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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1977

Dose-response effects of albuterol aerosol compared with isoproterenol and placebo aerosols: response to albuterol, isoproterenol, and placebo aerosols.

Albuterol aerosol was an effective bronchodilator as reflected by indices of pulmonary function obtained from spirometry and flow volume curves; Compared with isoproterenol, there were minimal side effects even at the highest doses, and bronchodilation lasted significantly longer. In addition albuterol was successfully used by a patient with idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis who was unable to tolerate isoproterenol, as well as by some patients with idiosyncratic responses to isoproterenol; A few patients appeared to derive little benefit from either albuterol or isoproterenol.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Acute hypersensitivity to aerosolized histamine induced by aerosolized ovalbumin in guinea pigs.

Acute airway hyperresponsiveness can be induced after exposure to aerosolized ovalbumin in sensitized guinea pigs. The purpose of the present studies was to determine if "pro-inflammatory agents" would potentiate and prolong antigen-induced pulmonary hyperresponsiveness to histamine in guinea pigs. Guinea pigs were sensitized to aerosolized ovalbumin by exposing them to a 3 min aerosol, generated ultrasonically from a 10% ovalbumin solution on day 0 and day 7. On day 13 the guinea pigs were exposed to a 3 min aerosol of deionized water or a pro-inflammatory agent (1 microgram/ml PAF, 1 mg/ml LPS, or 4% B. pertussis vaccine). Twenty-four hours later, on day 14, the conscious guinea pigs were challenged with a 3 min aerosolized ovalbumin exposure (under isoproterenol cover) and the individual guinea pig responsiveness to aerosolized histamine was determined 2 and 24 h later in an anesthetized modified Konzett-Rossler preparation. Under these experimental conditions, ovalbumin challenge to sensitized guinea pigs produced only an acute hyperresponsiveness (about a 3-10-fold shift) to aerosolized histamine, which lasted less than 24 h. The pro-inflammatory agents neither potentiated nor prolonged the duration of the hyperresponsiveness.

Aerosols↗
PubMed1992

Difference in inhaled aerosol deposition patterns in the lungs due to three different sized aerosols.

Deposition patterns of inhaled aerosol in the lungs were studied in five normal subjects and 20 patients with lung disease by inhaling radioaerosols with three different particle size distributions. These aerosols were generated from BARC, UltraVent, and Mistogen-EN-142. Particle size distributions generated by these three nebulizers were 0.84, 1.04 and 1.93 microns in activity median aerodynamic diameter (AMAD) with its geometric standard deviation (sigma g) of 1.73, 1.71 and 1.52, respectively. Deposition patterns of inhaled aerosols were compared qualitatively and quantitatively by studying six different parameters: alveolar deposition ratio (ALDR), Xmax, Xmean, standard deviation (S.D.), skewness and kurtosis of the radioactive distribution in the lungs following inhalation. It has been found that aerosol deposition patterns varied with particle size. The unevenness of aerosol deposition, Xmax, Xmean and the number of 'hot spots' became more prominent with the increase in particle size, whereas values of ALDR and S.D. decreased as particle size increased. Knowing these deposition characteristics would facilitate a judicious application of aerosol inhalation to medical use.

Administration, Inhalation↗
PubMed1992

Formoterol suspension aerosol. Comparison with formoterol solution aerosol for 12 weeks in asthmatic patients.

UNLABELLED: Formoterol solution aerosol has proved to be a fast and long-acting beta 2-sympathicomimetic drug in many clinical trials. The physical stability, however, was such that storage needed to be at 4 degrees C to 8 degrees C before first use; afterwards, the aerosol could be used for another three months at room temperature. To improve the stability, new ways have been investigated to formulate ann aerosol with improved shelf life and thus more convenient storage conditions, which was reached with a formoterol suspension aerosol. Equivalent single doses between the two formulations revealed no differences in onset or duration of action. In a double-blind, randomized parallel group multicenter study, organized in the Netherlands, 186 patients with stable asthma and reversible airway obstruction were treated either with one puff of 12 micrograms twice daily of formoterol metered dose inhaler (MDI) supension (SP) or a same dose of solution (SL) aerosol for 12 weeks to study the efficacy and tolerability of both presentations after a longer period of use. The following criteria of effectiveness were used: the FEV1 values on the mornings of the control days at 0, +4, +8, and + 12 weeks, the peak flow values (PEF) in the mornings and in the evenings before, and 1/2 to 1 h after treatment, the number of asthma attacks at night and during the day, the number of extra puffs at night and during day, and the subjective impression of patients and investigator. RESULT: No statistically significant differences between the two formoterol preparations were found. There was no indication of tachyphylaxis. CONCLUSION: The results are consistent with the hypothesis that the biologic effects of formoterol when delivered from MDI containing the two different formulations of the drug are equivalent.

Administration, Intranasal↗
PubMed1976

[Effect of the site of microbial aerosol application on the pathogenesis and clinical picture of aerosol infection].

On the basis of experimental and clinical study of infections with the aerosol mechanism of infection there was revealed a relationship between the fractional-dispersive composition of the microbial aerosol, the porta of infection and the clinico-pathogenetic peculiarities of the course of the disease. On the example of tularemia, plague and other nosological forms it was demonstrated that coarse-dispersive aerosol caused development of oculo-bubonic and anginous-bubonic form of the disease, whereas the high-dispersive aerosol led to the appearance of primary pneumonia. In experimental aerosol infection with the causative agents in which the infection under natural conditions is not air-borne (botulism, American horse encephalo-myelitis, etc.) specific disease as a rule develops without any primary affection of the respiratory organs.

Adenoviridae Infections↗
PubMed1976

Beclomethasone dipropionate aerosol in the treatment of steroid-dependent asthma. A 12-week double-blind study comparing beclomethasone dipropionate and a vehicle aerosol.

In a randomized double-blind 12-week trial of steroid-dependent patients with chronic asthma, ten (59 percent) out of 17 patients receiving beclomethasone dipropionate aerosol in a total daily dose of 400mug were able to discontinue systemic corticosteroid therapy successfully, compared to two (13 percent) out of 15 patients in the placebo group (P=0.002). At the end of the trial, the average 8 am plasma cortisol level in the group receiving beclomethasone was more than twice the pretherapy value, whereas the level in the placebo group showed no significant change. There was no significant difference between the beclomethasone group and the placebo group in the overall incidence of side effects related to the aerosol and the effects of systemic corticosteroid withdrawal. Oral candidiasis was not found in any patient receiving beclomethasone dipropionate aerosol. Allergic nasal symptoms were disabling in many patients when the oral dosage of corticosteroids was tapered.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1979

Evaluation of the chronic inhalation toxicity of a manganese oxide aerosol--I. Introduction, experimental design, and aerosol generation methods.

A brief literature review on manganese toxicity is presented; as related to designing a chronic inhalation study for evaluating methylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl when utilized as a motor fuel additive. The experimental design of this study is described. The generation system utilized to simulate the manganese aerosol produced by an internal combustion engine is described in detail. This generation system operated twenty-four hours per day, seven days per week producing aerosols at 11.6, 112.5, and 1152 micrograms Mn/m3 with an aerodynamic diameter of approximately 0.11 micron.

Aerosols↗
PubMed1979

Controlled exposures of human volunteers to sulfate aerosols. Health effects and aerosol characterization.

Our laboratory has undertaken the study of possible acute adverse health effects of sulfate aerosols through controlled exposures of volunteer human subjects. Both healthy and asthmatic adult men were exposed for 2-hour periods (with intermittent exercise) to ammonium sulfate, ammonium bisulfate, and sulfuric acid of particle size distributions and concentrations intended to simulate "worst case" exposures during Los Angeles smog episodes. Lung function tests were performed by the subjects on entering and before exiting from a carefully controlled environmental chamber. Subject symptoms were evluated in a standardized manner. Aerosol concentrations and size distributions were determined by an on-line computer/aerometric monitoring system; gravimetric and chemical analyses were performed on impactor and total filter samples after test exposures. We found little or no evidence of adverse health effects from 2-hour multiple-day exposures to any of the compounds at "worst case" ambient concentrations.

Aerosols↗
PubMed1992

Aerosolized lidocaine reduces dose of topical anesthetic for bronchoscopy.

Conventional aerosol techniques were used to determine if inhalation of lidocaine can supplement topical anesthesia applied during bronchoscopy. Aerosols of either saline or lidocaine (50 mg at either 2 or 4% concentrations) were generated by jet nebulizer and administered with or without intermittent positive-pressure breathing. Patients (n = 38) after aerosol inhalation were administered 2% lidocaine (atomized and instilled) for suppression of the gag reflex, control of cough, and airway anesthesia. For five of the patients, prior to bronchoscopy, additional studies with radioaerosols and scintillation scans were accomplished with the same aerosol methodology to demonstrate lung distribution of deposited aerosol. For five patients who received 2% lidocaine aerosol prior to bronchoscopy, the subsequent topical dose of anesthetic required for the procedure was 186 +/- 34 (SEM) mg lidocaine. Nine patients in a control group received saline aerosol and required significantly more anesthetic, i.e., 308 +/- 26 mg; procedures were completed on average within 50 min. The largest difference was in the amount delivered to the upper airway (naris, pharynx, epiglottis, and larynx), i.e., 144 +/- 26 mg for saline control versus 48 +/- 16 mg for lidocaine aerosol protocol. Airways distal to the cords required less anesthesia also, on average, 77 mg for the saline control versus 46 mg for the lidocaine aerosol protocol (p < 0.05). Topical anesthetic dosage data were replicated in 12 additional patients studied by a different bronchoscopist. No additional benefit was afforded by premedication with 4% lidocaine aerosol rather than the 2% aerosol (n = 12). We conclude that aerosol modalities can supplement topical anesthesia during bronchoscopy, primarily by reducing the dose required to anesthetize the upper airway.

Administration, Inhalation↗
PubMed1978

Pneumonia in calves produced with aerosols of bovine herpesvirus 1 and Pasteurella haemolytica.

In each of 11 experiments, four calves were exposed first to an aerosol of bovine herpesvirus 1 (BHV1, virus of infectious bovine rhinotracheitis) and second to an aerosol of Pasteurella haemolytica. The interval between aerosols was three to five days. In two other experiments, calves were exposed only to a bacterial aerosol. Climate was controlled for all experiments from the day of viral exposure and for eight of the experiments it was also controlled for four to six days before the first aerosol. The concentration of infectious doses of virus in the aerosols and the number of bacteria in the aerosols of each calf were determined. Macroscopically recognizable rhinitis, tonsillitis, laryngitis, tracheitis and pneumonia of lobar distribution in 42 lobes from 11 calves were seen in five experiments in which bacterial aerosol followed the viral aerosol by at least four days. One calf died with marked respiratory disease in each of four experiments within four days of exposure to the bacterial aerosol. Production of pneumonia was dependent on an interval between aerosols of at least four days but not on the condition of controlled climate on the environmental chamber either before or after the viral aerosol nor on the period of habituation allowed calves of some experiments.

Aerosols↗
PubMed1977

Bronchial effects of aerosolized delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol in healthy and asthmatic subjects.

Effects on airway dynamics, heart rate, and the central nervous system of various doses of delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol administered in a random, double blind fashion using a Freon-propelled, metered-dose nebulizer were evaluated in 11 healthy men and 5 asthmatic subjects. Effects of aerosolized delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol were compared with aerosolized placebo and isoproterenol and with 20 mg of oral and smoked delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol. In the normal subjects, after 5 to 20 mg of aerosolized delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol, specific airway conductance increased immediately, reached a maximum (33 to 41 per cent increase) after 1 to 2 hours, and remained significantly greater than placebo values for 2 to 3 hours. The bronchodilator effect of aerosolized delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol was less than that of isoproterenol after 5 min, but significantly greater than that of isoproterenol after 1 to 3 hours. The magnitude of bronchodilatation after all doses of aerosolized delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol was comparable, but 5 mg of delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol caused a significantly smaller increase in heart rate and level of intoxication than the 20-mg dose. Smoked delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol produced greater cardiac and intoxicating effects than either aerosolized or oral delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol. Side effects of aerosolized delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol included slight cough and/or chest discomfort in 3 of the 11 normal subjects. Aerosolized delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol caused significant bronchodilatation in 3 of 5 asthmatic subjects, but caused moderate to severe bronchoconstriction associated with cough and chest discomfort in the other 2. These findings indicate that aerosolized delat9-tetrahydrocannabinol, although capable of causing significant bronchodilatation with minimal systemic side effects, has a local irritating effect on the airways, which may make it unsuitable for therapeutic use.

Adult↗
PubMed1978

Effects of sulfuric acid aerosol on cardiopulmonary function of dogs, sheep, and humans.

Submicronic aerosol of sulfuric acid (H2SO4) originates from the burning of fossil fuels and discharge of vapor from the automobile engine equipped with the catalytic converter. This study was conducted to determine whether brief exposure to this aerosol in high concentrations adversely affects the cardiopulmonary system. In all studies, submicronic aerosol of sodium chloride was used as a control. Anesthetized dogs that breathed H2SO4 aerosol in concentrations up to 8 mg per m3 showed no effects on respiratory resistance, static lung compliance, and functional residual capacity. A 4-hour exposure to H2SO4 aerosol (4 mg per m3) produced no significant changes in mechanics of breathing, functional residual capacity, pulmonary and systemic arterial blood pressures, cardiac output, heart rate, and arterial blood gas tensions. Conscious sheep that breathed H2SO4 aerosol in concentrations up to 14 mg per m3 for 20 min had no alteration of tracheal mucous velocity in an immediate 3-hour follow-up period or 5 to 10 days later. Conscious sheep that breathed H2SO4 aerosol (4 mg per m3) for 4 hours had no significant alteration of tracheal mucous velocity immediately and 2 hours thereafter. Both normal and asthmatic adults breathing H2SO4 aerosol in concentrations up to 1 mg per m3 for 10 min showed no significant alteration of lung volumes, distribution of ventilation, ear oximetry, dynamic mechanics of breathing, oscillation mechanics of the chest-lung system, pulmonary capillary blood flow, diffusing capacity, O2 consumption, and pulmonary tissue volume. No delayed effects in pulmonary function nor exacerbation of bronchial asthma were observe during a follow-up period of a few weeks. The present study indicates that single exposure to submicronic H2SO4 aerosol does not produce an immediate or a delayed adverse effect on cardiopulmonary function in anesthetized dogs, conscious sheep, and normal and asthmatic adults.

Aerosols↗
PubMed1992

Aerosolized pentamidine and Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia: patient compliance and outcomes.

OBJECTIVE: The study objectives were to compare compliance between every-two-week and every-four-week aerosolized pentamidine regimens, and to determine if patients who were more compliant with the use of aerosolized pentamidine were at decreased risk for developing Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP). DESIGN: Nonrandomized observational study of patients receiving aerosolized pentamidine for PCP prophylaxis using the hospital pharmacy computer system to document aerosolized pentamidine use and compliance, and the Patient Administration Division's computer to document cases of PCP. SETTING: Tertiary care, US Army medical center. PATIENTS: All patients who were prescribed aerosolized pentamidine (60 mg every two weeks, 300 mg every four weeks, or both) over a 3.5-year period. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Mean percent compliance was determined and compared between every-two-week and every-four-week regimens. The relationship between compliance and cases of PCP as determined using nonparametric statistics. RESULTS: Patients (n = 146) who were prescribed aerosolized pentamidine 60 mg every two weeks were more compliant (p = 0.006) than those prescribed 300 mg every four weeks. In addition, those patients who initially received the 60-mg regimen and were switched to the 300-mg regimen were more compliant when taking the 60-mg dose (p = 0.027). There was no association between compliance with either regimen and cases of PCP. Compliance generally was poor with both regimens. CONCLUSIONS: Patients on every-two-week regimens of aerosolized pentamidine were more compliant than those on every-four-week regimens. However, regardless of compliance, some patients failed aerosolized pentamidine over the 3.5-year period. Other agents that lend themselves to compliance may be more appropriate for PCP prophylaxis than aerosolized pentamidine.

Administration, Inhalation↗