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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2025

Foliar disease resistance phenomics of fungal pathogens: image-based approaches for mapping quantitative resistance in cereal germplasm.

Host plant resistance is the most effective and environmentally sustainable means of reducing yield losses caused by fungal foliar pathogens of cereal species. Cereal genebank collections hold diverse pools of potentially underutilized disease resistance alleles, and cereal genomic resources are well advanced due to large-scale sequencing and genotyping efforts. Genome-Wide Association Studies (GWAS) have emerged as the predominant association genetics technique to initially discover novel disease resistance loci or alleles in these diverse collections. Traditional disease resistance phenotyping methods are reliant on visual estimation of disease symptom severity and have successfully supported genetic mapping studies either via GWAS or QTL mapping in biparental populations facilitating both marker development and gene cloning efforts. Due to foliar pathogens having a high capacity to evolve, there is a need to pyramid disease resistance genes with diverse mechanisms for durable control. Resistance expressed as a quantitative trait, known as quantitative resistance (QR), is hypothesized to be more durable, unlike major R-gene resistance that is race-specific and can be vulnerable to breaking down without gene stewardship. However, assessing QR visually is challenging, particularly when complicated by complex genotype × environment (G × E) effects in the field. High-throughput image-based phenotyping provides accurate and unbiased data that can support foliar disease resistance screening efforts of genebank collections using GWAS. In this review, we discuss image-based disease phenotyping based on macroscopic (visible symptoms) and microscopic features during the host-pathogen interaction. Quantitative image analysis approaches using conventional and artificial intelligence (AI) algorithms are also discussed.

Disease Resistance↗
PubMed2026

Precisely designed keystone metabolites boost shrimp disease resistance by recruiting symbionts via the lipoxin A4-AP-1 pathway.

BACKGROUND: Gut metabolites and symbionts are indispensable for host health, yet the precise identification of keystone metabolites and construction of synthetic microbial communities (SynComs) to enhance disease resistance remains limited. RESULTS: Using Litopenaeus vannamei as a model, we identified pyruvic acid and DL-glutamine (1:2) as keystone metabolites by borrowing the microbial ecology principles of bio-indicators and driver taxa. Dietary supplementation with these metabolites sufficiently protected shrimp from white feces syndrome (WFS). Multi-omics analyses demonstrated that keystone metabolites exerted positive effects by enriching beneficial Ruegeria lacuscaerulensis, Bacillus subtilis and Nioella nitratireducens, strengthening the gut network stability, and enhancing shrimp immunity, which collectively potentiated WFS resistance. The recruited three strains were consumers and producers of the two keystone metabolites, and discriminative strains between healthy and diseased shrimp across global datasets. A SynCom constructed from the three strains (4:3:2) replicated the efficacy of keystone metabolites. Both keystone metabolites and SynCom elevated shrimp gut and hepatopancreas lipoxin A4 (LXA4) levels, which suppressed the pro-inflammatory transcription factor AP-1, as validated by in vivo inhibition assay. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings demonstrate that precisely designed keystone metabolites enhance shrimp disease resistance through the recruitment of key symbionts-LXA4-AP-1 axis. The rationally designed keystone metabolites and SynCom are compelling biocontrol solutions in improving host disease resistance. Video Abstract.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

Bacterial lipopolysaccharides as inducers of disease resistance in tobacco.

The cell wall component of Pseudomonas solanacearum that induces disease resistance in tobacco was highly heat stable at neutral or alkaline pH but highly labile at acid pH. Activity was unaffected by nucleases and proteases but destroyed by a mixture of beta-glycosidases. Washing of bacterial cell walls released a lipopolysaccharide (LPS) fraction with high inducer activity. Purified LPS, extracted by a variety of procedures from whole cells, isolated cell walls, and culture filtrates of both smooth and rough forms of P. solanacearum, induced disease resistance in tobacco at concentrations as low as 50 microgram/ml. The LPS from the non-plant pathogens Escherichia coli B, E. coli K, and Serratia marcescens was also active. Cell wall protein, free phospholipid, and nucleic acids were not necessary for activity. Moreover, since LPS from rough forms was active, the O-specific polysaccharide of the LPS was not required for activity. Hydrolysis of the remaining core-lipid A linkage or deacylation of lipid A destroyed inducer activity. When injected into tobacco leaves, purified LPS attached to tobacco mesophyll cell walls and induced ultrastructural changes in the host cell similar to those induced by attachment of whole heat-killed bacteria.

Cell Wall↗
PubMed2025

Harnessing primary, secondary and tertiary genepools for durable wheat disease resistance.

Bread wheat (Triticum aestivum), a cornerstone of global food security contributing ~ 20% of daily caloric intake, faces increasing vulnerability to rapidly evolving pathogens. This is due in part to a narrowed genetic base following domestication and modern breeding. Wild and ancestral wheat relatives are critical reservoirs of disease resistance genes for breeding new, resilient varieties. This review explores the contributions of primary, secondary, and tertiary genepools of wheat to disease resistance, highlighting loci effective against fungal pathogens that threaten European wheat production. It examines the challenges of alien gene transfer including crossability barriers, hybrid necrosis, and suppressor loci and reviews modern breeding tools such as marker-assisted selection, genomic selection, and genome editing for harnessing exotic germplasm. By synthesising current knowledge, this review highlights the vital contribution of ancestral wheat germplasm in enhancing the resilience and productivity of future wheat crops against increasing biotic stresses.

Triticum↗
PubMed2026

Impact of genomic selection for disease resistance on the spread of infection in a simulated aquaculture population.

BACKGROUND: In aquaculture, selection for disease resistance is typically based on mortality records from challenge tests performed on relatives of selection candidates. However, commercial success depends on limiting disease transmission, particularly the incidence and severity of outbreaks. It remains unclear whether selecting for lower mortality also reduces disease transmission. Both these outcomes are influenced by three underlying epidemiological host traits: susceptibility, infectivity, and infection-induced mortality. This simulation study evaluated the impact of genomic selection against mortality on disease transmission in a salmon population exposed to a pathogen with a fast transmission rate. METHODS: Mortality was assumed to be recorded on sibs of selection candidate, either as binary dead/alive status or as time to death during cohabitation/bath challenge tests. Phenotypes were simulated using a stochastic compartmental Susceptible-Infected-Removed epidemiological model, with genetic variation for the three underlying traits. Scenarios were explored by varying the genetic correlations between the three underlying traits. Challenge test designs varied in the number of groups, group sizes, and family distribution across groups. For comparison, a reference scenario with direct selection on the underlying traits was included. Genomic selection was applied over 10 discrete generations, and its impact on disease transmission was assessed using the basic reproductive ratio (R0). RESULTS: When selection was based on dead/alive status, R0 was highly sensitive to both the genetic correlations between the three underlying traits and the challenge test design. In contrast, selection based on time to death consistently reduced R0 across all scenarios (often to below 1 within four generations), regardless of trait correlations or test design. Selection on time to death primarily produced fish with reduced susceptibility to infection, while selection on dead/alive status produced fish with increased resistance and endurance to infection, delaying onset of infection or death without necessarily limiting transmission. Direct selection on the underlying epidemiological traits was the most efficient approach to reduce both mortality and transmission. CONCLUSIONS: Genomic selection for disease resistance, when measured as time to death in cohabitation or bath challenge tests conducted until mortality naturally levels off, reduces both mortality and disease spread. Breeding programs may benefit from challenge test designs that enable estimation of genetic parameters for the underlying traits affecting disease transmission and survival.

Animals↗
PubMed2026

Proteomics-based analysis of the defense mechanisms of disease-resistant grass carp against Aeromonas veronii.

Sustainable aquaculture of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella, GC) is consistently threatened by bacterial diseases, particularly those caused by Aeromonas veronii. A disease-resistant grass carp (DR-GC) has been developed by backcrossing female gynogenetic GC with normal male GC, exhibiting improved resistance. However, the systemic molecular mechanisms of DR-GC defending against Aeromonas veronii infection remain largely unexplored. Here, a label-free quantitative proteomics approach was employed to systematically compare proteomic profiles across five tissues (intestine, liver, muscle, skin, and kidney) in DR-GC and GC under healthy and infected conditions. The intestine was identified as the central defense tissue, exhibiting the highest number of differentially abundant proteins (DAPs). In DR-GC, A0A3N0YEK7 (small ribosomal subunit protein eS28), A0A3N0YGT8 (ATP synthase-coupling factor 6) and A0A3N0YNS7 (apolipoprotein A-I) were significantly upregulated in intestine, while D5KZW6 (GCHV-induced protein), A0A3N0Z0A1 and Q8JH84 (hemoglobin subunit alpha) were significantly dysregulated across multiple tissues, which playing the critical roles in defense mechanisms at the protein level. Furthermore, cytochrome P450-associated pathways, cytosolic DNA-sensing and RIG-I-like receptor signaling pathways were identified as crucial coordinators mediating immune and metabolic responses. This study provides the first comprehensive proteomic view of multi-tissue defense mechanisms in DR-GC, and identifies key DAPs and pathways for subsequent functional validation.

Animals↗
PubMed2026

Molecular Bases and Genetic Design of Rice Disease Resistance for Optimized Yield and Sustainable Agriculture.

Rice diseases continue to undermine yield stability and threaten the sustainability of rice production. The central challenge is therefore not simply to maximize immune activation, but to identify genetic interventions that remain effective across diverse pathogen races and environmental conditions without imposing excessive penalties on growth or yield. Here, we synthesize the molecular basis of rice immunity from a design-oriented perspective. We first examine cell-surface pattern-recognition receptors and intracellular nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat receptors, and then assess the shared signaling hubs and defence outputs that connect pathogen perception to antimicrobial responses. Rather than treating these components as equivalent breeding targets, we compare their translational potential according to resistance spectrum, anticipated durability, tunability, pleiotropic risk, and the strength of field evidence. We further discuss breeding strategies based on receptor engineering, editing of susceptibility genes and cis-regulatory elements, post-translational motif engineering, pathogen-inducible and upstream open reading frame-mediated regulation, resistance-gene stacking and artificial intelligence-assisted prediction. We argue that rational resistance design in rice should move beyond constitutive immune activation toward allele-specific, quantitative, spatially restricted and infection-responsive regulation. Integrating mechanistic insights with precision genome editing, accelerated breeding and responsible deployment offers a practical route to durable, yield-compatible disease resistance while reducing dependence on chemical control.

breeding strategy↗
PubMed2026

Optimization of a niosomal formulation for Quercetin delivery: Comparative effects on growth performance, antioxidant and immune responses, and disease resistance against Streptococcus iniae in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss).

Quercetin (QUR) is a flavonoid with antibacterial and antioxidant properties that has been studied for its effects on fish health and the immune system. Due to the low bioavailability of QUR, the present study was primarily aimed at developing a niosomal formulation of QUR to enhance its bioavailability and therapeutic properties. The performance of niosomal QUR was then compared with that of its free form by evaluating their effects on the growth and immune system of rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss. For this purpose, an optimal QUR-containing niosome was formulated by testing different proportions of cholesterol, surfactant, and stabilizer, and the niosomes were then added to the fish diet. A QUR-free diet and a diet containing QUR-free niosomes (QFN) were considered control groups. Niosomes prepared at low hydrophilic-lipophilic balance (HLB) values showed higher QUR entrapment efficiency (QUR-EE%) (P&#x202f;<&#x202f;0.01). An increase in the molar ratio of cholesterol to surfactant significantly reduced QUR-EE% (P&#x202f;<&#x202f;0.05). A surfactant/cholesterol/stabilizer ratio of 1:1:0.1 increased QUR-EE% (P&#x202f;<&#x202f;0.05). The particle size of the niosomes was also affected by HLB and the surfactant/cholesterol/stabilizer ratio. Low HLB values resulted in smaller particle sizes (P&#x202f;<&#x202f;0.01). Furthermore, a surfactant/cholesterol/stabilizer ratio of 1:1:0.1 resulted in the smallest niosomal particle size (P&#x202f;<&#x202f;0.05). The presence of diacetyl phosphate as the stabilizer in the formulation improved the niosomal zeta potential to -40.55&#x202f;mV. The optimal niosomal formulation (HLB&#x202f;=&#x202f;6.6; surfactant/cholesterol/stabilizer ratio of 1:1:0.1) remained stable at 2&#x202f;&#xb0;C over 10 days of storage, as the niosomal QUR content and size did not show significant changes during this period (P&#x202f;>&#x202f;0.01). After preparation of the diets containing the optimal niosomal QUR, fish were fed the experimental diets for two months. QUR, in both niosomal and free forms, resulted in better growth performance than the QUR-free diets (P&#x202f;<&#x202f;0.01). There were no significant differences in growth performance between the free and niosomal forms of QUR; however, 500&#x202f;mg/kg QUR showed significantly better growth performance than 250&#x202f;mg/kg QUR (P&#x202f;<&#x202f;0.01). Although both the niosomal and free forms of QUR enhanced immune and antioxidant components in the fish, the effects of the niosomal form were more significant (P&#x202f;<&#x202f;0.01). In addition, QUR in both free and niosomal forms reduced fish mortality after challenge with Streptococcus iniae. In conclusion, the results of this study suggest that the niosomal form of QUR has strong potential for improving the immune system of fish and increasing resistance to S. iniae infection.

Animals↗
PubMed2026

Development of a highly efficient prime editing platform for cucurbits enables breeding of multi-disease-resistant cucumber.

The prime editing (PE) system is a precise genome editing technology that works efficiently in monocots; however, its application is limited by low editing efficiency in dicots, particularly Cucurbitaceae and Solanaceae plants. Here, we first significantly improved the transformation efficiency by introducing spectinomycin in cucurbits, then used the tomato elongation factor 1-alpha (SlEF1&#x3b1;) promoter to enhance PE protein expression, and incorporated the Csy4 ribonuclease to process pegRNAs, collectively addressing multiple constraints limiting PE efficiency in cucurbits. The optimized PE systems, particularly Csy4-PE6d, achieved an average desired editing frequency of 80.83% at targeted loci in cucumber via stable genetic transformation, with frequencies reaching up to 100% at certain sites. Moreover, Csy4-PE6d generated homozygous edits in 36.43% of transgenic lines and demonstrated robust editing activity in melon, pumpkin, and potato. Using the Csy4-PE6d tool, we generated heritable edited cucumber lines with dual resistance to bacterial angular leaf spot and downy mildew by targeting the CsSGR gene. Collectively, this optimized system substantially enhances PE efficiency in Cucurbit crops, providing an effective solution to common challenges such as low editing efficiency and limited heritability in these species.

Disease Resistance↗
PubMed2024

Genetic diversity, disease resistance, and environmental adaptation of Arachis duranensis L.: New insights from landscape genomics.

The genetic diversity that exists in natural populations of Arachis duranensis, the wild diploid donor of the A subgenome of cultivated tetraploid peanut, has the potential to improve crop adaptability, resilience to major pests and diseases, and drought tolerance. Despite its potential value for peanut improvement, limited research has been focused on the association between allelic variation, environmental factors, and response to early (ELS) and late leaf spot (LLS) diseases. The present study implemented a landscape genomics approach to gain a better understanding of the genetic variability of A. duranensis represented in the ex-situ peanut germplasm collection maintained at the U.S. Department of Agriculture, which spans the entire geographic range of the species in its center of origin in South America. A set of 2810 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers allowed a high-resolution genome-wide characterization of natural populations. The analysis of population structure showed a complex pattern of genetic diversity with five putative groups. The incorporation of bioclimatic variables for genotype-environment associations, using the latent factor mixed model (LFMM2) method, provided insights into the genomic signatures of environmental adaptation, and led to the identification of SNP loci whose allele frequencies were correlated with elevation, temperature, and precipitation-related variables (q < 0.05). The LFMM2 analysis for ELS and LLS detected candidate SNPs and genomic regions on chromosomes A02, A03, A04, A06, and A08. These findings highlight the importance of the application of landscape genomics in ex situ collections of peanut and other crop wild relatives to effectively identify favorable alleles and germplasm for incorporation into breeding programs. We report new sources of A. duranensis germplasm harboring adaptive allelic variation, which have the potential to be utilized in introgression breeding for a single or multiple environmental factors, as well as for resistance to leaf spot diseases.

Arachis↗
PubMed1979

Adriamycin, bleomycin, vinblastine and imidazole carboxamide (ABVD) therapy for advanced Hodgkin's disease resistant to mustine, vinblastine, procarbazine and prednisolone (MVPP).

Forty-one previously treated patients with advanced Hodgkin's disease were treated with a combination chemotherapy regimen -- ABVD (adriamycin, bleomycin, velbe/vincristine, imidazole carboxamide). Complete remission was achieved in three patients (7%), partial remission in 23 (56%), and no response in 15 patients (37%). The median survival of the group was 12 months from the start of therapy. Survival correlated with response to treatment. No apparent benefit resulted from giving more than six courses of therapy (3 months' treatment time). There was no serious haematological toxicity in patients without bone marrow disease, and bleomycin and adriamycin toxicity was not apparent clinically or at autopsy in the dosages employed in the regime. Alopoecia was very frequent. The role for ABVD, other than as a primary induction regimen, appears to be in conjunction with other regimens in the induction of patients with adverse features at presentation or during induction; or in the salvage and palliation of patients who demonstrate a response but fail to achieve remission, either initially or at relapse, with MOPP (mustine, vincristine rpocarbazine, and prednisolone) or MVPP (mustine, vinblastine, procarbazine and prednisolone.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1977

A new combination chemotherapy for resistant Hodgkin disease.

A new four-drug combination chemotherapeutic regimen (BVDS) was used in the treatment of advanced Hodgkin disease resistant to MOPP (mechlorethamine hydrochloride, vincristine sulfate, procarbazine hydrochloride, and prednisone). The BVDS regimen, consisting of 12 cycles of bleomycin sulfate, vinblastine sulfate, doxorubicin hydrochloride (Adriamycin), and streptozocin (streptozotocin), was administered to ten patients. Responses were seen in five (50%) of these patients. Complete remissions occurred in three (30%). These results suggest that BVDS is an effective alternative regimen to MOPP, and may be of benefit not only to patients resistant to MOPP, but also to newly-diagnosed patients with advanced hodgkin disease when combined sequentially with MOPP.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1977

Combination chemotherapy of MOPP-resistant Hodgkin's disease with adriamycin, bleomycin, dacarbazine and vinblastine (ABDV).

Twenty-four patients with advanced Hodgkin's disease, resistant to the MOPP regimen, were treated with a combination of Adriamycin, bleomycin, dacarbazine and vinblastine (ABDV). Fifteen (63%) achieved objective remission, 14 partial remissions and one complete remission. The median duration of remission in this group of patients was 6.5 months; four of the 15 patients are still in remission (8+, 8+, 9+, 10+ months). Objective remission occurred rapidly within 1.5 months. Regression was evident in disease within nodes, lung, liver and bone. Toxic manifestations caused by ABDV were well tolerated and reversible. In one patient death was directly attributed to drug toxicity. This combination has produced a better rate and duration of remission than that reported with single agent chemotherapy in MOPP-resistant patients with Hodgkin's disease. In our hands, ABDV did not equal the recent results reported with Bleomycin-CCNU-Velban in a seemingly similar group of patients.

Adult↗
PubMed1979

Prolonged disease-free survival in MOPP-resistant Hodgkin's disease after treatment with adriamycin, bleomycin, vinblastine and dacarbazine (ABVD).

Twenty-one patients with advanced Hodgkin's disease resistant to MOPP (mechlorethamine, vincristine, procarbazine, prednisone) were treated with ABVD (adriamycin, bleomycin, vinblastine, dacarbazine). ABVD induced complete remission in 13 patients (62%) and partial remission in 2 (9.5%). In particular, complete response to ABVD was obtained in 7 of 13 patients who failed to respond to primary MOPP chemotherapy. After six cycles, no further therapy was given to patients in complete remission. At 36 months from starting ABVD, 69.7% of complete responders remain alive and free of disease, with a total survival of 73.4%. In contrast, none of the patients in whom partial response or nonresponse was observed was alive at 18 months. ABVD for six cycles was accompanied by mild and reversible toxicity. The results indicate that there is no cross-resistance between MOPP and ABVD. ABVD appears a simple effective, and tolerable multiple-drug chemotherapy for use in patients who are resistant to MOPP.

Adult↗
PubMed2025

Selection of geographical populations suitable for artificial breeding of the Northeast China Brown Frog (Rana dybowskii).

Amphibians, as a group greatly disturbed by human activities, are at increased risk of extinction. Rana dybowskii is an anuran species with both ecological and economic significance. Due to environmental changes and human overexploitation, it has been classified as Near-Threatened. This study integrates morphological and molecular immunological approaches to identify R. dybowskii populations with greater survival and disease resistance, based on 32 morphological traits and MHC class I and II polymorphism. Morphological results showed that compared with other populations, Yichun (YC) population had the highest fatness, the lowest IOD/HW, and the largest HW/SVL, HL/SVL, HW/HL, SL/TL. It indicates that YC population shows larger body size, wider vision and stronger jumping ability. The polymorphism of MHC I gene was the highest in Shangzhi (SZ) population, and the polymorphism of MHC II gene was the highest in YC population. Moreover, duplication, selection, and recombination occurred during evolution of MHC class I and II genes. Since both SZ and YC populations scored higher in this category (the variant sites, nucleotide polymorphism, amino-acid divergence/nucleotide divergence, dN/dS, Tajima' D, etc.), they were more resistant to disease. All in all, these results indicated that YC population of the Lesser Khingan Mountains had good morphology and immune results, and R. dybowskii in the Lesser Khingan Mountains might be more suitable to be the original population of artificial breeding, which provided a theoretical basis for the realization of artificial breeding in the next step.

Ranidae↗