degrees C in a drying oven. Immersion time necessary for the deposition of LBZA films was typically more than 28 h. This was a key to inducing heterogeneous nucleation of LBZA through control over a degree of supersaturation in the evolution of a unique, nest-like morphology. Hydration water contained by zinc acetate dihydrate was quantitatively enough to promote hydrolysis of zinc acetate. The LBZA films were transformed into nanocrystalline, porous ZnO films without morphological deformation by heating at 150 degrees C in air. A mechanism of the formation of the nest-like morphology was discussed based on nonaqueous solution reactions, nucleation, and crystal growth during the CBD process.

Membranes, Artificial↗
PubMed1985

Protective effects of zinc acetate toward the toxicity of nickelous acetate in rats.

Zinc pretreatment is known to ameliorate the acute and chronic effects of the toxic heavy metal, cadmium. However, the ability of zinc to decrease the toxicity of other metals has not been widely investigated. Therefore, this study was designed to determine the effects of zinc pretreatment on the acute toxicity of nickel. Male Fischer rats received either nickel alone (i.p.), zinc alone (s.c.), zinc plus nickel, or saline (i.p. and s.c.; controls). In the lethality studies, the dose of nickel was 115 mumol nickel/kg (as nickel acetate) while for all other studies the dose was 95 mumol nickel/kg. Zinc was given in multiple doses of 300 mumol zinc/kg (as zinc acetate) at -24, 0 and +24 h relative to nickel (total zinc dose 900 mumol/kg) for lethality studies or -24 and 0 h for studies 24 h and under in duration (total dose 600 mumol/kg). Zinc pretreatment significantly increased the 14-day survival of nickel-related rats. Zinc did not, however, prevent the reduction in weight gain over 2 weeks seen with nickel treatment. Histopathologically, at 120 h following nickel exposure, kidneys in the group receiving nickel alone generally showed moderate nephropathy (multifocal proximal tubule degeneration with necrosis) while in the zinc plus nickel group the nephropathy was generally mild. Zinc pretreatment had no apparent effect on the pharmacokinetics of nickel over 24 h as assessed by urinary excretion, blood levels or organ distribution. Zinc pretreatment also did not alter the subcellular distribution of renal nickel 6 h after nickel exposure. Enhanced synthesis of metallothionein did not appear to play a critical role in the reduction of nickel toxicity, since renal concentrations of this metal-binding protein, although elevated compared to control, were not different in rats receiving zinc and nickel or zinc alone. Zinc pretreatment did, however, have marked effect on nickel-induced hyperglycemia, reducing both the duration and severity of elevated blood glucose levels. Results of this study show that zinc can prevent some of the toxic effects of nickel and that the mechanism of this action does not appear to involve either metallothionein or alterations in the pharmacokinetics of nickel.

Acetates↗
PubMed2001

Zinc acetate for the treatment of Wilson's disease.

Zinc acetate (Galzin, Gate Pharmaceutical Co.) has been developed for the treatment of Wilson's disease, an inherited disease of copper accumulation and copper toxicity in brain and liver. Zinc acetate has been approved by the US FDA for maintenance therapy of adult and paediatric Wilson's disease patients but also has efficacy in the treatment of pregnant patients and presymptomatic patients from the beginning. It also has value as adjunctive therapy for the initial treatment of symptomatic patients. Zinc's mechanism of action involves induction of intestinal cell metallothionein (Mt), which blocks copper absorption from the intestinal track. A negative copper balance is caused by blockade not only of absorption of food copper but the blockade of reabsorption of the considerable amount of endogenously secreted copper in saliva, gastric juice and intestinal secretions. Zinc is completely effective in controlling copper levels and toxicity in Wilson's disease, as are other anticopper agents. Zinc's major advantage over other anticopper agents is its extremely low level of toxicity. The only side effect is some degree of initial gastric irritation in approximately10% of patients, which usually decreases and becomes insignificant over time. As with all long-term therapies, compliance is a problem in some patients and dictates regular monitoring with 24 h urine copper and zinc measurements. As with all anticopper therapies, over a long period of time, overtreatment and induction of copper deficiency can occur. This is to be avoided particularly in children because copper is required for growth.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Use of zinc acetate to treat copper toxicosis in dogs.

Zinc acetate was used for the treatment and prophylaxis of hepatic copper toxicosis in 3 Bedlington Terriers and 3 West Highland White Terriers. Two dogs of each breed were treated for 2 years, and 1 of each breed for 1 year. A dosage of 200 mg of elemental zinc per day was required to achieve therapeutic objectives related to copper, which included a doubling of plasma zinc concentration to 200 micrograms/dl and a suppression of oral 64 copper absorption. The dosage was later reduced to 50 to 100 mg/day to avoid an excessive increase in plasma zinc concentration. The preliminary clinical results were good. Three dogs had mild to moderate active liver disease and high liver copper concentrations at the time of initiation of zinc administration. Biopsy of the liver 2 years later revealed a reduction in hepatitis and copper concentrations. One other dog without active hepatitis also had a reduction in hepatic copper concentrations over a 2-year period. All 6 dogs have done well clinically. On the basis of these findings, we believe zinc acetate to be an effective and nontoxic treatment for copper toxicosis in dogs.

Absorption↗
PubMed2001

Administration of charcoal, Yucca schidigera, and zinc acetate to reduce malodorous flatulence in dogs.

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether feeding activated charcoal, Yucca schidigera, and zinc acetate would ameliorate the frequency and odor characteristics of flatulence in dogs. DESIGN: In vitro screening of active agents followed by a randomized controlled trial. ANIMALS: 8 adult dogs. PROCEDURE: A fecal fermentation system was used to assess the effects of activated charcoal, Yucca schidigera, and zinc acetate alone and in combination on total gas production and production of hydrogen sulfide, the primary determinant of flatus malodor in dogs. All 3 agents were subsequently incorporated into edible treats that were fed 30 minutes after the dogs ate their daily rations, and the number, frequency, and odor characteristics of flatulence were measured for 5 hours, using a device that sampled rectal gases and monitored hydrogen sulfide concentrations. RESULT: Total gas production and number and frequency of flatulence episodes were unaffected by any of the agents. Production of hydrogen sulfide in vitro was significantly reduced by charcoal, Yucca schidigera, and zinc acetate by 71, 38, and 58%, respectively, and was reduced by 86% by the combination of the 3 agents. Consumption of the 3 agents was associated with a significant decrease (86%) in the percentage of flatulence episodes with bad or unbearable odor and a proportional increase in the percentage of episodes of no or only slightly noticeable odor. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Results suggest that activated charcoal, Yucca schidigera, and zinc acetate reduce malodor of flatus in dogs by altering the production or availability of hydrogen sulfide in the large intestine.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Enhancement of DNA binding and mutagenicity of 1-nitropyrene by zinc acetate in Salmonella typhimurium TA100.

The effect of zinc acetate on the mutagenicity of 1-nitropyrene (1-NP) in Salmonella typhimurium TA100 was examined. By the pre-treatment of the cells with zinc ions (0.24 mM) the revertant colonies caused by 1.5 microM of 1-NP in the pre-incubation mixtures increased approximately 3-fold, while the survival colonies decreased to approximately 75% under the same conditions. The enhancing effect of zinc ions on the mutagenicity was not dependent on the increase of 1-NP incorporation into the cells. The addition of zinc ions to whole cell preparations had no enhancing effect on the 1-NP reductase activity. The effect of zinc acetate on the binding of [3H]1-NP to DNA in S. typhimurium TA100 was examined. The amount of [3H]1-NP bound to DNA increased by the pre-treatment of the cells with zinc ions. A good correlation was found between the extent of binding of 1-NP to DNA and the frequency of induced histidine reversions in the cells treated with zinc ions under the experimental conditions used.

Acetates↗
PubMed2004

Oral controlled release formulation for highly water-soluble drugs: drug--sodium alginate--xanthan gum--zinc acetate matrix.

An oral controlled release formulation matrix for highly water-soluble drugs was designed and developed to achieve a 24-hour release profile. Using ranitidine HCl as a model drug, sodium alginate formulation matrices containing xanthan gum or zinc acetate or both were investigated. The caplets for these formulations were prepared by direct compression and the in vitro release tests were carried out in simulated intestinal fluid (SIF, pH 7.5) and simulated gastric fluid (SGF, pH 1.2). The release of the drug in the sodium alginate formulation containing only xanthan gum completed within 12 hours in the SIF, while the drug release in the sodium alginate formulation containing only zinc acetate finished almost within 2 hours in the same medium. Only the sodium alginate formulation containing both xanthan gum and zinc acetate achieved a 24-hour release profile, either in the SIF or in the pH change medium. In the latter case, the caplet released in the SGF for 2 hours was immediately transferred into the SIF to continue the release test. The results showed that the presence of both xanthan gum and zinc acetate in sodium alginate matrix played a key role in controlling the drug release for 24 hours. The helical structure and high viscosity of xanthan gum might prevent zinc ions from diffusing out of the ranitidine HCl--sodium alginate--xanthan gum--zinc acetate matrix so that zinc ions could react with sodium alginate to form zinc alginate precipitate with a cross-linking structure. The cross-linking structure might control a highly water-soluble drug to release for 24 hours. Evaluation of the release data showed the release mechanism for the novel formulation might be attributed to the diffusion of the drug.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1998

Zinc acetate treatment in Wilson's disease.

OBJECTIVE: To briefly review the pathophysiology and diagnosis of Wilson's disease, and to evaluate the pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, clinical utility, adverse effects, dosing regimens, and pharmacoeconomics of zinc acetate therapy in Wilson's disease. DATA SOURCES: A MEDLINE search (December 1966-December 1996) of the English-language literature using the terms zinc and Wilson's disease was conducted to identify pertinent clinical trials, review articles, and case reports. Additional articles were selected from bibliographies of the reviewed literature. STUDY SELECTION AND DATA EXTRACTION: Due to the rarity of the disease, all articles were considered for possible inclusion in this review. Single case reports are referenced, but were not selected for evaluation. DATA SYNTHESIS: Wilson's disease, an inherited disorder of copper metabolism, is fatal if untreated. The chelating drugs penicillamine and trientine have been the mainstay of therapy; however, adverse reactions of chelators often interfere with successful treatment. Recently, zinc acetate was approved in the US for maintenance therapy in patients initially treated with a chelating agent. Although studies evaluating large populations are lacking zinc therapy has demonstrated exceptional safety and efficacy over a period of 40 years. Zinc acetate can be used during pregnancy and for the treatment of presymptomatic patients, although data do not support its use as monotherapy in patients with acute neurologic or hepatic disease. CONCLUSIONS: Zinc acetate is an effective maintenance therapy for patients with Wilson's disease. Negligible toxicity, compared with that of previously approved treatments, is a major advantage.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1996

Evaluation of the effect of zinc acetate on the stratum corneum penetration kinetics of erythromycin in healthy male volunteers.

Erythromycin with or without additional zinc acetate is used topically in the treatment of acne vulgaris. A potential effect of zinc on the stratum corneum penetration of erythromycin was investigated in human volunteers. Skin surface washings and tape strippings from the skin of the back were collected after drug applications in 12 subjects for quantification of erythromycin levels. Zinc acetate increased the amount remaining on the back skin at 6 h after application from 40 +/- 19 to 56 +/- 15% of the dose and, vice versa, reduced the amount in stratum corneum strips from 22 +/- 7 to 18 +/- 7%, both with statistical significance. The effect varied with body region. Zinc acetate thus provided to prolong the residence time of erythromycin on the skin.

Acetates↗
PubMed1994

Enhancing effect of zinc acetate on the binding of 1-nitropyrene to polydeoxyguanylic-polydeoxycytidylic acid in the hypoxanthine-xanthine oxidase system.

The main aim of this research was to investigate whether conformational alteration of polydeoxyguanylic-polydeoxycytidylic acid (poly[dG-dC].poly[dG-dC]) by zinc acetate would have an effect on the binding of 1-nitropyrene(1-NP) to poly[dG-dC].poly[dG-dC]. The binding of 1-NP to poly[dG-dC].poly[dG-dC] in the hypoxanthine-xanthine oxidase system in vitro was increased by zinc acetate. This increase was abolished when EDTA was added to the preincubated mixture of poly[dG-dC].poly[dG-dC] and zinc ions. Neither the production of 1-aminopyrene and its expected intermediates, N-hydroxy-1-aminopyrene and 1-nitrosopyrene, nor the 1-NP remaining in the reaction mixture was altered by the addition of zinc acetate without poly[dG-dC].poly[dG-dC]. From these findings, it seems that the hypoxanthine-xanthine oxidase system is not activated by zinc acetate. On the other hand, under the same reaction conditions but the hypoxanthine-xanthine oxidase system and 1-NP, it has been reported that zinc ions or complexes transform the B-form of poly[dG-dC].poly[dG-dC] to the Z-form. Therefore, these findings indicate that the formation of the Z-form or intermediates from the B-form by zinc ions may promote the binding of 1-NP to poly[dG-dC].poly[dG-dC].

Acetates↗
PubMed1990

[Changes in various hematologic parameters following treatment with zinc acetate].

The effect of different doses of zinc acetate (1,000 and 3,000 ppm) on several haematological values was studied on Wistar rats. Decreased haematocrit, mean corpuscular volume and white cell counts were appreciated, along with increased red cell counts. The leucocyte differential count was also modified, an important reduction of the percentage of neutrophils and monocytes being registered.

Acetates↗
PubMed2000

Effect of treatment with zinc gluconate or zinc acetate on experimental and natural colds.

Two clinical trials were conducted, one involving 273 subjects with experimental rhinovirus colds and the other involving 281 subjects with natural colds. Symptomatic volunteers were randomized to receive oral lozenges containing zinc gluconate (13.3 mg), zinc acetate (5 or 11.5 mg), or placebo. The median duration of illness in zinc gluconate recipients was 2.5 days, contrasted with 3.5 days in the placebo recipients (P=.035), in the experimental colds study. Zinc gluconate had no effect on symptom severity and zinc acetate had no effect on either duration or severity. Neither formulation had an effect on the duration or severity of natural cold symptoms. Evaluation of blinding, taste, and adverse events revealed no significant differences among the 4 treatment arms. Zinc compounds appear to have little utility for common-cold treatment.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Duration of symptoms and plasma cytokine levels in patients with the common cold treated with zinc acetate. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Adults and children in the United States get two to six colds per year. Evidence that zinc is effective therapy for colds is inconsistent. OBJECTIVE: To test the efficacy of zinc acetate lozenges in reducing the duration of symptoms of the common cold. DESIGN: Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. SETTING: Detroit Medical Center, Detroit, Michigan. PATIENTS: 50 ambulatory volunteers recruited within 24 hours of developing symptoms of the common cold. INTERVENTION: Participants took one lozenge containing 12.8 mg of zinc acetate or placebo every 2 to 3 hours while awake as long as they had cold symptoms. MEASUREMENTS: Subjective symptom scores for sore throat, nasal discharge, nasal congestion, sneezing, cough, scratchy throat, hoarseness, muscle ache, fever, and headache were recorded daily for 12 days. Plasma zinc and proinflammatory cytokine levels were measured on day 1 and after participants were well. RESULTS: Forty-eight participants completed the study (25 in the zinc group and 23 in the placebo group). Compared with the placebo group, the zinc group had shorter mean overall duration of cold symptoms (4.5 vs. 8.1 days), cough (3.1 [95% CI, 2.1 to 4.1] vs. 6.3 [CI, 4.9 to 7.7] days), and nasal discharge (4.1 [CI, 3.3 to 4.9] vs. 5.8 [CI, 4.3 to 7.3] days) and decreased total severity scores for all symptoms (P < 0.002, test for treatment x time interaction). Mean changes in soluble interleukin-1 receptor antagonist level differed nonsignificantly between the zinc group and the placebo group (difference between changes, -89.4 pg/mL [CI, -243.6 to -64.8 pg/mL]). CONCLUSION: Administration of zinc lozenges was associated with reduced duration and severity of cold symptoms, especially cough. Improvement in clinical symptoms with zinc treatment may be related to a decrease in proinflammatory cytokine levels; however, in this study, the observed differences between changes in cytokine levels in zinc and placebo recipients were not significant.

Adult↗