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Results for “cognitive control”

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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1977

Cognitive control of pain: four serendipitous results.

The experiment was designed to determine whether specific cognitive strategies are effective in reducing pain. Subjects were tested either on cold pain or pressure pain. Although the cognitive strategies did not significantly alter pain tolerance or pain intensity, the following four findings emerged: (a) males and females responded in a similar manner to the painful stimuli, (b) both the experimental subjects and the controls had surprisingly high tolerance of pain, (c) subjects typically generated their own thoughts and images to control pain, and (d) subjects responded to cold pain and to pressure pain in a similar manner.

Cognition↗
PubMed1975

The effect of system intervention on the cognitive control of preschool children.

In response to the high rate of learning problems among socially deprived children, the Baltimore Early School Admission Project set up a system intervention model engaging three points of entry: parents, educators, and mental health workers. The emphasis was on: a) the redefinition of the roles of all participants; b) the school as a self-reliant system, discouraging referrals to outside agencies; c) the development of the children's functioning and adaptive potentials, based on their individual cognitive styles. The program included five public schools. Ninety-one children between the ages of 4 and 5 years were involved. All of these were selected from a hard core socioeconomically deprived population. Eighty-three percent were black and 17 per cent white. Fifteen children were identified as "vulnerable" according to specific criteria provided to the teachers and the parents. Of the vulnerable group, nine children's learning problems were related primarily to emotional and environmental factors, five had perceptual, sensory-motor dysfunction mixed with emotional factors, and one suffered primarily from brain damage. Results indicated that only one of the vulnerable children required referral outside of that provided in the above design. Eleven vulnerable children performed as well as the nonvulnerable group, and three showed a moderate improvement. Furthermore, five children with serious learning problems responded to the systemic intervention as well as they might have with specialized professional help.

Child, Preschool↗
PubMed1979

Control orientation among alcoholics: a cognitive social learning perspective.

A cognitive social learning model of the maintenance of problem drinking is presented. Basic constructs involving social skills acquisition, experienced cognitive control and self-efficacy expectations as they relate to alcoholism are discussed. It is concluded that the model provides a useful theoretical framework in which to conceptualize the development, maintenance and treatment of drinking problems. A number of specific suggestions are made for further research which test various hypotheses generated by this model.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1975

The relationship of impulse control to cognition and adjustment among institutionalized aged women.

Several dimensions of impulse control (i.e., delay of gratification, reflectivity, and motor control) were related to intelligence, mental status, and adjustment among 91 institutionalized aged women. Four different types of impulse control measures were used: Self reports of impulse control, staff ratings, interviewer's ratings, and tests of impulse control. Impulse control measures yielded statistically significant multiple correlations with all outcome measures except life satisfaction. The findings suggest that impulse control in its various forms has a consistent and significant relationship with indices of adaptation. Utilizing stepwise regression analyses, the best predictors of outcome among impulse control measures are presented.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1978

The effects of cognitive and behavioral control on coping with an aversive health examination.

The effects of cognitive and behavioral control on coping with an aversive health examination were tested in a 2 x 2 factorial design. Cognitive control was represented by sensory or health-education information; instruction or no instruction in abdominal relaxation constituted the levels of behavioral control. The study was conducted in the natural setting of a family-planning clinic with 24 young women who were undergoing a routine pelvic examination. Subjects who received sensory information prior to the examination showed less distress, as indicated by overt distress behaviors and pulse rates, than did subjects who received health-education information. Cognitive control did not show a significant effect on self-report of fear. No significant effects were demonstrated for the factor of behavioral control. The results suggested that cognitive control information, which emphasizes the sensory experiences typically accompanying an aversive event, limits reactivity to aversive stimuli. The reduction in reactivity is thought to result in an increased ability to cope with aversive events.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1977

Development and evaluation of treatment paradigms for the suppression of smoking behavior.

A multiple-baseline component-analysis design was employed to assess the effectiveness of three treatment programs for suppressing the cigarette smoking behavior of 24 subjects. Sartiation, cognitive control, and continger shock procedures were evaluated. The results demonstrated a consistent relationship between contingent shock and suppression of smoking. It was further indicated that subjects should be exposed to the number of sessions necessary to achieve total suppression in order to gain maximally from treatment and to avoid relapse. Neither the satiation component nor the cognitive control component was correlated with clear, permanent decrements in smoking frequencies. To date no other treatment program has demonstrated the dramatic effects ofethe contingent shock procedures used in the present study.

Adult↗
PubMed2026

Catecholaminergic Contributions to Inhibitory Control Following Physical Fatigue: Behavioral and Neurophysiological Findings.

Acute physical fatigue can impair cognitive control, yet its underlying neurochemical mechanisms remain unclear. This study investigated whether catecholaminergic modulation influences behavioral and neural markers of inhibitory control following physical fatigue. Eighteen healthy, recreationally active adults (9 males, 9 females; 23.4 ± 2.2 years) completed a randomized, triple-blind, placebo-controlled crossover study. On separate visits, participants received methylphenidate (MPH; 20 mg; a dopamine and noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor), reboxetine (REB; 8 mg; a noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor), or placebo. Physical fatigue was induced by repeated bilateral leg extensions to task failure. Cognitive performance was assessed before and after physical fatigue using a Go/No-Go task with electroencephalographic recording. Behavioral outcomes included reaction time and accuracy, while event-related potentials measured neural stages of response execution and inhibition (N2 and P3). Mixed-effects models were used for statistical analysis. For No-Go trials, a significant MPH × Time interaction was observed for accuracy (p = 0.008), with improved post-fatigue performance following MPH administration (p = 0.048). At the neural level, MPH was associated with shorter fronto-central No-Go N2 latency (p = 0.038) and altered fatigue-related changes in No-Go P3 latency (p = 0.047). REB did not produce comparable behavioral or neural effects. These findings provide pharmacological evidence that catecholaminergic mechanisms contribute to inhibitory control following physical fatigue. The differential effects of MPH and REB suggest that selective noradrenergic enhancement alone is insufficient to maintain inhibitory control following physical fatigue. Instead, the findings implicate broader dopaminergic and noradrenergic mechanisms, potentially involving alterations in the temporal dynamics of inhibitory processing. TRIAL REGISTRATION: (G095422N and identifier NCT05880342).

Adult↗
PubMed1979

Eye guidance in reading: fixation locations within words.

Three broad categories of models of eye movement guidance in reading are described. According to one category, eye movements in reading are not under stimulus or cognitive control; the other two categories indicate that cognitive activities or stimulus characteristics are involved in eye guidance. In this study a number of descriptive analyses of eye movements in reading were carried out. These analyses dealt with fixation locations on letters within words of various lengths, conditional probabilities that a word will be fixed given that a prior word was or was not fixated, and average saccade length as a function of the length of the word to the right of the fixated word. The results of these analyses were supportive of models which suggest that determining where to look next while reading is made on a nonrandom basis.

Eye Movements↗
PubMed1977

Physiognomic perception and empathy.

96 college students who were rated as high and low in terms of physiognomic perception were administered an empathy measure. Results supported the hypothesis that those individuals with higher physiognomic perception would show more empathy than those with a lower degree of physiognomic perception. Results were interpreted as adding evidence to the existence of physiognomic perception as a cognitive control principle.

Affect↗
PubMed1976

Organismic, stimulus and task determinants of phasic and tonic heart rate and skin conductance changes.

The effects of three variables (perceptual style 'leveling--sharpening', stimulus intensity and task) on tonic and phasic heart rate and skin conductance responses were studied. 24 levelers and 24 sharpeners received a series of 25 auditory stimuli under two instructions (task): in one task subject had to listen carefully to possible small differences between tones (intake task) and in the other task the subject had to count back silently and could neglect the tones (rejection task). One third of each group received tones of 50 dB, one third 75 dB and one third 100 dB. Results show that task has a strong effect on tonic responses in the direction predicted from Lacey's intake--rejection hypothesis. There is hardly any effect of task on phasic responses: only at the first trial heart rate tends to decelerate more in the intake than in the rejection task. Stimulus intensity does not influence tonic responses but very strongly affects phasic responses: deceleration to 50 and 75 dB, acceleration to 100 dB. GSR amplitude increases monotonically as a function of stimulus intensity. There is no difference between levelers and sharpeners with regard to tonic responses. Concerning phasic heart rate, sharpeners decelerate more than levelers and levelers have greater GSRs than sharpeners. It is suggested that tonic changes are relatively more under cognitive control, whereas phasic changes are more of a non-cognitive reflex-like nature. A relationship between the distinction arousal-activation as proposed by Pribram and McGuinness (1975) and the results of this experiment was suggested.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMed1979

Reinterpretative cognitive strategies in chronic pain management.

This preliminary study was conducted to test the effectiveness of cognitive treatment of clinical pain. Chronic pain patients were trained in a self-control cognitive strategy procedure. Specifically, they were provided with a conceptualization of their pain, instructed in an awareness of their thoughts prior to and during their experience of pain, and trained in the use of several cognitive strategies to replace these thoughts and relabel their pain experience. Training was provided in a group setting to further consolidate the use of the instructions by enabling patients to roleplay the instructions to one another. Patients were also encouraged to verbally reinforce themselves each time they used the procedure. The experience of pain was measured by the McGill pain questionnaire, a behavioral checklist and staff reports. Results suggest that cognitive strategies can effectively alter the experience of clinical pain. Moreover, pain as a cognitive label for a nonspecific state of arousal is suggested.

Cognition↗
PubMed1977

Physiognomic perception and flexibility of concept formation.

40 junior high school boys were rated as high or low physiognomic and administered a flexibility of concept-formation task. Results supported the hypothesis that those individuals who demonstrated higher physiognomic perception would show greater flexibility in concept formation. The demonstrated relationship is evidence for the role of physiognomic perception as a cognitive control principle.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1979

Cognitive structure and behavioral regulation in alcoholics.

Compared with nonalcoholics, alcoholics were less able to focus on relevant cues (i.e., they had weaker cognitive control) and less able to recall pertinent ideas or events and possible consequences (i.e., their internal scanning was narrower).

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The personality of obese persons in psychological tests with special consideration on latent obesity].

The results of psychological tests of the obese are inconsistent and no characteristic personality structure of the obese can be deduced from them. Investigations in childhood obesity failed to establish a general psychogenetic model of obesity. Yet overweight and ideal weight-subjects differ in spontaneous eating behaviour. Appetite and satiety of obese subjects are controlled by external stimuli to a far greater extent than in nonobese. From a behavioural scientific viewpoint it is proposed that learning experiences during childhood socialisation generate the disposition for obesity which can manifest itself later, after interaction with a special environment. At this stage, however, individual reactions to starting overweight are insolved; this process is strongly influenced by individual personality structures: an inadequate conflict management favours obesity; by cognitive control normal weight can be preserved in spite of the acquired disposition for obesity. Taking these "latently obese" as an example the role of personality structure and wrong eating habits is discussed and related to possible therapeutic strategies. A model of the psychogenetic basis of obesity is proposed. In this model eating-related learning experience is attributed a primary role and individual personality structure a secondary role in the psychogenesis of obesity.

Age Factors↗