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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources

PubMed1989

Relations of sociodemographic variables and cognitive ability: a comparative analysis of the cognitive scores of high school seniors.

This paper compares subgroups using cognitive scores from a test battery administered to high school seniors in the base year survey in 1980. The procedures used to select the sample were designed to yield a data base that can be statistically projected to represent the national population of about 3,040,000 high school seniors. Comparisons were performed to examine differences in cognitive scores by age, sex, race/ethnicity, socioeconomic status, and census region. Boys scored higher than girls on mathematics and visualization tests, but lower on the picture-number and mosaic comparison tests. Mean scores of the two sexes on the vocabulary and reading tests differed by less than 0.1 SD. Asian/Pacific Islanders had higher means than white students and other minority groups on the mathematics, mosaic comparisons, and visualization test, but their scores did not differ significantly from those of white students on the other three tests. Means for Hispanics were lower than those for white students but higher than those for black students, except on reading. Mean scores of Cubans exceeded those of Mexican Americans, Puerto Ricans or other Hispanics. A positive correlation 0.40 obtained between test scores and the socioeconomic status or education attained by the examinees' mothers. Students in New England had the highest means except on visualization for which the highest scores were in the West, followed in order by those in the Middle Atlantic, West North Central, East North Central, Pacific, Mountain, South Atlantic, East South Central, and West South Central regions.

Achievement↗

PubMed2003

Effects of demographic and health variables on Rasch scaled cognitive scores.

OBJECTIVES: To determine whether demographic and health variables interact to predict cognitive scores in Asset and Health Dynamics of the Oldest-Old (AHEAD), a representative survey of older Americans, as a test of the developmental discontinuity hypothesis. METHODS: Rasch modeling procedures were used to rescale cognitive measures into interval scores, equating scales across measures, making it possible to compare predictor effects directly. Rasch scaling also reduces the likelihood of obtaining spurious interactions. Tasks included combined immediate and delayed recall, the Telephone Interview for Cognitive Status (TICS), Series 7, and an overall cognitive score. RESULTS: Demographic variables most strongly predicted performance on all scores, with health variables having smaller effects. Age interacted with both demographic and health variables, but patterns of effects varied. DISCUSSION: Demographic variables have strong effects on cognition. The developmental discontinuity hypothesis that health variables have stronger effects than demographic ones on cognition in older adults was not supported.

Age Factors↗

PubMed2004

Improvement of Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale cognitive score associated with olanzapine treatment of acute mania.

OBJECTIVE: This study analyzed the effect of olanzapine on a psychopathology-based scale assessing abnormal thought processes and examined the relationship between improvement on this scale and mania and depression improvement in acutely manic patients. METHODS: The study sample (N = 254) was pooled from two double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trials. Disturbance in thought processes was measured by the Positive and Negative Symptom Scale cognitive component (PANSS-Cognitive) score. Mood severity was measured by the Young-Mania Rating Scale (Y-MRS) and Hamilton Depression Inventory (HAM-D). Last-observation-carried-forward (LOCF) changes from baseline to endpoint (Week 3) were presented for patients who had at least one post-baseline assessment. RESULTS: Olanzapine-treated patients experienced modest but significant improvement in PANSS-Cognitive score (olanzapine: -4.25 n = 124; placebo: -1.69 n = 120, p < 01), regardless of age, gender, mania subtype (pure, mixed), course (rapid or non-rapid cycling), or the presence or absence of psychotic features. PANSS-Cognitive improvement was more highly correlated with mania than depression improvement. CONCLUSION: Olanzapine improved abnormal thought processes measured by the PANSS-Cognitive score in patients with acute mania. This improvement in thought processes was significantly associated with improvement in acute mania. More sensitive and specific neuropsychological testing could help clarify whether improvement in thought processes on olanzapine was independent of mania reduction.

Acute Disease↗

PubMed2002

Cognitive scores, even within the normal range, predict death and institutionalization.

BACKGROUND: Dementia is a predictor of death and institutionalization. It is less clear if variations in cognition within the normal range predict adverse outcomes. OBJECTIVE: To determine if variation at the high end of cognitive test scores predicts mortality or institutionalization, independent of the effect of potential confounders. DESIGN: Secondary analysis of the Canadian Study of Health and Aging, a population-based longitudinal study with an initial data collection in 1991 and follow-up five years later. SETTING: Community-dwelling seniors living in Canada. PARTICIPANTS: 9008 consenting seniors were sampled from representative population registries in Canada. MEASURES: Age, gender, marital status, the Mini-Mental State Examination, self-rated health, and activities of daily living. OUTCOMES: Death or institutionalization over the five years of follow-up. RESULTS: Mini-Mental State Examination scores predicted mortality and institutionalization. The unadjusted odds ratio of mortality was 0.85 (95% confidence interval 0.84, 0.86) per point on the Mini-Mental State Examination, and the adjusted odds ratio was 0.95 (95% confidence interval 0.93, 0.97). The unadjusted odds ratio for institutionalization was 0.83 (95% confidence interval 0.82, 0.85), and the adjusted odds ratio was 0.91 (95% confidence interval 0.90, 0.94). This effect was present even in analyses restricted to those within the normal range of Time 1 Mini-Mental State Examination scores. CONCLUSIONS: Low normal cognitive test scores predict adverse outcomes. Clinicians should consider close clinical follow-up of those with low normal cognitive test scores. Further research is needed to target seniors for follow-up and possible intervention to decrease mortality and institutionalization risk.

Aged↗

PubMed2006

Clinical relevance of cognitive scores in hepatitis C patients with advanced fibrosis.

Mild neuropsychological impairment has previously been reported in chronic hepatitis C (CHC) patients. The aim of this study was to assess the presence and severity of cognitive impairment among a cohort of CHC patients with advanced fibrosis using clinician ratings compared to classification based upon statistical methods. In addition, we set out to determine the relationship between cognitive scores and functional status. Two experienced neuropsychologists provided "clinician ratings" on a battery of 10 neuropsychological tests performed in 100 randomly selected patients participating in the HALT-C clinical trial. The overall kappa between the 2 graders on level of impairment was 0.59. Clinician ratings (the gold standard) were similarly sensitive to identifying cognitive impairment as was classification based on standard scores (44% vs. 40%). Global Deficit Scores (GDS), derived from pooling standard scores, also identified 44% of patients as having mild impairment and were highly correlated with clinician ratings (r = .81 p = < 0.0001). Neither clinician ratings nor deficit scores correlated with SF-36 subscale or summary scores but did correlate with depression scores (p < .0007). In summary, clinician ratings and deficit scores identified a similar prevalence of cognitive impairment amongst CHC patients with advanced fibrosis. There was a significant correlation between cognitive impairment and self-reported depression.

Adult↗

PubMed2002

Ability to learn inhaler technique in relation to cognitive scores and tests of praxis in old age.

Clinical observations have shown that some older patients are unable to learn to use a metered dose inhaler (MDI) despite having a normal abbreviated mental test (AMT) score, possibly because of dyspraxia or unrecognised cognitive impairment. Thirty inhaler-naive inpatients (age 76-94) with an AMT score of 8-10 (normal) were studied. Standard MDI training was given and the level of competence reached was scored (inhalation score). A separate observer performed the minimental test (MMT), Barthel index, geriatric depression score (GDS), ideational dyspraxia test (IDT), and ideomotor dyspraxia test (IMD). No correlative or threshold relationship was found between inhalation score and Barthel index, GDS, or IDT. However, a significant correlation was found between inhalation score and IMD (r = 0.45, p = 0.039) and MMT (r = 0.48, p = 0.032) and threshold effects emerged in that no subject with a MMT score of less than 23/30 had an inhalation score of 5/10 or more (adequate technique requires 6/10 or more), and all 17/18 with an inhalation score of 6/10 or more had an IMD of 14/20 or more. The three patients with a MMT >22 and inhalation score <6 had abnormal IMD scores. Inability to learn an adequate inhaler technique in subjects with a normal AMT score appears to be due to unrecognised cognitive impairment or dyspraxia. The MMT is probably a more useful screening test than the AMT score in this context.

Aged↗

PubMed2007

Zinc, iron, and lead: relations to head start children's cognitive scores and teachers' ratings of behavior.

The objective of this study was to conduct a preliminary investigation of lead, zinc, and iron levels in relation to child cognition and behavior in a small sample of Head Start children. The design was cross-sectional and correlational. Participants were 42 3- to 5-year-old children attending rural Head Start centers. Nonfasting blood samples of whole blood lead, plasma zinc, and ferritin were collected. Teachers rated children's behavior on the California Preschool Social Competency Scale, Howes' Sociability subscale, and the Preschool Behavior Questionnaire. Children were tested individually with the McCarthy Scales of Children's Abilities. Hierarchical regression analyses revealed that zinc and ferritin jointly explained 25% of the variance in McCarthy Scales of Children's Abilities verbal scores. Lead levels explained 25% of the variance in teacher ratings of girls' sociability and 20% of the variance in teacher ratings of girls' classroom competence. Zinc levels explained 39% of the variance in teacher ratings of boys' anxiety. Univariate analysis of variance revealed that the four children low in zinc and iron had significantly higher blood lead (median=0.23 micromol/L [4.73 microg/dL]) than the 31 children sufficient in zinc or iron (median=0.07 micromol/L [1.54 microg/dL]) or the 7 children sufficient in both (median=0.12 micromol/L [2.52 microg/dL]), suggesting an interaction among the three minerals. Within this small low-income sample, the results imply both separate and interacting effects of iron, zinc, and lead. They underscore the importance of studying these three minerals in larger samples of low-income preschool children to make more definitive conclusions.

Analysis of Variance↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Clinically significant gastroesophageal reflux in the at-risk premature neonate: relation to cognitive scores, days in the NICU, and total hospital charges.

OBJECTIVE: The principal objective of this retrospective, cohort study was to determine if clinically significant gastroesophageal reflux (GER) would impair the long-term cognitive and motor development of preterm infants. An additional objective was to determine the effects of clinically significant GER on the length of hospital stay and total hospital charges in preterm infants. STUDY DESIGN: The design was a retrospective, cohort study of 66 preterm infants, followed in the Neonatal Developmental Follow-Up Clinic of The Children's Hospital in Greenville, SC. Thirty-three premature infants with clinically significant GER met the following study criteria: birth dates, 1988 through 1994; lack of gastrointestinal anatomic defects; and lack of acute neurologic injury (defined as no intraventricular hemorrhage greater than Papile's grade I, no periventricular leukomalacia, no seizures, and no history of birth asphyxia). Clinically significant GER was defined as GER associated with moderate to severe apnea (n=29) or GER associated with moderate to severe feeding intolerance (n=4). The study patients were matched as closely as possible with 33 control premature infants for sex (except when twins were used), ethnicity, social risk, gestational age, birth weight, and Apgar scores at 1 and 5 minutes. Social risk was categorized using Hack's Social Risk Scale. Important covariates included apnea, home monitoring, and nasal continuous positive airway pressure. RESULTS: Neurodevelopmental test scores from 7 months of age through 2 years of age did not show any significant differences between premature infants with clinically significant GER and premature infants with no evidence of clinically significant GER. Total hospital charges were statistically different for the clinically significant GER infants and the nonclinically significant GER infants (median $112,916 versus median $63,928, p=0.01). Total neonatal intensive care unit length of stay measures were statistically different between the two groups (median 53 days versus median 40.5 days, p=0.01). CONCLUSION: Even though clinically significant GER may pose a substantial medical risk in premature infants, the long-term cognitive consequences appear to be negligible. Nevertheless, those premature infants with clinically significant GER do consume significantly more hospital resources than matched controls. Early diagnosis and intervention may possibly lessen the impact of medical costs and reduce length of hospital stay.

Cognition Disorders↗

PubMed1995

Cognitive scores in carriers of Huntington's disease gene compared to noncarriers.

Huntington's disease (HD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder recently shown to be due to an excess number of CAG trinucleotide repeats in the 5' translated region of chromosome 4. One of the cardinal features of HD is cognitive decline. While mental deterioration is obvious later in the disease course, the time of its onset is difficult to determine precisely. A sample of at-risk individuals without signs or symptoms of HD by self-report was studied. The Wechsler Adult Intelligence Test--Revised and a neurological rating scale were administered. The genotypes of 394 individuals were then determined by polymerase chain reaction testing. On all portions of the WAIS-R test, the mean score of the HD gene carriers was lower than that of the noncarriers. Scores on two of the performance subtests, the digit symbol and the picture arrangement, were significantly different in the two groups, even after the scores from all gene carriers who were diagnosed as affected based on their neurological motor examination were removed. The scores for the gene carriers on the various subtests were negatively correlated with the number of CAG repeats in the expanded HD allele. Such a relationship was not seen with the normal alleles of the noncarriers. Taken together, our results suggest that a deficit in cognitive function is an early finding of HD and that in this patient population, the degree of cognitive deficit is proportional to the number of CAG repeats in the HD allele.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Statin use and hippocampal volumes in elderly subjects at risk for Alzheimer's disease: a pilot observational study.

Statins are investigational therapies for preventing or treating Alzheimer's disease (AD) and mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Hippocampal atrophy is a characteristic feature of MCI and AD. This study analyzed cross-sectional data from 246 nondemented elderly subjects to test the effect of lipid lowering agent (LLA) therapy on cognition and brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) measures of white matter lesions and hippocampal volume. The study also compared rates of hippocampal volume change over two and four years in a smaller subset. At baseline, LLA users were younger, better educated, more likely to be male, and had higher cognitive scores. Cognitive performance also varied by age and gender, and MRI measures varied by age. After adjusting for these differences, the effect of LLA use on baseline cognition, baseline hippocampal volume, and baseline white matter lesion scores was not significant. The effect of LLA use on hippocampal volume loss at two-year and four-year follow-ups was also not significant. This study is the first to examine statin effects on brain atrophy measured by MRI. In this cohort, statin use was not associated with rate of change of hippocampal volume. While the study was limited by a relatively small number of statin users, the findings seem consistent with three prior randomized trials that found no cognitive benefits for statins in nondemented subjects. Prospective studies in both nondemented and AD subjects may provide more conclusive answers.

Age Factors↗

PubMed2005

Outcome scoring in neurosurgery: the cognitive outcome score, an alternative to the Glasgow outcome scale.

The qualitative method, the Glasgow outcome scale, remains the convention for patient outcome assessment in the neurosurgical literature. This is despite the fact that sampling methods subject to bias confer low confidence in the conclusions. An alternative, quantitative method, the cognitive outcome score (COS), decreases bias, is cost effective and delivered in less than 10 min. Utilisation of the COS in statistical correlations against common clinical parameters is discussed in theory and practice.

Brain Injuries↗

PubMed1995

Relocation to a new environment: decisional control and the move to a nursing home.

Bivariate and multivariate analyses were used to study the effect of deciding to move and wanting to move to a nursing home on the initial reactions of 502 elderly residents to their new environment. Data used in the analysis were taken from the Geriatric Nurse Practitioner Project in which residents were interviewed within one month of admission. Three scales were used to measure initial reaction: participation in nursing home activities, satisfaction with services, and social interaction. Covariates used to control for differences between groups were age, activities of daily living score, cognitive score, and affective status score. Bivariate relationships were found between the independent variables, deciding to move and wanting to move, and two measures, satisfaction with services and participation in nursing home activities. Multivariate analysis suggests that the two variables independently influence satisfaction and participation. Implications for practice and further research are discussed.

Aged↗

PubMed2004

Cognitive function in relation with bone mass and nutrition: cross-sectional association in postmenopausal women.

BACKGROUND: It has been suggested that bone loss and cognitive decline are co-occurring conditions, possibly due to their relationship with estrogen. Cognitive decline has been associated with various nutritional deficiencies as well. The purpose of this study was to determine if cognitive function is related to bone mineral density of various skeletal sites as well as to various dietary components. METHODS: Cross-sectional study with 97 healthy, Caucasian, postmenopausal women (59.4-85.0 years) enrolled in a larger longitudinal study, investigating the effects of sodium on bone mass. The subjects were divided into two groups based on cognition scores. Group 1 represented lower and Group 2 higher scores on cognitive function. Bone mineral density from the whole body, lumbar spine, femur and forearm were measured with the Lunar DPX-MD instrument. Anthropometry was measured by standard methods. Cognition was assessed using the Mini Mental State Examination. Cumulative (over 2 years) dietary intake from 3-day records was analyzed by Food Processor(R) (ESHA Research, Salem, OR) and cumulative physical activity was assessed using Allied Dunbar National Fitness Survey for older adults. RESULTS: Subjects' cognition scores ranged from 22-30 (normal, 27-30), indicating all subjects had either mild or no cognitive impairment. Multiple Analysis of Covariance adjusted for age, height, weight, physical activity, alcohol, calcium, sodium and energy intake, showed a statistically significant association between cognition and bone mineral density of all measurable sites (eta2 = 0.21, P < 0.01). However, after Analysis of Covariance follow-up tests and Bonferroni correction, the differences for individual bone sites diminished, though Group 2 had higher adjusted means for all sites except for the femoral neck, Ward's triangle and trochanter. There was a positive significant association between cognition score and carbohydrate and potassium intake (eta2 = 0.07, P = 0.050). Group 2 did have a significantly higher potassium intake (P = 0.023). In multiple regression, saturated fat had a significant negative relationship with cognitive function. CONCLUSIONS: It appears mild degree of cognitive impairment may be a marker for lower bone mineral density as well as for a diet lower in carbohydrate and potassium intake, and higher in saturated fat. Consequently, older women with cognitive impairment may benefit of being screened for potential bone loss and poor nutrition.

Journal Article↗

PubMed1993

Family factors affecting the outcome of tuberculosis treatment in Taiwan.

Despite the progress of tuberculosis (TB) control, the failure of treatment mainly due to non-adherence to medical recommendations remains a major obstacle to the eradication of this disease in both industrialized and developing countries. We interviewed 397 active pulmonary TB cases (274 males and 123 females) in Taiwan and followed up their treatment outcomes. No significant differences were found between any of the groups of either sex on TB cognition scores. Positive correlations between cognition scores and compliance scores, between cognition scores and family apgar scores, and between compliance scores and family apgar scores were noted in this study. In males, the complete treatment group had a higher compliance score (mean +/- standard deviation = 13.45 +/- 2.80) and family apgar score (22.44 +/- 2.29) than the incomplete treatment group (11.61 +/- 3.21 and 14.77 +/- 3.92, respectively). In females, the complete treatment group had a higher cognition score (65.99 +/- 6.75), compliance score (13.65 +/- 2.55) and family Apgar score (22.78 +/- 2.30) than the incomplete treatment group (62.05 +/- 6.91, 11.70 +/- 3.04 and 14.84 +/- 3.80, respectively). In the logistic regression analysis, both the family Apgar score and compliance score were significantly related to the TB treatment outcomes. The subjects with a family Apgar score higher than 20 had a chance to complete treatment as high as 72-fold (95% confidence interval = 31.7-164.0) that of those with a score less than 20.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adolescent↗

PubMed1996

The relationship between alcohol consumption, cognitive performance, and daily functioning in an urban sample of older black Americans.

OBJECTIVE: To report on moderate alcohol consumption and measurements of cognitive function and activities of daily living in an older, urban, community-dwelling sample of black Americans. DESIGN: As part of a community prevalence study of dementia, information on alcohol consumption and cognitive performance was collected on 2040 randomly selected black subjects living in Indianapolis. MEASUREMENTS: From questions in the screening interview, alcohol consumption was grouped into four categories: lifetime abstainers, regular drinkers less than 4 drinks per week, 4 to 10 drinks per week, and more than 10 drinks per week. Current and past drinkers were analyzed separately. Three measurements were used: (1) a total cognitive score; (2) the delayed recall score from the East Boston Memory Test; (3) a score for daily functioning based upon information from the informant. Multiple regression models were fitted with drinking variables as the major predictor, including covariates of age, gender, education, history of stroke, hypertension, being treated for depression, and a family history of dementia. MAIN RESULTS: In all analyses, there was a very consistent pattern for both current and past drinkers. There was a small but significant dose effect of drinking for the drinkers, with subjects in the heaviest drinking category scoring poorest, i.e., lowest scores in cognitive tests and highest scores in scales of daily functioning indicating more impairment. The scores of abstainers were worse than those of subjects in the lightest drinking category. The pattern of scores for cognitive performance and daily functioning was similar between current and past drinkers. These patterns remained the same even after potential confounders were included. CONCLUSIONS: Previous research on effects of alcohol on health indices have suggested a J-shaped relationship between amounts of alcohol consumption and measurements of heart disease, stroke, and mortality rates. Our study provides some support for the concept of a similar J-shaped relationship between cognitive performance and alcohol consumption, but the differences between drinking categories were modest and the clinical significance of these findings uncertain.

Activities of Daily Living↗

PubMed2003

The effects of maternal education versus cognitive test scores on child nutrition in Kenya.

This paper estimates dynamic random effects models for intakes by dietary energy, protein, calcium, iron, zinc, niacin, riboflavin, thiamin, and vitamins A, C, D, and E 100 of Kenyan school children (6-9 years) within a multivariate longitudinal framework. The explanatory variables were socioeconomic and background variables, children's body mass index, and maternal education, cognitive test scores and morbidity spells. The model parameters are estimated using the maximum likelihood method controlling for unobserved between-children differences. The main finding is that while maternal education was usually not a significant predictor of dietary intakes, maternal scores on cognitive tests did strongly predict them. Moreover, the paternal cognitive scores and maternal morbidity levels were not significantly associated with the intakes, but an index of socioeconomic status and cash income was a significant predictor. The results indicate the need to consider broader measures of human development and of devising suitable educational programs for women without formal education.

Adult↗

PubMed2002

Do neuropsychological tests detect preclinical Alzheimer's disease: individual-test versus cognitive-discrepancy score analyses.

Attempts to identify cognitive markers of a preclinical phase of Alzheimer's disease (AD) have yielded inconsistent findings. The problem may stem in part from methodologies that are insensitive to potential subgroups within the at-risk, preclinical AD population (PCAD). The present study investigated the utility of asymmetric cognitive profiles in identifying individuals at risk for AD. Twenty elderly adults who were later diagnosed with AD (PCAD) and 20 matched control participants were compared on measures of cognitive asymmetry derived from difference scores on tests of verbal and visuospatial ability. Although both groups performed similarly on the individual tests, comparisons using difference scores revealed significantly larger discrepancies between naming and visuoconstruction skills in the PCAD group. The PCAD group also had a higher frequency of asymmetric cognitive profiles relative to a normative group.

Aged↗

PubMed2005

Physical activity, cognitive activity, and cognitive decline in a biracial community population.

BACKGROUND: Findings from studies investigating whether physical activity reduces the risk of cognitive decline in old age have been inconsistent. OBJECTIVE: To examine whether participation in physical activity by older adults reduces the rate of cognitive decline after accounting for participation in cognitively stimulating activities. DESIGN: A prospective population study conducted from August 1993 to January 2003, with an average follow-up of 6.4 years. SETTING: A biracial community population on the south side of Chicago. PARTICIPANTS: Participants were 4055 community-dwelling adults 65 years and older who were able to walk across a small room and had participated in at least 2 of the 3 follow-up assessments. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Annual rate of cognitive change as measured by a global cognitive score, which consisted of averaged standardized scores from 4 cognitive tests. RESULTS: In a mixed model adjusted for age, sex, race, and education, each additional physical activity hour per week was associated with a slower rate of cognitive decline by 0.0007 U/y (P = .04). However, with further adjustments (1) for participation in cognitive activities (beta = .0006, P = .10), (2) for depression and vascular diseases (beta = .0005, P = .19), and (3) by excluding participants whose global cognitive score at baseline was at or below the 10th percentile (beta = .0002, P = .45), the coefficients were smaller and no longer statistically significant. CONCLUSION: These data do not support the hypothesis that physical activity alone protects against cognitive decline among older adults.

Aged↗