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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources

PubMed1978

[Report on the capsule dosage and mixing system. 2. Development, design and mode of action of a mixing machine for dental materials measured out in capsules].

The author presents a mixing apparatus for dental materials predosed in capsules. It is characterized by a novel principle of motion and great efficiency, which permits to triturate, in a short time and the best possible manner, all luting and filling materials suited for mechanical mixing, including amalgam alloys. Redrawings of quick-motion pictures illustrate the mixing process in the capsule.

Capsules↗

PubMed1978

[Report on the capsule-dosage and mixing system. 4. Correctness and precision in the dosage of multi-component materials; pre-dosage in daily practice as a preliminary solution to the capsule-dosage and mixing system].

The significance of the factors "accuracy" and "precision" in the preparation of multicomponent materials is outlined with special regard to problems related to dosage. The present technological development permits to shift the responsibility for accuracy and precision to the manufacturers of dental materials. In view of the applicability of the capsule dosing and mixing system, the author presents an intermediate solution (based on the experimental verification of various dosing methods) that permits to benefit from the main advantages of the capsule system in everyday practice prior to the establishment of centralized dosing facilities.

Capsules↗

PubMed1976

Fine structure of the avian muscle spindle capsule.

The capsule of the muscle spindle from the anterior and posterior latissimus dorsi muscles of the adult domestic chicken has been studied with the electron microscope. As in other species, two distinct portions of the spindle capsule are distinguished: an outer capsule and an inner capsule. The outer capsule is structurally similar to and continuous with the perineural epithelium. Outer capsule cells are noted by the abundance of pinocytotic vesicles and a network of 6-7-nm microfilaments. The disposition of these microfilaments is circumferential with respect to the longitudinal axis of the spindle. It is proposed that they may provide a contractile mechanism for the capsule which may be related to the over-all functioning of the spindle during movements of the muscle. The inner capsule is composed of a contiguous network of cells possessing long cytoplasmic processes which envelop the intrafusal fibers and their nerve endings in sensory equatorial regions of the spindle. These cells may elaborate the fibrillar and amorphous extracellular material found in periaxial spindle space. They also possess modified cilia with a "9+0" microtubular pattern. It is suggested that these cilia may behave as sensory transducers, relating fluid changes in the periaxial space to the intrafusal fiber nerve endings. Capillaries of the non-fenestrated variety commonly traverse the outer and inner portions of the capsule and are usually completely surrounded by tenuous overlapping processes of inner capsule cells. These findings suggest that the spindle capsule plays a role as a metabolically-active diffusion barrier to the entrance of substances from the external milieu.

Animals↗

PubMed1976

The form and function of cnidarian spirocysts. 2. Ultrastructure of the capsule tip and wall and mechanism of discharge.

The electron-dense capsule tip (apical cap) of sea anemone and coral spirocysts is of a different structure than the capsule wall. The capsule wall is composed of a double layer of fiber-like materials which cross each other at roughly right angles. The innermost layer is characterized by numerous serrations, the tips of which project into the lumen of the capsule. Within each serration, a band of finely cross-striated material encircles the capsule at right angles to its longitudinal axis. The membrane lining the lumen of the capsule appears to be continuous with the wall of the undischarged thread. The outer capsule wall layer consists of closely spaced microfilaments (cnidofilaments) which are oriented in the longitudinal axis of the capsule. The cnidofilaments appear to merge with the apical cap material. Contrary to some previous reports in the literature, it has been found that spirocysts normally discharge by eversion, as do nematocysts. The relationship of the capsule wall sub-structure to the spirocyst discharge process is discussed.

Animals↗

PubMed1976

The fine structure of the outer capsule of the snout muscle spindle in the Japanese lesser shrew-mole.

The fine structure of the outer capsule of the snout muscle spindles of the Japanese lesser shrew-mole (42 spindles from 9 animals) was described electron microscopically. The capsule of the snout muscle spindle is composed of 5 to 6 layers of the so-called capsule cells derived from the perineural epithelium of the peripheral nerve which supplies the spindle. The capsule cells revealed the presence of numerous pinocytotic vesicles, granular endoplasmic reticulum, abundant ribosomes, mitochondria, dense bodies, microvesicles and Golgi complex. It would be highly suggestive of their secretory or transporting activity. The various types of plication within the capsule of the muscle spindle were detected in the equatorial region. By means of such projections the functioning surface of the outer capsule has been enormously increased.

Animals↗

PubMed1979

The ultrastructure of the capsule of the neuromuscular spindles from Python reticulatus (Schneid.).

The capsule of the neuromuscular spindles in the lower costocutaneous muscles from Python reticulatus (Schneid.) has been studied at the electron microscope. As in other vertebrate species, the capsule is divisible into 2 components, i.e. an inner and an outer capsule, which display a very similar structure. Moreover, it has been possible to bring to light the continuity of the outer capsule with the cells and fibres of the perineural sheath enveloping the sensory and motory fibres. The capsule cells exhibit a number of pinocytotic vesicles, profiles of granular endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, glycogen particles and Golgi complexes. The presence of these structures points to the secretory and transport activities performed by the spindle capsule in the control of the composition of the intracapsular fluid.

Animals↗

PubMed1979

Bioavailability of temazepam in soft gelatin capsules.

1 Healthy volunteers received single doses of temazepam 30 mg in conventional gelatin capsules, suppositories or in solution. They experienced marked sedation and sleepiness. The onset of sleepiness was prompt after the administration of the solution; this latter showed the fastest absorption and gave the highest peak plasma levels. This observation led to the development of the soft gelatin capsule. 2 To assess bioavailability of the formulation, plasma levels of temazepam were determined in healthy volunteers after single oral administration of soft and hard capsules, and after seven consecutive night-time doses of the soft capsule. Absorption from the soft gelatin capsule was faster and produced earlier and higher peak plasma levels. There were no differences in relative availability. 3 The apparent half-life of temazepam after night-time administration was shorter than after morning administration, but no change was observed between the first and seventh night-time doses.

Anti-Anxiety Agents↗

PubMed1977

The influence of additives on the presentation of a drug in hard gelatin capsules.

The influence of the concentration of lactose, magnesium stearate and sodium lauryl sulphate in the in vitro dissolution and the drug content of hard gelatin capsules filled under conditions which result in a maximum tapped bulk density, has been evaluated by a factorially-designed experiment. The 3 factors have a significant effect on both drug release and capsule filling. Interactions between the 3 factors, however, limit the exact quantification of the magnitude of their influence by a simple linear model. A quadratic relation, when only 2 factors are considered, can be used to provide a prediction of the influence of these factors. The relations between 2 factors are demonstrated as contours of equal in vitro drug release and equal drug content of capsule, at constant concentrations of the third factor. The contours show the important influence of lactose concentration drug release and capsule filling, and the large changes in response which can occur by the addition of a third factor. They also provide a clear guide to the formulation of hard gelatin capsules.

Capsules↗

PubMed2025

Reversible phenotypic resistance to phage infection via capsule downregulation in Klebsiella pneumoniae.

Capsule loss is a major mechanism by which bacteria evade phage infection. This has traditionally been attributed to mutations in capsule biosynthesis genes. Here, we investigated phage resistance in Klebsiella pneumoniae, a medically relevant encapsulated bacterium. Phage infection rapidly selected for resistant acapsular cells. As expected, transcriptomic analysis revealed a marked downregulation of capsule biosynthesis genes. However, full genome sequencing showed that capsule loss occurred without evidence of mutations, and acapsular phage-resistant cells were able to rapidly restore their capsule once phage pressure was removed. These findings highlight that phage-driven selective pressure can act on non-heritable variation in gene expression, providing a faster and more flexible resistance mechanism compared to the traditional mutation-selection process. This reversible resistance may complicate predictability and limit the long-term efficacy of phage therapy.

Cell biology↗

PubMed1979

An electron microscopic India ink technique for demonstrating capsules on microorganisms: studies with Streptococcus pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, and Neisseria gonorrhoeae.

A technique using India ink in electron microscopic preparations was used to study bacterial capsules. Capsules were demonstrated on Streptococcus pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus (strain M and the Smith diffuse variant) from in vitro cultures. Two types of false capsules were observed on Neisseria gonorrhoeae grown in vitro or obtained from human urethral exudates. No true capsules were definitively identified on gonococci from these sources. The technique described does not require the use of specific anticapsular antibody or specific polysaccharide stains and permits the detection of artifacts that may, by the use of light microscopic methods, be misinterpreted as capsules.

Antigens, Bacterial↗

PubMed1978

[The influence of the galenic form of 131I administration on the results of radioiodine tests--comparison of 131I in capsules and in solutions (author's transl)].

A comparative study of thyroid uptake and PB131I in two groups of 20 euthyroid persons each was performed. In one group 131I was administered in the form of capsules and in the other as a solution. The application of 131I in capsule form showed no significant decrease of thyroid uptake at 2, 24 and 48 hr but a significant diminishment of PB131I 48 hr after capsule ingestion (p less than 0,05). In 3 patients the scintiscans of the abdomen 24 hr after administration of three 131I capsules (90 muCi) revealed no circumscribed areas of activity. Because the iodine metabolism is dependent upon the kind of carrier, we conclude that for thyroid uptake measurements and the following 131I therapy the same 131I preparation should be used.

Capsules↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Permeability of muscle spindle capillaries and capsule.

The permeability of capillaries in rabbit muscle spindles, intramuscular nerves, and extrafusal muscle to intraaortically infused horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was studied. The permeability of the capsule cells of the muscle spindles was also examined. Immediately following the infusion of HRP, most extrafusal capillaries contained a dense accumulation of HRP reaction product, which began to escape into the surrounding extracellular space within 2-3 min. In contrast, the concentration of HRP in the intrafusal and endoneurial capillaries was much lower than that in extrafusal capillaries, and HRP was never found outside the former vessels. In addition, HRP never completely penetrated through the spindle capsule from the extracellular into the periaxial space, although it was regularly found between the outer two or three layers of capsule cells. The results indicate that the permeability characteristics of the muscle spindle capillaries and capsule to the tracer protein HRP are very similar to those of capillaries in peripheral nerve.

Animals↗

PubMed1975

Histochemistry and histoenzymology of the hydatid cyst (Echinococcus granulosus Batsch, 1786). II. Scolices and brood capsules.

Scolices and brood capsules of healthy hydatid cysts from lungs of human patients were studied with histochemical and histoenzymatic methods. The subtegumental and flame cells were sepcially rich in glycogen, RNA and some dehydrogenases such as SDH, MDH, NADH-reductase and G-6-PDH. The rostellar zone or invaginated pole, an area of marked contractile movements, showed intense activity in ATP'ase and simple esterase. The so-called excretory pole shows strong activity in simple esterases, lipase, beta-HBH, alpha-GDH and NADPH-reductase. Lipids are also abundant in this zone implying the important role of this metabolic path in the development of the parasite. Intense activity in alkaline phosphatase was observed in cells associated to the calcereous corpuscles. The largest corpuscles were devoid of enzymatic activity. The enzyme could play some role in the calcification of the corpuscles. Wide enzymatic variations are described according to morphology being orthoscolices the most rich in enzyme activity. Accumulations of small cells surrounded by specialized cells on the germinal membrane are interpreted as the origin or "embryo" of brood capsules. Some enzymes detected in the wall of mature brood capsules depicted alternating types of cells. Some of them are positive for ATP'ase that may be related to active transport of substances across the brood capsule wall. The intenst ATP'ase activity at the stalks of scolices may be similarly interpreted. However, a miosine-like activity is a more feasible explanation since this area showed striking contractile movements in vivo.

Adenosine Triphosphatases↗

PubMed1977

Histology of the capsules causing constrictive fibrosis around breast implants.

Histological features seen in 9 capsules formed around breast prostheses with Dacron patches were described. Dacron evoked a marked foreign body reaction and fibroplasia. Parts of the silicone layer in which the Dacron fibres were originally anchored may also get into the capsule together with the Dacron. The main cause of fibrotic thickening in the capsules was contamination of the tissues with a foreign material, very probably silicone. The contamination of the capsules showed individual and local variation, with no definite correlation to the time which has elapsed since implantation.

Breast↗

PubMed1978

Studies on the assembly of the rat lens capsule. Biosynthesis and partial characterization of the collagenous components.

1. Isolated rat lens capsules synthesized hydroxy[3H]proline-containing polypeptides when incubated with [3H]proline. 2. The collagenous polypeptides synthesized during a 2 h incubation were analyzed by both gel-filtration chromatography and sodium dodecyl sulphate/polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis and shown to have an apparent mol.wt. of approx. 180,000. 3. No evidence was obtained for conversion of these polypeptides into a lower-molecular-weight species in experiments where capsules were labelled for 2 h and chased with non-radioactive proline for up to 22 h. However, a time-dependent incorporation of the 180,000-mol.wt. species into a larger collagenous component was observed and this could be prevented by the inclusion of beta-aminopropionitrile in the incubation medium. 4. The radioactive components synthesized by the capsules correspond to subunits of the intact lens capsule and the direct incorporation of the polypeptide of mol.wt. 180,000 into deoxycholate-insoluble basement membrane was demonstrated.

Aminopropionitrile↗

PubMed1978

Filamentous capsulated streptococci from the human respiratory tract: chemical and immunochemical characterization of a glycoprotein capsular antigen of provisional binary capsular type 87.

A filamentous alpha-hemolytic streptococcus of provisional capsular type 87 isolated from the human respiratory tract has been shown to be binary capsulated. One of the capsular antigens appears to be a glycoprotein; the other appears to be a polysaccharide. Transformation reactions with deoxyribonucleic acid from streptococcus type 87 and a number of noncapsulated pneumococci yielded transformed pneumococci with either a glycoprotein capsule or a polysaccharide capsule, but not with both. Capsular precipitin (quellung) reactions were observed when streptococcus type 87 was treated with homologous antiserum or with antisera to either of the two distinct capsular transformants. Each of the transformed pneumococci gave a quellung reaction with its homologous antiserum or with antiserum to streptococcus type 87, but neither reacted with antiserum to the heterologous transformant. Chemical analysis showed the glycoprotein antigen of streptococcus type 87 to contain, in addition to amino acids, glucose, galactose, glucosamine, and phosphate. The amino acid composition of the glycoprotein capsular antigens from streptococcus type 87 and of those from transformed pneumococci were similar, showing only minor differences. The glycoprotein capsular antigen from streptococcus type 87 gave two closely associated precipitin bands with homologous antiserum or antisera to transformed pneumococci with the glycoprotein capsule. That the two precipitin bands represent two unrelated proteins is precluded largely on the basis of the unlikely probability of 100% cotransformation of the genes coding for both proteins in the pneumococcal transformants that were isolated. Chemical analyses of the various fractions of the glycoprotein indicate that the two precipitin bands may represent a glycoprotein and its corresponding apoprotein.

Amino Acids↗

PubMed1975

[Capsule formation in Staphylococcus aureus as a reason for nontypability by phages (author's transl)].

In Staph. aureus strains isolated from human pathological material the frequency of strains which did not react with typing phages (NT-strains) was found to be about 30%. In one half of the NT strains the reaction with typing phages is prevented by a capsule. The capacity for capsule-formation is lost after propagation of the cells in a liquid glycerol-minimal-medium; thus the cells become typable by phages. The capacity for capsule-formation can be restored after intraperitoneal injection into mice. A new propagation in glycerol-minimal-medium leads again to a loss of the capsule.

Animals↗

PubMed1977

[Cytochemical characteristics of the labrocyte-like cells in the capsule of the plerocercoids of Triaenophorus nodulosus (Pallas, 1781) and Diphyllobothrium dendriticum (Nitzsch, 1824) cestodes].

Out of six fish species examined (Esox lucius, Paracottus kessleri, Perca fluviatilis, Leuciscus leuciscus baicalensis, Coregonus autumnalis migratorius, Thymallus arcticus baicalensis) labrocyte-like cells were detected in Esox lucius, Leuciscus leuciscus baicalensis, Coregonus autumnalis migratotius. The cells contain large metachromatic granules. Histochemical methods revealed in them sulfated and carboxylic acid mucopolysacharides. The amount of labrocyte-like cells in the capsules around plerocercoids of Triaenophrus nodulosis from Esox lucits liver depends on the age of the capsule and that of the plerocercoid. It increases when the connective tissue papsule is forming and decreases again under aging and degeneration of the capsule containing plerocercoid. The amount of labrocyte-like cells in the cestodes capsules of Raillietina increases sharply when they locate in an accidental organ (liver). This demonstrates the acuteness of organ reactivity to a nonspecific helminth.

Animals↗