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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1976

The relation between potassium in body fluids and total body potassium in healthy and diabetic subjects.

1. The concentration of potassium in the erythrocytes and the plasma of forty-one normal subjects and twenty-five diabetic patients was measured and the results were used to calculate the total amount of potassium in the erythrocyte mass and the total amount of potassium in the plasma. The total body potassium was measured in a whole-body monitor. 2. In normal subjects a close correlation was found between total erythrocyte potassium and total body potassium and also between total plasma potassium and total body potassium. 3. The regression relation between total body potassium and total erythrocyte potassium in normal subjects was used to predict the total body potassium in diabetic patients. There was reasonable agreement between the measured and predicted total body potassium but there was poor agreement between the measured total body potassium and that predicted from the patient's height and age or height and age or height, weight and age.

Adult↗
PubMed1975

The significance of amylase in forensic investigations of body fluids.

Amylase levels in body fluids are reported, and it is shown that high amylase levels may occasionally occur in body fluids other than saliva. Low amylase levels are reported in a saliva component which has been previously described as being rich in blood group active material. The use of amylase activity in the localisation and identification of saliva is discussed in detail and guidelines for the interpretation of results are proposed.

Amylases↗
PubMed1975

Relationship between absolute body-fluid deficits and fluid intake in the rat.

Acute absolute body-fluid deficits were induced in rats by injection of the diuretic drug furosemide, which caused up to 20% reduction of extracellular fluid volume and up to 2% reduction of intracellular fluid volume. Water and .3 M NaCl were subsequently made available to allow the rats to replace their body fluids by drinking. The rats increased their intake of both fluids, but replaced less than half of the total deficit, thereby tolerating larger and larger voluntary body-fluid deficits as the size of the diuretic fluid loss increased. Plasma measures showed that the rats sustained hypovolemia after drinking, while intracellular fluid volume was apparently restored. Fluid-depleted rats drank normally in response to intracellular dehydration induced by a sodium chloride load. Incomplete restoration of body-fluid balance after body-fluid depletion is due to a failure to drink in response to extracellular dehydration.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

Growth of the pig: changes in body weight and body fluid compartments.

Body weight and the rate of change in TBW, ECW, and ICW were measured in 252 anesthetized pigs during the first 12 weeks after birth. After TBW was measured with 3H2O, 55 of the pigs were killed and TBW measured by desiccation. 3H2O overestimated TBW by 6.5% of body weight and 4.9% of fat-free wet weight, compared to desiccation (P less than 0.001); mean figures for 3H2O were 78.6 +/- 1.02% of body weight, and for desiccation, 72.1 +/- 0.45%; on a FFWW basis, 88.6 +/- 0.94% for 3H2O, and 83.7 +/- 0.13% for desiccation. TBW decreased significantly from 85.0% of body weight at birth (1.5 dg) to 75% at 5 kg (day 28) at a rate of ---3.2% body wt/kg body wt (P less than 0.001 from a zero rate). After that the rate of decrease was not different from zero: --0.117% body wt/kg body wt. ECW decreased significantly from 48% at birth to 35% at day 28 at a rate of --3.802% body wt/kg body wt (P less than 0.001 from a zero rate), and after day 28 the rate of decrease was not different from zero (--0.149% body wt/kg body wt) through week 12. ICW decreased, but not significantly, at a rate of --0.099% body wt/kg body wt. The changes in the rate of decrease in TBW and ECW coincided with weaning, and it was speculated that there was a direct relationship between the two events.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

Effects of exercise in the heat on body fluid distribution.

Experimental findings as to body fluid shifts during exercise appear to be greatly influenced by the mode of exercise (bicycle ergometer, treadmill, etc) and by the state of subject hydration. Endurance training has been shown to increase resting plasma (blood) volume. Also, endurance training results in modification of vascular volume dynamics during exercise, i.e. for a set task, plasma volume becomes stabilized. In the untrained individual, heat exposure exaggerates body fluid shifts during exercise. With training, stability of vascular volume is attained during heat exposure, but maximum protective responses towards exercise in heat is only gained upon heat acclimatization. Two items benefit the individual: an increase in the capacity of the sweat mechanism and an expansion of plasma volume. Benefits of training as to body fluid shifts are probably a result of metabolic changes within the active muscle mass.

Acclimatization↗
PubMed1977

Hana kai ii: a 17-day dry saturation dive at 18.6 ATA. III. Body fluid balance.

Comprehensive studies on body fluid balance on 5 divers were conducted during the Hana Kai II dive (17 days at 18.6 ATA and 7 days of decompression). Daily urine flow increased from about 2000 ml at 1 ATA to 2600 ml at 18.6 ATA, at 31 degrees C. This diuresis was accompanied by a reduction in urine osmolality (from 650 to 500 mOsm) and a slight increase in osmolal clearance. Endogenous creatinine clearance remained at about 173 ml/min throughout the dive. Despite such a sustained diuresis, neither daily water intake nor total body water volume changed significantly. The plasma renin activity changed little, while both plasma aldosterone concentration and urinary aldosterone excretion increased significantly during the first week at 18.6 ATA. The plasma prolactin concentration showed a significant decrease during the first 3 days at 18.6 ATA. The daily excretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) decreased significantly (by 40%) 4 days after compression and remained low throughout the rest of the dive. Insensible waterloss at 18.6 ATA was 35% lower than that at 1 ATA. It is suggested that the observed hyperbaric diuresis is due primarily to suppression of ADH as a result of suppression of insensible water loss.

Aldosterone↗
PubMed1976

Cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cAMP) in pregnancy body fluids during normal and abnormal pregnancy.

cAMP levels in maternal urine (MU), maternal plasma (MP), and amniotic fluid (AF) were measured by competitive protein-binding assay in medically uncomplicated pregnancies (Group A) and some abnormal pregnancies (Group B). In Group A, MU values increased from 3.43 +/- 0.3 mu/Moles per gram of creatinine (mean +/- S.E.M.) at 12 to 29 weeks to its peak value, 5.72 +/- 1.03 at 33 to 35 weeks (p less than 0.025). Thereafter, the values decreased until term. In AF, cAMP levels increased from 9.4 +/- 1.02 at 10 to 19 weeks to 32.6 +/- 2.7 picomoles per milliliter between 35 and 42 weeks (p less than 0.005). Mean +/- S.E.M. MP levels between 4 to 20 and 21 to 42 weeks showed no significant difference (14.97 +/- 15.89 +/- 0.57 picomoles per milliliter, respectively). Umbilical cord plasma contained higher concentrations than in MP and AF. In Group B, abnormal MU patterns were observed in hypertensive disorders, chronic renal disease, and postmaturity. In a single patient with hyperthyroidism, abnormal MU and AF (but not MP) levels were observed. Abnormalities in MU and AF concentrations of the nucleotide are thus not specific for one disease entity.

Amniotic Fluid↗
PubMed1976

16-sulfates of estriol in body fluids of human pregnancy at term.

A method was developed for the assay of estriol-16-sulfate (E3-16S) and estriol-3, 16-disulfate (E3-3,16-diS) in maternal serum, cord serum and amniotic fluid at delivery in human pregnancy. Tritiated E3-16S and E3-3,16-diS are added to the fluid being analyzed. The conjugates are separated and purified by sequential chromatography on alumina, Celite and Sephadex LH-20. Each conjugate is hydrolyzed with Glusulase and the released estriol is quantified by radioimmmunoassay. E3-3,16-diS was found in each fluid, most concentrated in the cord serum. Small amounts of E3-16S were found in some amniotic fluids, and this conjugate was virtually absent from the sera. These new estriol conjugates comprise less than 1 percent of total, estriol, apparently too low to be of diagnostic value in human pregnancy.

Amniotic Fluid↗
PubMed1976

Profiles of volatile metabolities in body fluids.

A method for the analysis of volatile metabolites present in plasma, urine, breast milk and amniotic fluid collected from mother-infant pairs has been developed which requires only 100 mul of plasma, 3 ml of urine, 20 mul of breast milk and 500 mul of amniotic fluid. After extraction with diethyl ether, the volatile compounds were absorbed on glass wool in a special concentration tube and subsequently desorbed and transferred to a 100-m nickel capillary column for analysis by gas chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The separations, carried out by temperature programming, were complete in 90 min.

Alcohols↗
PubMed1977

Pregnancy-associated globulin in body fluids of pregnant women.

Pregnancy-associated globulin (PAG) in saliva, urine and amniotic fluid was investigated just before and after delivery by Ouchterlony's method and immunoelectrosyneresis. In saliva, the incidence was more than 60 percent; 12 out of 18 samples by immunoelectrosyneresis and 11 out of 18 by Ouchterlony's method. In urine, 8 (33 percent) and 6 (25 percent) out of 24 samples were positive by immunoelectrosyneresis and Ouchterlony's method, but 19 out of 21 samples (91 percent) were positive by immunoelectrosyneresis. Of 12 pregnant women in whom serum, saliva, urine and amniotic fluid were tested by immunoelectrosyneresis, four showed positive reaction in the above four samples and 11 in three samples except urine.

Amniotic Fluid↗
PubMed1976

Cholesterol esterase activity in body fluids.

Antistreptolysin O activity (greater than or equal to 200 Todd units/ml) was found in 20% of 25 ascitic fluids, 20% of 55 pleural fluids and 37-5% of 56 joint fluids. These levels are not due to antibody but to the cholesterol moiety of altered beta-lipoproteins. The activity is precipitable with 10% dextran sulphate. Incubation of mixtures of fluids with titres less than 200 and normal human serum generated eight-fold or greater rises in antistreptolysin titres. This results from the activity of cholesterol esterase in the fluid acting on the beta-lipoprotein of the serum and activity was noted in 90% of ascitic fluids, 59% of pleural fluids and 54% of joint fluids. However, mixtures showing no such rise probably also contain esterase, the failure to demonstrate antistreptolysin activity being due to equilibration of ester derived cholesterol with sub-fractions of high density and very low density lipoproteins.

Antistreptolysin↗
PubMed1992

Occurrence of tetrodotoxin-binding high molecular weight substances in the body fluid of shore crab (Hemigrapsus sanguineus).

The shore crab (Hemigrapsus sanguineus) is highly resistant to tetrodotoxin (TTX) although it contains no detectable amount of TTX (less than 5 MU/g, where 1 MU is defined as the amount of TTX killing a 20 g mouse in 30 min). Its body fluid was examined for neutralizing effects against the lethal activity of TTX. When the mixture of the body fluid and TTX was injected i.p. into mice, the lethal activity of TTX was significantly reduced; 1 ml of the body fluid was evaluated to neutralize 3.6-4.0 MU of TTX. Higher neutralizing activity (7.2-12.5 MU/ml of the body fluid) was exhibited by i.v. administration of the body fluid into mice before or after i.p. challenge of TTX. The lethal effect of paralytic shellfish poisons was not counteracted by the body fluid. Analysis by gel filtration on Sepharose 6B revealed that the body fluid contained TTX-binding high mol. wt substances (> 2,000,000) responsible for the neutralizing activity of the body fluid against TTX, which accounts for the high resistibility of the crab to TTX. When the crude toxin extracted from the liver of puffer (Takifugu niphobles) was mixed with the body fluid and chromatographed on Sepharose 6B, almost pure TTX was obtained from the fractions containing the TTX-binding high mol. wt substances, suggesting that the TTX-binding high mol. wt substances could be useful in purification of TTX from biological samples.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

The colloid osmotic pressures of invertebrate body fluids.

Colloid osmotic pressures of the body fluids of twenty invertebrate species were measured directly. The results, which are generally lower than predicted values for the same species, pertain to several physiological questions: (1) they do not quantitatively explain the frequently observed hyperosmoticity of body fluids in species believed to be osmoconformers, indicating that the condition cannot be merely a consequence of a Gibbs-Donnan equilibrium; (2) the excess of hydrostatic over colloid osmotic pressure is very small. This result supports the hypothesis that the oxygen transport function of bloods with extracellular haemocyanins and haem proteins is limited by their colligative properties; (3) the pressure relationships and the absence of colloid osmotic activity in urine indicates that filtration contributes to urine formation in several species.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

[Activity of antibiotics in body fluids (author's transl)].

MIC and kinetic of bactericidal activity was determined for various antibiotics in body fluids (plasmawater, bile, amniotic fluid and urine). Beta-lactam antibiotics demonstrated slight loss of activity against enterobacteriaceae. The newer cephalosporine compounds, cefoxitin, cefuroxime and HR 756 showed an increase in activity in plasmawater. Carbenicillin was more active in plasmawater, bile and amniotic fluid than in broth. There was a difference in gentamycin activity against enterobacteriaceae and pseudomonas aeruginosa: enhanced activity against E. coli in body fluids and diminished against pseudomonas. Tetracycline was less active in body fluids, specially in alkaline bile. The combination ampicillin/gentamycin against E. coli was more effective in plasmawater than in DST agar. Cefazolin/gentamycin demonstrated no synergism. Although carbenicillin/tobramycin were not synergistic against pseudomonas aeruginosa in plasmawater. The marked differences in different body fluids should be taken into consideration when new antibiotics are introduced.

Amniotic Fluid↗