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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1979

[Echocardiographic studies on athletes of various sport-types and non-athletic persons (author's transl)].

The results of echocardiographic studies on 90 athletes representing various sport-types and 18 non-athletic persons are presented. The intracardiac diameter measured by echocardiography was proportional to the heart volume determined radiologically. The thickness of the septum and posterior heart wall compared to the internal heart diameter was greater in athletes with static exercise than in endurance athletes. This must be interpreted as a tendency to concentric hypertrophy. In endurance athletes this relationship tended to be less than in non-athletic persons. In addition stroke volume and cardiac output at rest was higher in endurance athletes than in athletes with static exercise and non-athletic persons. At rest no variations in parameters of heart muscle contractility related to heart size or sport-type could be detected.

Adult↗
PubMed1978

Overexertion injuries in keep-fit athletes. A study on overexertion injuries among non-competitive keep-fit athletes.

During three years, 274 exertion injuries in middle-aged keep-fit athletes were collected. A keep-fit athlete was a person, who regularly took part in noncompetitive sports activities. Exertion injury was a nontraumatic pain syndrome in the musculo-skeletal system. In the material, there were 35 women and 239 men. Most of them were 30--39 years old. Most exertion injuries took place in July, August, and September. About 80% of the patients were joggers. 80% of them had been training regularly for more than one year. At the moment of occurence of the symptoms, 68% of the patients trained 3--5 times a week. Joggers ran approx. 40 km/week. About 30% of the injuries took place in the knee, 24% in the ankle, heel and foot, 17% in the leg, and 9% in the achilles tendon. Almost one fifth of the pain syndromes were chronic in nature. The majority responded well to rest and to conservative treatment. Fifteen cases were treated surgically. Most of the exertion injuries were typical exertion syndromes seen also in competitive athletes. Others were degenerative changes, organic anomalies etc., which revealed their first symptoms during regular keep-fit activities.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1979

Body perception in athletes and non-athletes.

20 male athletes and 20 control subjects were required to make estimates of the length of their body dimensions and of external comparison objects. Athletes were more accurate in judging body dimensions than comparison objects while the reverse pattern was demonstrated by non-athletes. The results are discussed on the basis of the possible influence of sports activities on body perception.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1978

Differences in cardio-respiratory responses to exhaustive exercise between athletes and non-athletes.

To study the factors limiting the O2 supply in heavy exercise, O2 uptake at exhaustion was determined by progressive loading method with a bicycle ergometer in 33 well-trained male runners and 34 male sedentary adults. Pulmonary ventilation, oxygen removal, respiratory rate, tidal volume, pulmonary diffusing capacity, alveolar-capillary oxygen difference, cardiac output, arterial-venous oxygen difference, stroke volume and heart rate were measured. It was found that pulmonary diffusing capacity, cardiac output and stroke volume were correlated with the difference in O2 uptake at exhaustion between athletes and non-athletes.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1977

Heart rate and ventilation in relation to venous [K+], osmolality, pH, PCO2, PO2, [orthophosphate], and [lactate] at transition from rest to exercise in athletes and non-athletes.

To evaluate to what metabolci event in contracting muscles heart rate (HR) and VE are related, time courses of femoral and cubital venous [K=], osomolality (OSM), pH, POC2, PO2, [lactate], and [orthophosphate] ([Pi]) at onset of exercise were studied in athletes (TR) and non-athletes (UT) and compared to time courses of HR and VE. During ischaemic work with the calf muscles it could be shown that most of these blood constituents were only released from contracting muscles. Thus their time courses reflected the metabolic events in working muscles being not essentially disturbed by non-working parts of the body. Ischaemic work induced, however, substantial increases of HR and VE. In the course of non-ischaemic bicycle work HR and VE rose more rapidly in TR than in UT but were lower in TR during the steady state. During non-ischaemic work only the increased of femoral venous [K=1 closely mimicked the cardiorespiratory transients in TR as well as in UT. None of the other femoral venous substances showed such a rapid change or such typical variations between TR and UT. Cubital venous [K=1 and [Pi] approached femoral venous concentrations only in second minute after start whereas pH, PCO2, and OSM increased mainly in venous outflow from contracting muscles. PO2 decreased in femoral venous blood of TR and UT, but in cubital venous blood it remained depressed only in UT. It was discussed that the cardiorespiratory adjustment during the initial stages of work was related to K+ release in working muscles and not to O2 consuming or H+ producing processes, nor to release of Pi or increase of OSM.

Blood↗
PubMed1977

Muscle fiber types in women athletes and non-athletes.

Muscle biopsies were obtained from the vastus lateralis muscle of 5 female collegiate field hockey players and 5 untrained female students. The fibers were classified histochemically as fast-twitch-oxidative-glycolytic (FOG), fast-twitch-glycolytic (FG) and slow-twitch-oxidative (SO). The fibers were found to be similar to those of males in distribution and histochemical properties, but were smaller. In the women athletes all 3 fiber types were larger than the respective fibers in the controls. Also, the athletes had a much higher percentage of oxidative fibers (SO + FOG), 83% vs. 46%. A direct relationship between fiber size and oxidative activity was observed in fast-twitch fibers, whereas the reverse was found in slow-twitch fibers.

Adenosine Triphosphatases↗
PubMed1978

Capillary permeability and maximal blood flow in skeletal muscle in athletes and non-athletes measured by local clearances of 133Xe and 131I-.

The effect of heavy endurance training on capillary diffusion capacity (CDC) and maximal blood flow (MBF) in skeletal muscle was studied in eleven highly-trained athletes and ten sedentary adult volunteers. MBF was estimated from 133Xe clearance and CDCI from 133Xe and 131I- clearances in the anterior tibial muscle after ischaemic exercise. The athletes had a significantly greater MBF, 131I- clearance and CDCI than the control subjects (P less than 0.001). The average increment of MBF was 37% and that of CDCI 48%. Increase in CDC is considered to reflect an increase in capillary surface area due to physical training.

Adult↗
PubMed1976

Relationships of femoral venous [K+], PO2, osmolality, and [orthophosphate) with heart rate, ventilation, and leg blood flow during bicycle exercise in athletes and non-athletes.

The relationship of femoral venous [K+], [H+], osmolality (OSM), PO2, and [inorganic phosphate] ([Pi]) with heart rate (HR), ventilation (VE), and calculated leg blood flow (Q) were investigated during bicycle exercise in endurance trained (TR) and untrained (UT) test subjects. At a given VO2 the increases of [K+], OSM, [Pi] and the decrease of PO2 were significantly lower in TR than in UT. In the same proportion the increases of HR, VE, and Q were diminished. Thus in TR and UT identical and highly significantly correlated regression lines of [K+], [H+], OSM, [Pi] and PO2 with HR, VE, and Q were obtained. These constituents changed in the same proportion as the relative VO2 in TR and UT. No relationships with [Na+], [Ca++], and [ Mg++] were found. By means of a multiple regression analysis the partial influence of K+, H+, OSM, PO2, and Pi upon the total change of HR, VE and Q was estimated to compare with data from infusion experiments. The findings were discussed in view of the hypothesis that these candidates may provide linkage between metabolic events, circulatory, and ventilatory adjustments during work.

Adult↗
PubMed1979

Total fibre numbers in cross sections of the semitendinosus in athletic and non-athletic horses and dogs.

The numbers of fibres in the complete cross section of the semitendinosus were estimated in 58 equines and 59 canines of differing types. Animals selected for swiftness--thoroughbred horses and greyhounds--have a greater number of fibres in a cross section of their semitendinosus than other members of their species, whether as neonates or as adults. The numbers of fibres in the cross section increases during growth in both types of animal in each species.

Animals↗