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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1978

Work and disability at the age of 30 years. A sociomedical study of a birth-cohort from Bergen. II. Frequency of disability.

An attempt is made here to quantify occupational disability at the age of 30 years. The term disability is used in a broader sense than defined in the National Insurance Scheme, and covers all permanent occupational disability irrespective of cause. Disability is evaluated in terms of earned income and in accordance with the definition used under the National Insurance Scheme. The study is based on a cohort of 1570 persons, all live births in 1940 of mothers then residing in Bergen. Relevant information on earned incomes and on disability pensions was extracted from the files of the National Insurance Institution for 1331 persons of the cohort residing in Norway on 1st June 1971. Among the 30-year-old men residing in Norway the frequency of disability irrespective of cause was 3.1%, whereas the proportion receiving disability pension was 1.8%. The difference of 1.3% is explained mainly by the fact that alcoholism in itself is not accepted as grounds for a disability pension. Of the women, 88.3% were married. Among these, 0.7% were receiving disability pension. Of the unmarried women in the cohort, 20% (10 persons) were found to be disabled, irrespective of cause. They were all receiving disability pension.

Adult↗
PubMed1977

Employment and work adjustments of the disabled: 1972 survey of disabled and nondisabled adults.

Of the 15.6 million individuals in the United States who were currently disabled in 1972, 8 out of 10 were employed as the disability began. For these persons, several aspects of work adjustments after the onset of disability are examined here, with the measures of adjustment based on self-reports of the disabled. Women were less likely to be employed after onset than men. Those employed full time before they were disabled were more likely to work after onset than those who had been part-time workers. The relationship between duration of disability and employment varied with severity of disability. Among the severely disabled, those with a long-term disability were more likely not to work than were the recently disabled. Keeping the pre-onset work status varied with type of employment. For the severely and occupationally disabled, industries staffed by craftsmen and operatives had lower rates of retention than did other sectors. Most of those who returned to work after onset did so within 6 months. Men who returned to work did so more quickly than did women. Doctor's advice and family responsibility were the primary reasons for not returning to work.

Adult↗
PubMed1978

1972 Survey of disabled and nondisabled adults: chronic disease, injury, and work disability.

The Social Security Administration 1972 Survey of Disabled and Nondisabled Adults showed that an estimated 15.6 million adults aged 20--64, or 15 percent of the total noninstitutionalized population of those ages, were disabled as a result of some chronic condition or impairment. Yet more than three times as many persons (51.8 million) reported that they suffered from one or more chronic health conditions. The diseases reported most frequently by the adult population of working age were cardiovascular and musculoskeletal disorders, each with prevalence rates of 200 persons per 1,000 population. The prevalence rate for neurological disorders was only 7 persons per 1,000; their disabling potential, however, was much greater than that for the diseases with the highest prevalence rates: 80 percent of those suffering from neurological disorders were also currently disabled. For almost every disease group, older persons were more likely to suffer from a chronic condition or impairment and more likely to be disabled as a result. Women were more likely than men to report a chronic disease or impairment and more likely to be severely disabled as a result. White persons were somehwat more likely than blacks and members of other races to report one or more chronic conditions but less likely to be disabled as a result and even less likely to be severely disabled. Among the nondisabled, less than one-tenth reported a condition caused by accident or injury but close to one-fourth of the disabled reported a disease or impairment of accidental origin.

Accidents↗
PubMed1977

Disabled-worker beneficiaries under OASDI: comparison with severely disabled PA recipients.

The 1972 Survey of Disabled and Nondisabled Adults found that more than 1 million severely disabled persons aged 20-64 were receiving payments under Federal-State public assistance programs. To determine the reasons why most of these individuals did not qualify for disabled-worker benefits under the social security program, their characteristics were compared with those of the approximately 1.5 million disabled-worker beneficiaries. The public assistance recipients were found to be younger and less well educated than their disabled-worker beneficiary counterparts. A greater proportion of them were women and more were members of minority races. Public assistance recipients became disabled at an earlier age and had been disabled longer. Compared with disabled-worker beneficiaries, they had held less skilled jobs, had earned less money, and had had a weaker attachment to the labor force. These characteristics greatly reduced their chances of qualifying for disabled-worker benefits. Lack of knowledge about the program was also an important contributing factor.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

A multiple-source method for studying the prevalence of developmental disabilities in children: the Metropolitan Atlanta Developmental Disabilities Study.

The Metropolitan Atlanta Developmental Disabilities Study is the first US, population-based epidemiologic study of the prevalence of mental retardation, cerebral palsy, hearing impairment, and visual impairment among school-age children. The study population consisted of children who were 10 years of age between 1985 and 1987 and whose mothers were residents of the five Georgia counties of Clayton, Cobb, DeKalb, Fulton, and Gwinnett at the time of the child's birth. Since children with developmental disabilities are identified by and receive services from various health, social service, and education systems, a multiple-source case identification method was used. This study is unique in that individual school records were used to identify children with the four disabilities. Use of a multiple-source method made it possible to confirm specific conditions and to classify subtypes of disabilities. About 95% of the children with one or more of these four disabilities were initially identified through the school systems. This approach is much less costly than conducting medical and psychologic assessments on populations of children. In addition, this method made it possible to estimate accurately the "administrative prevalence" of these disabilities (ie, the number of children previously identified with these disabilities for the purpose of providing services). The prevalence rates found in this study, per 1000 10-year-old children, were as follows: mental retardation, 10.3; cerebral palsy, 2.0; hearing impairment, 1.0; and visual impairment, 0.6.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Cerebral Palsy↗
PubMed1978

Measuring attitudes toward the physically disabled: testing the 'Attitude Towards Disabled Persons' scale (A.T.D.P. Form O) on social work and non-social work students.

The aim of the study was to test the U.S.A. Validated 'Attitude Towards Disabled Persons' Inventory (A.T.D.P. Form O) on a British student population to establish norms. The objectives were to test specific hypotheses related to the sex of the respondent, contact with physically disabled people and whether social work students had different attitude scores than non social work students. In addition, a comparison was made between the British and U.S.A. 'norms'. The student population of four specific British Universities comprised the sampling frame. The sample was a non probability accidental sample of social work and non social work students. Standardised A.T.D.P. Form Os were administered in group situations. Each form was accompanied by a letter explaining the study, together with a short questionnaire eliciting the sex of respondent and type and extent of any contact with disabled people. The findings demonstrated that there are probably differences between U.S.A. and British norms but that there are general similarities between the two countries. In both countries females, scored higher than males, which by interpretation indicates possibly a more favourable attitude. Contact with the disabled is also a contributing factor in higher scores. Social work students also tended to score more highly than non social work students. The implications of these findings are discussed with regard to the possible development of professional attitudes for those who work with the disabled. It is postulated that 'idealisation' may be reflected in attitudes of students who intend to work with the disabled which, after general and professional life experience gives way to less favourable attitudes. Closeness of contact of respondents to disabled people is a factor which needs further exploration in connection with changing attitude scores.

Adult↗
PubMed1977

Perceived maternal child-rearing behavior among disabled and non-disabled adolescents.

The purposes of this study were (a) to contrast the reported perceptions of maternal rearing using the Child's Report of Parental Behavior Inventory of 70 disabled (cerebral palsied) and 70 non-disabled adolescents of similar sex, age, intelligence, and socioeconomic status and (b) to evaluate the impact of severity of physical impairment within the disabled group. Analyses of variance were completed using group (disabled/controls) as one dimension and sex as the within-groups source. Partial correlations were used to assess the relationship between severity of incapacitation and perceived maternal behavior. Of the 18 main effects, two were significant, suggesting that the non-disabled perceived their mothers as more possessive and intrusive than did the disabled. Males perceived their mothers as significantly more lax in discipline and allowing more autonomy than did females. Severity of disability was only modestly related to perceived maternal behavior. With this sample of disabled adolescents it was suggested that a physically handicapping condition and its severity may be of more limited influence in the maternal rearing process than assumed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Symmetry in building block design for learning disabled and nonlearning disabled boys.

This study examined perceptual differences in symmetry with and without a model between 21 learning disabled boys with reading deficits and 28 learning disabled boys with deficits in mathematics. 55 nonlearning disabled boys served as controls. All boys were in Grades 3, 4, or 5. Without a model, all learning disabled boys built significantly more asymmetrical building block designs than nonlearning disabled boys. However, with a model, all learning disabled boys could imitate the model, but it took them longer to complete the task successfully. All boys appeared to have difficulty in modeling asymmetrical tasks, taking more time for task completion after seeing an asymmetrical model. This study suggests modeling perceptual tasks might be an effective teaching strategy for such children.

Attention↗
PubMed1978

Work and disability at the age of 30 years. A sociomedical study of a birth-cohort from Bergen. III. Disability as related to medical, psychological and educational background.

This article deals with occupational disability at the age of 30 years, seen the light of medical, psychological and educational background. The study is based on a cohort of 1570 persons, all live births in 1940 of mothers then residing in Bergen. This birth-cohort was followed-up in the compulsory school system at age 14 years, and again at age 30 years, concluding at 1st June 1971. Only those of the cohort residing in Norway on 1st June 1971, a total of 1331 persons, are included in the present analysis. The diagnoses discussed are based on data obtained from disability pension case records, from the National Insurance Institution files and from the Public Welfare office files. Results of medical and psychological examinations made on a stratified random sample of the cohort are also used. Thirty-seven persons (2.8%) of the total of 1331 were found to be disabled according to the criteria set for this study. The prevailing primary diagnosis was mental disorder, as 25 of the disabled had this diagnosis, oligophrenia being dominant. The former pupils in the different types of compulsory school attended at age 14 years show a frequency of disability at age 30 years as follows: junior high school 0.8%, continuation school 1.3%, elementary school classes for slow learners 10.7%, special schools for the educable mentally retarded 32.7%, and receiving services for the mentally retarded, 97.0%.

Adult↗
PubMed1978

Untreated psychiatric disability. A study of disabled persons with major psychiatric health impairment, having never received psychiatric treatment.

The presented investigation, from a county seemingly representative of the average for Norway, showed that at least 15% of male Disability Pensioners with a psychiatric primary diagnosis, become pensioned without having had any psychiatric treatment. The purpose of the investigation was to describe this group of untreated psychiatric disabled, both numerically and regarding social, personal and nosological factors. It was found that the absence of treatment was due to lack of opportunity, but to the pensioner's own attitude, a stubborn resistance to being defind as a psychiatric patient. This is enhanced by a general tendency in our culture to choose, when possible, the role of a somatic patient rather than that of a psychiatric patient. The untreated group of male Disability Pensioners had a normal distribution of social status and stability, and showed a strong preponderance of neurosis-like conditions, combined with pains and other symptoms from the musculo-skeletal system in 51% of the clients. Among War Pensioners there were also found many untreated psychiatric disabled, especially ex-wartime seamen, showing a surprisingly constant syndrome of mixed anxiety and asthenia. The material comprised 150 males, 101 applicants for Disability Pension and 49 for War Pension, all untreated.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Benefits of the Americans With Disabilities Act of 1990 for children and adolescents with disabilities.

The Americans With Disabilities Act of 1990 (ADA) (Public Law 101-336) is a civil rights law intended to bring men, women, and children with disabilities into the mainstream of American life. This paper discusses the relation of the law to pediatric occupational therapy practice. The spirit of the ADA is highly compatible with occupational therapy's philosophical perspective. Occupational therapy personnel value functional independence, which requires an interactive relation between the environment and the child. Current pediatric practice models focus on deficit reduction and give limited attention to the environment, even though physical, social, and temporal environments contribute to disability, as do performance component deficits. An environment-centered model is suggested as a pediatric service provision approach compatible with the philosophical background of the ADA. This model emphasizes education and consultation to businesses and individuals for the purpose of altering environments to be accessible and accommodating to children and adolescents with disabilities. Three examples of environment-centered services are presented: (a) an evaluation of environments and reasonable accommodation recommendations for a teenager with a physical disability, (b) the mother of a child with cerebral palsy, and (c) the parents and program director of a community recreation program.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed1992

Guidelines for meeting the communication needs of persons with severe disabilities. National Joint Committee for the Communicative Needs of Persons with Severe Disabilities.

In summary, the current best practices in the facilitation and enhancement of communication among persons with severe disabilities reflect six major tenets: (a) communication is social behavior; (b) effective communicative acts can be produced in a variety of modes; (c) appropriate communicative functions are those that are useful in enabling individuals with disabilities to participate productively in interactions with other people; (d) effective intervention must also include efforts to modify the physical and social elements of environments in ways that ensure that these environments will invite, accept, and respond to the communicative acts of persons with severe disabilities; (e) effective intervention must fully utilize the naturally occurring interactive contexts (e.g., educational, living, leisure, and work) that are experienced by persons with severe disabilities; and (f) service delivery must involve family members or guardians and professional and paraprofessional personnel. These six tenets have resulted in assessment, intervention, and service delivery models that offer maximum responsiveness to the need to establish communicative repertoires that will allow persons with severe disabilities to function effectively in least restrictive environments--in productive interactions with others.

American Speech-Language-Hearing Association↗
PubMed1992

The diagnosis of disability. Treating and rating disability in a pain clinic.

Medical diagnosis sanctions illness and directs physicians toward effective treatment. In chronic illness, these two functions of diagnosis can come into conflict. Nowhere is this conflict more striking than in the case of disability ratings for those with chronic pain. An institutional case study examining the relation between a pain clinic and a worker's compensation program is presented and analyzed in terms of two questions: (1) Is it ethical for one physician to both treat pain and rate disability in patients with chronic pain? (2) Is physician rating of disability due to pain scientifically valid? Ethical and conceptual analyses support a negative response to each of these questions. The roots of the ethical and scientific problems concerning disability ratings are identified in society's demand to differentiate medical and nonmedical distress. We propose a system of time-limited compensation for pain as a therapeutically superior alternative to disability ratings.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMed1992

Posttraumatic disablement: a prospective study of impairment, disability, and handicap.

This study was designed to evaluate both the frequency and the course of impairments, disabilities, and handicaps resulting from trauma. It was conducted in Aquitaine, France, on a sample of 1005 trauma patients (mean ISS, 10.5 +/- 0.3) in which severe trauma (ISS > 25) was rather overrepresented (169 of 1005). A prospective follow-up of disablement according to the WHO classification was based on medical examinations performed 6 and 12 months after the trauma. Of 664 survivors reviewed at 6 months, the findings were cross tabulated with Injury Severity Score (ISS) and age. There was a good relationship between ISS and the mean length of stay in the hospital (r = 0.46; p < 0.001), the duration of rehabilitation, and the time away from work or school. Out of this sample of 1005 patients with rather major injuries, 73% of the survivors suffered from at least one impairment, with a consistently lower frequency in children whatever the severity. At least one disability was encountered in 52.3% of these patients depending on both ISS and age. Handicap was noted in at least 26% of the cases. Between the sixth month and the end of the first year, the minimal handicap regression was 35.8%, whereas the minimal regression of the disability rate was 19.5%. The best improvement was observed essentially in the low ISS categories. Whereas for minor trauma the course of disablement seems to be fixed 1 year after the injury, such is not the case for severe trauma.

Absenteeism↗
PubMed1992

Diabetes and disability among Mexican Americans: the effect of different measures of diabetes on its association with disability.

The association of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and disability was evaluated in a population of Mexican Americans from the southwest U.S. using data from the Hispanic Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Among the total sample of persons who completed a clinical examination, 14.6% reported a limitation of job performance, the inability to complete housework, or the inability to perform activities of daily living. Among the subsample who completed the clinical examination and reported having diabetes, 31.6% claimed similar disability. In those respondents who also completed an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) or who were currently receiving insulin, the prevalence of disability was 25% in persons with an abnormal OGTT and 40.2% in those who were receiving insulin compared with 14.9% in those with a normal OGTT. Self-reported diabetes was positively associated with functional impairment in the examined population after adjusting for demographic variables and comorbidity; however, diabetes confirmed by OGTT was not significantly associated with disability after adjustment for other factors. Differences in pre-existing health status between persons who completed the OGTT and those who did not are discussed in relation to these results.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed1992

The Americans With Disabilities Act of 1990 expands employment opportunities for persons with developmental disabilities.

The primary purpose of the ADA is the full inclusion of persons with disabilities within their communities. The ADA prohibits discrimination on the basis of disability in the areas of employment, transportation, public accommodations, telecommunications, and state and local government agencies. The person described in this report encountered some of this discrimination. He successfully obtained paid community-integrated employment only after overcoming major obstacles and barriers, the greatest being transportation. In our highly mobile society, reliable transportation is essential for the acquisition and maintenance of community-integrated employment. The participant was repeatedly denied access to public transportation on the basis of his disability. To help overcome this barrier, Transition Services had to provide needed transportation at great expense, which delayed opportunities for the participant to gain control of this aspect of his life. Enactment of the ADA makes it more difficult for public transportation agencies to deny services to persons with disabilities by claiming inconvenience or lack of accessible vehicles. When publicly funded transportation programs assume their full responsibility for transportation to the public, agencies like Transition Services can focus on individualized employment and training issues rather than on providing transportation. In the workplace, the employer's willingness to work cooperatively with the participant and the staff of Transition Services resulted in several low-cost and reasonable accommodations based on the participant's needs and abilities. A simple rearrangement of work space allowed the participant to perform his job while benefiting the other workers in the crowded restaurant kitchen.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed1975

[The problem complex of the disabled and the marginal group theory - socio-scientific approaches designed to explain the social discrimination of the disabled (author's transl)].

The position of disabled people in societies such as the Federal Republic of Germany, is characterised by the status of marginal groups in the sense of social discrimination. As can be demonstrated by the discrimination shown towards the disabled in employment, there are two different paradigms of the socio-scientific marginal group theory suitable for explaining this fact. According to the socio-psychological approach, vocational discrimination is understood as a sort of social punishment for the violation of norms and values. The socio-economic approach, on the contrary, considers the unfavourable job situation of the disabled a by-product of a general development towards underemployment and the de-manning programme in capitalistic systems. In some respect, the theoretical approach seems to be more resonable, but to comprehend adequately the marginal group status of the disabled, it is necessary to integrate both the socio-economic and socio-psychological theory components.

Persons with Disabilities↗