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Results for “distant hybrid breeding”

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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources

PubMed2026

Genome assembly and subgenomic interactions in Brassica napus additional lines with an alien B05 chromosome from B. juncea.

Alien chromosome addition lines hold significant value for breeding and genetic research. However, the genetic interaction between the recipient genome(s) and the alien chromosomes remain largely unclear. Here, we analyzed the genomic composition and gene expression of two purple-leaved B. napus alien addition lines carrying chromosome B05 from B. juncea: the monosomic line ZYCB3 (MAAL, 2n = 39, AACC + 1B05) and the disomic line ZY52 (DAAL, 2n = 40, AACC + 2B05). We assembled a chromosome-level genome of the DAAL ZY52 disomic line and characterized its genomic variation and chromosome introgression patterns. In addition to chromosome B05, multiple introgressed fragments derived from the donor B. juncea line ZYJC were identified, revealing extensive genome remodeling during distant hybridization and backcross breeding. We then used multi-omics approaches to explore chromosomal interactions and the regulation of anthocyanin biosynthesis. Notably, the addition of chromosome B05 was associated with stronger repression of homoeologous genes on C-subgenome chromosomes than on A-subgenome chromosomes. In ZY52, homoeologous genes on chromosome C01 showed reduced expression, whereas in the ZYCB3 monosomic line reduced expression was observed on both C01 and C02. Comparative transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses further showed that highly expressed anthocyanin biosynthesis genes (ABGs) on chromosome B05contributed to anthocyanin accumulation and the purple-leaf phenotype in both addition lines. Overall, this study provides new insights into interchromosomal interactions, genome remodeling, and phenotypic variation in alien addition lines.

Journal Article↗

PubMed2025

Cytogenetics and genomics analysis of cold-hardy perennial wheatgrass: insights into agronomic performance, chromosome composition, and gene expression.

Intermedium wheatgrass (Thinopyrum intermedium), a perennial species with extensive root systems and high tolerance to cold, drought, and salinity, is a valuable genetic resource for the development of perennial crops. Over a decade-long selection process, two cold-hardy perennial wheatgrass lines were developed by crossing wheat-Thinopyrum partial amphiploids with Th. intermedium. These lines inherited key traits from Th. intermedium, including plant stature, spike morphology, and postharvest regrowth. Transcriptome-based single-nucleotide polymorphism tracing and sequential multicolor genomic in situ hybridization analyses revealed variations in the chromosome compositions of the perennial wheatgrass lines. The introgression of wheat chromosomes enhanced grain weight and size, while preserving the cold-hardy, perennial characteristics of the wheatgrass lines compared to Th. intermedium. Genome-wide gene expression was generally suppressed in the wheatgrass lines relative to Th. intermedium, particularly in conserved genes. This suppression was especially pronounced in genes involved in cell division and DNA repair pathways. In contrast, genes associated with cold tolerance and the water stress response were upregulated. We identified eight cold-tolerance genes in the Th. intermedium chromosomes and validated three of them, Thint.J05G452200, Thint.J05G452300, and Thint.V05G408900, using qRT-PCR. These genes encode proteins associated with cold tolerance and are potential candidates for further functional validation. Additionally, three chromosomes from homoeologous group 6 were introgressed, carrying six genes potentially associated with superior grain traits. Among them, TraesCS6D02G287800, which encodes a specific protein, exhibited high expression levels in both wheatgrass lines, suggesting its critical role in enhancing grain traits. Our results indicate that the suppression of grass gene expression, likely due to the introgression of wheat chromosomes and the upregulation of pathways related to cold tolerance and overwintering ability, contributes to the adaptive features of the wheatgrass lines. This study provides a genomic foundation for understanding gene expression regulation in distant hybrid progeny and offers valuable insights for designing new breeding strategies for perennial wheat or wheatgrass.

Chromosomes, Plant↗

PubMed2006

[The use of hybridization in breeding of eukaryotic microorganisms].

The article deals with the genetic bases of breeding of eukaryotic microorganisms. Using the data on the Saccharomyces yeasts, application of different genetic approaches and methods to breeding is discussed, including interstrain, interlinear, and distant interspecific hybridization, as well as heterosis, polyploidy, cytoduction, and meiotic recombination.

Breeding↗

PubMed1995

Genetic variability of carrot seed proteins analyzed by one- and two-dimensional electrophoresis with immobilized pH gradients.

The genetic variability of eight carrot populations representing commercially important morphological types was analyzed for seed protein polymorphism by one- and two-dimensional electrophoresis using immobilized pH gradients (IPG) in order to assess the potential of both techniques in carrot hybrid breeding as well as genetic quality testing of carrot trade seeds. The digitized silver-stained one- and two-dimensional gels of the urea/detergent-soluble seed proteins were subjected to computer analysis to estimate both the inter- and intrapopulation genetic variability. The results indicated that isoelectric focusing (IEF-IPG) of seed proteins is a powerful tool for quick screening of the genetic variability present between and within carrot populations, while two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (IPG-DALT) can be employed to establish detailed genetic relationships of carrot populations selected by initial IEF-IPG screening in order to use genetic distant and homogeneous populations for successful carrot hybrid breeding. However, the applicability of IEF-IPG in genetic quality testing of carrot seeds seems to be restricted to hybrid purity testing. IPG-DALT is a far more powerful tool to profile unambiguously all carrot varieties commercially used in order to test the genetic quality of trade seeds, because this technique exhibits protein spots or spot combinations exclusively found in each of the eight varieties investigated.

Daucus carota↗

PubMed2025

Fine mapping of the dominant female sterility gene and novel model of hybrid seed production in cabbage (Brassica oleracea L. var. capitata).

Hybrid breeding based on male sterility requires the removal of male parents, which is time- and labor-intensive; however, the use of female sterile male parent can solve this problem. In the offspring of distant hybridization between Brassica oleracea and Brassica napus, we obtained a mutant, 5GH12-279, which not only fails to generate gynoecium (thereby causing female sterility) but also has serrated leaves that could be used as a phenotypic marker in seedling screening. Genetic analysis revealed that this trait was controlled by a single dominant gene. Further analysis revealed that Bo2g005230, an orthologous gene of LATE MERISTEM IDENTITY1 (LMI1) in Arabidopsis, was predicted as the candidate gene and was renamed BoLMI1c. Sequence analysis revealed that homoeologous exchange (HE) occurred within the BoLMI1c gene body of 5GH12-279, which resulted in the generation of a novel fusion transcript. Two pairs of primers, N5230-1F/1R and N5230-2F/2R, were designed and successfully used for the identification of different genotypes of BoLMI1c. Transcriptome analysis revealed that BoLMI1c orchestrates the expression of several related biological processes and transcription factors. Furthermore, we found that self-pollination with mason bees produced no seeds in 5GH12-279, whereas the near-isogenic line 5GH12-170 produced seeds that were normal. Therefore, a new labor-saving hybrid seed production system with no need to remove the male parents, which is especially important for mechanized harvest in the future, has been proposed. Our study provides a valuable source of dominant female sterility and suggests the potential utilization of the female sterile line in hybrid breeding for mechanized harvest.

Plant Infertility↗

PubMed1981

[Genetic characteristics of the 1st Soviet miniswine, Minisibs (miniature Siberian swine). I. The breeding of Minisibs and their morphophysiological properties].

The first form of laboratory mini-pigs "Minisibs" (miniature siberian swine) in USSR is the result of the distant hybridization and of the system of complex crosses between domestic and wild pigs of European and Asiatic origin (Sweden Landrace, Black Vietnamese, Sus scrofa ferus, Sus scrofa nigripes). "Minisibs" have a very small size, their live weight at birth is 517.16 +/- 6.48 g, at the age of two months--4.72 +/- 0.13 kg, at the age of 6 months when sexual maturity is achieved--19.02 +/- 0.89 kg and at the age of 12 months when they are adult males--29.75 +/- 2.98, females--35.35 +/- 0.01 kg. More than 88% of "Minisibs" are white, they have calm behaviour, are omnivorous, tolerant to a wide range of ecological conditions. "Minisibs" have a set of immunogenetical and cytogenetical features, in which they differ from other known miniature pigs. One of these features is the chromosome polymorphism: "Minisibs" have a 2n = 38, 37 and 36 karyotypes. "Minisibs" are very similar to a man in morphological and physiological parameters of many organs, and in the course of various pathological processes. For these reasons, mini-pigs "Minisibs" can be efficiently used as the best adequate model in the large scope of medical and biological programmes.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[The genetic polymorphism of the grape studied by RAPD analysis].

Genetic polymorphism in plant of 3 genera of Vitaceae family, 11 species of Vitis genera, 10 cultivars of Vitis vinifera and 4 cultivars that obtained from distant hybridization was studied. According to date of RAPD analysis genetic distances were determined and phylogenetic dendrogram was constructed. The possibility of using PCR for evaluation of breeding material by the levels of genetic relations was shown.

Base Sequence↗

PubMed2003

[Use of molecular markers for differentiation of cultivated strains of oyster and button mushrooms].

Analysis of commercial strains of two edible mushrooms, Pleurotus ostreatus and Agaricus bisporus, using PCR and isozyme electrophoresis techniques allowed us to differentiate groups of genetically similar and distant strains. Among the commercial strains of P. ostreatus, the level of genetic variation was higher suggesting a broader genetic basis employed in breeding of this mushroom. The cultivars and hybrids of, A. bisporus, showed a higher level of homology. The isozyme markers (nonspecific esterase, leucinaminopeptidase, and phosphoglucoisomerase) are recommended for identification of the commercial strains of edible mushrooms.

Agaricus↗

PubMed2002

Genetic diversity in apricot revealed by AFLP markers: species and cultivar comparisons.

The genetic diversity of apricot ( Prunus armeniaca; 2n = 16) was studied using AFLP markers. Forty seven apricot cultivars were selected from the following geographic regions: Europe, North America, North Africa, Turkey, Iran and China. Five EcoRI- MseI AFLP primer combinations revealed 416 legible bands, of which 379 were polymorphic markers. A similarity matrix was prepared using the simple matching coefficient of similarity. A UPGMA dendrogram demonstrated a gradient of decreasing genetic diversity of varieties from the former USSR to Southern Europe. This is coherent with the historical dissemination of apricot from its center of origin in Asia. The American cultivars were intermediate demonstrating a different genetic base than the European and/or Mediterranean cultivars. Euclidean distances from the first ten Factorial Component Analysis coordinate axes were used to generate a tree using the Ward algorithm. The results of these analyses were evaluated based on the known geographic origins and agronomic characteristics of the cultivars studied. Four cultivar groups were identified: Diversification, Geographically Adaptable, Continental Europe and Mediterranean Basin. To evaluate the relationship of the common apricot with some closely related species, one or two accessions of the following related species or sub-species from within the section Armeniaca were included in the analysis: Prunus armeniaca var. ansu, Prunus mume, Prunus brigantiaca, Prunus dasycarpa, and Prunus holosericea. A Neighbour Joining dendrogram was made using the similarity matrix. The P. holosericea accession fell well within the cultivar group, thus supporting its classification as a variant of P. armeniaca. The P. armeniaca var. ansu accession was sister to the common apricot cluster with a bootstrap value of 96%. P. mume was farther removed. P. brigantiaca was the most-distant from the common apricots. P. dasycarpa was intermediate between P. brigantiaca and P. mume, in accord with its plum-apricot hybrid origin. The results have a direct application for the selection of new breeding progenitors.

Journal Article↗

PubMed1996

Distribution of endogenous type B and type D sheep retrovirus sequences in ungulates and other mammals.

The jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus (JSRV), which appears to be a type B/D retrovirus chimera, has been incriminated as the cause of ovine pulmonary carcinoma. Recent studies suggest that the sequences related to this virus are found in the genomes of normal sheep and goats. To learn whether there are breeds of sheep that lack the endogenous viral sequences and to study their distribution among other groups of mammals, we surveyed several domestic sheep and goat breeds, other ungulates, and various mammal groups for sequences related to JSRV. Probes prepared from the envelope (SU) region of JSRV and the capsid (CA) region of a Peruvian type D virus related to JSRV were used in Southern blot hybridization with genomic DNA followed by low- and high-stringency washes. Fifteen to 20 CA and SU bands were found in all members of the 13 breeds of domestic sheep and 6 breeds of goats tested. There were similar findings in 6 wild Ovis and Capra genera. Within 22 other genera of Bovidae including domestic cattle, and 7 other families of Artiodactyla including Cervidae, there were usually a few CA or SU bands at low stringency and rare bands at high stringency. Among 16 phylogenetically distant genera, there were generally fewer bands hybridizing with either probe. These results reveal wide-spread phylogenetic distribution of endogenous type B and type D retroviral sequences related to JSRV among mammals and argue for further investigation of their potential role in disease.

Animals↗

PubMed1979

Different manifestations of the pathogenity of some strains of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. pisi.

Different cultivation and morphology characteristics were found in 10 monospore isolates of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. pisi, obtained from yellowing and wilting plants of pea (Pisum sativum L.). The isolates of the fungus were obtained from distant geographical regions of Czechoslovakia and from various cultivars and hybrids of pea. After inoculation of roots, followed by constant conditions of incubation of the Meteor and Jupiter cultivars having their origin at the Plant-breeding Station at Luzany u Prestic, the isolates caused various symptoms of disease, each isolate showed a different degree of pathogenity. The variability of the pathogenity of the isolates depended on the host. Its manifestation, in turn, depended on the dynamics of growth and development of the pathogen as well as the host. The following symptoms could be observed during the pathogenesis: the dying of cotyledons after the contact of the main root with the inoculum, the dying of young plants (the plants usually forming two stems), wilting of young plants, yellowing of bottom leaves and wilting beginning from the bottom leaves, stunted growth, and plant deformation. The symptoms of disease are related to the changes in vascular system.

Czechoslovakia↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Inheritance of frost resistance and winter hardiness in distant hybrids of wheat and amphiploids].

The data on inheritance of frost resistance and winter hardiness of bread wheat lines obtained as a result of distant hybridization of wheat-rye and wheat-elymus amphiploids with durum and bread wheat were presented. It was shown that selection of the donors of valuable traits is sensible to make in later progenies of hybrids (F6-F7). So, it is possible to obtain the new initial breeding material for winter bread wheat selection with high frost tolerance, winter hardiness and early maturity. Hypotheses explaining the high frost resistance of hybrids are presented. The crosses of the octoploid amphiploids with durum wheat are more preferable for the alien traits introgression into wheat than the crosses with bread wheat.

Adaptation, Physiological↗

PubMed1997

Detection of strawberry vein banding virus by polymerase chain reaction and dot blot hybridization.

Strawberry vein banding virus (SVBV) is one of seventeen members of the family Caulimoviridae. Natural infection with the virus is known in Fragaria species only. Infections caused by SVBV are often symptomless (1), but their significance increases in mixed infections with strawberry crinkle or strawberry latent C viruses (2,3). This virus has been originally found on strawberries in USA and firstly described by Frazier (4), but it is probably world-wide distributed by planting or breeding materials. SVBV has been observed on cultivated strawberries in North America, Australia, Brazil, Japan (5) and recently in Europe (6,7). The concentration of SVBV in infected plants is usually very low. Its detection by ELISA is impossible because of lack of specific antibodies. Evidence of the caulimovirus nature of SVBV has been confirmed by its circular dsDNA genome, shape and size of viral particles (8), presence of cytoplasmic inclusion bodies typical for caulimoviruses, and distant serological relationship with cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV, 9). In this paper we present detection of SVBV by combination of two detection methods--polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and dot blot hybridization with a non-radioactive probe.

Caulimovirus↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Evolution of the mojavensis cluster of cactophilic Drosophila with descriptions of two new species.

The mojavensis cluster of the repleta species group of Drosophila (Drosophilidae: Diptera) consists of three species. One is newly described as D. navojoa. A second species, described here as D. arizonae, replaces D. arizonensis, which has become a junior subjective synonym for D. mojavensis, the third species in the cluster. A phylogeny of the three species is presented, based on chromosomal inversions, morphology, and the ability to produce hybrids. Breakage points are assigned for all inversions, and male genitalia are figured; 186 crosses were made from 225 possible combinations among 15 geographic strains from the southwestern United States, Mexico, and Guatemala. It is confirmed that D. mojavensis and D. arizonae are very closely related and shown that D. navojoa is more distantly related in regard to all criteria. This relationship is supported by the geographical positions of the ancestral gene sequences in each species, which show a sequential northwest movement (D. navojoa----D. arizonae----D. mojavensis) from southern Mexico to southern California and northern Arizona. The relationship is also supported by the fact that D. navojoa breeds in Opuntia cactus, an ancestral behavior, whereas the other two species breed chiefly in Stenocereus cacti, a derived behavior. The possible role of this host plant shift in speciation is discussed.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Genetic structure, mating system, and long-distance gene flow in heart of palm (Euterpe edulis Mart.).

We report a detailed analysis of the population genetic structure, mating system, and gene flow of heart of palm (Euterpe edulis Mart.-Arecaceae) in central Brazil. This palm is considered a keystone species because it supplies fruits for birds and rodents all year and is intensively harvested for culinary purposes. Two populations of this palm tree were examined, using 18 microsatellite loci. The species displays a predominantly outcrossed mating system (tm = 0.94), with a probability of full sibship greater than 70% within open-pollinated families. The following estimates of interpopulation genetic variation were calculated and found significant: FIT = 0.17, FIS = 0.12, FST = 0.06, and RST = 0.07. This low but significant level of interpopulation genetic variation indicates high levels of gene flow. Two adult trees were identified as likely seed parents (P > 99.9%) of juveniles located at a distance of 22 km. Gene flow over such distances has not been reported before for tropical tree species. The establishment and management of in situ genetic reserves or ex situ conservation and breeding populations for E. edulis should contemplate the collection of several hundreds open-pollinated maternal families from relatively few distant populations to maximize the genetic sampling of a larger number of pollen parents.

Arecaceae↗

PubMed2006

Drought-adaptive traits derived from wheat wild relatives and landraces.

Exotic parents are being used to increase allelic diversity in bread wheat breeding through (i) interspecific hybridization of the ancestral genomes to produce so-called synthetic derived (SYN-DER) wheat, and (ii) crossing with landrace accessions, originating in abiotically stressed environments, that have become isolated from mainstream gene pools. Evaluation of the inherent genetic diversity encompassed by drought-adapted landraces compared with checks using DNA fingerprinting confirmed that some landraces were not only distant from checks but also showed significant diversity among each other. Improvement in performance of SYN-DER lines compared with recurrent parents was not associated with a larger overall investment in root dry weight, but rather an increased partitioning of root mass to deeper soil profiles (between 60 cm and 120 cm) and increased ability to extract moisture from those depths. The best Mexican landraces showed superior ability in terms of water extraction from soil depth, as well as increased concentration of soluble carbohydrates in the stem shortly after anthesis. Although it can be argued that inferring theoretical yield gains from the over-expression of any of these traits is questionable, since compensatory mechanisms may be at work, the fact remains that mechanistic or genetic linkages among physiological traits remain largely un-established. In the meantime, trait information is being used to make strategic crosses based on the theoretical combination of useful stress-adaptive traits with the possibility of realizing additive gene action in selected progeny. Candidates for crossing with elite check cultivars include landraces identified that showed relatively high biomass under drought combined with favourable expression of physiological traits such as stem carbohydrates, water extraction characteristics, and transpiration efficiency.

Adaptation, Physiological↗

PubMed2002

Characterization of some Allium hybrids by aroma precursors, aroma profiles, and alliinase activity.

Various Allium hybrids, obtained by the crossbreeding of Allium cepa (onion) as the mother plant and six taxonomically distant wild species obtained by embryo rescue, were investigated with special respect to their individual profiles of cysteine sulfoxides as well as enzymically and nonenzymically formed aroma substances. Alliinase (EC 4.4.1.4) catalyzes the conversion of odorless (+)-S-alk(en)yl-L-cysteine sulfoxides into volatile thiosulfinates. These thiosulfinates were converted to a variety of sulfides by steam distillation. SPME-gas chromatography (GC) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) used for the analysis of aroma components and their precursors permitted a high sample throughput, so that numerous gene bank accessions and Allium breeding materials were analyzed within a comparatively short time. Cysteine sulfoxides as well as alliinase activity were found in all investigated samples at different levels, but (+)-S-methyl-L-cysteine sulfoxide (methiin) was the most abundant sulfoxide present. (+)-S-(trans-1-Propenyl)-L-cysteine sulfoxide (isoalliin) is typical for onion and was found in all investigated hybrids. The pattern of the other cysteine sulfoxides depended strongly on the parent plants used. The profile of aroma components corresponded with the related pattern of aroma precursors (cysteine sulfoxides). Successful hybridization was proven by randomly amplified polymorphic DNA analysis. Together with these established marker techniques, HPLC and SPME-GC analysis provide support to breeding projects designed to improve the health and aroma properties of Allium hybrids.

Allium↗

PubMed2006

Breeding birds on small islands: island biogeography or optimal foraging?

1. We test MacArthur and Wilson's theory about the biogeography of communities on isolated habitat patches using bird breeding records from 16 small islands off the coasts of Britain and Ireland. 2. A traditional examination of patterns of species richness on these islands suggests that area and habitat diversity are important predictors, but that isolation and latitude have a negligible impact in this system. 3. Unlike traditional studies, we directly examine the fundamental processes of colonization and local extinction (cessation of breeding), rather than higher-order phenomena such as species richness. 4. We find that many of MacArthur and Wilson's predictions hold: colonization probability is lower on more isolated islands, and extinction probability is lower on larger islands and those with a greater diversity of habitats. 5. We also find an unexpected pattern: extinction probability is much lower on more isolated islands. This is the strongest relationship in these data, and isolation is the best single predictor of colonization and extinction. 6. Our results show that examination of species richness alone is misleading. Isolation has a strong effect on both of the dynamic processes that underlie richness, and in this system, the reductions in both colonization and extinction probability seen on more distant islands have opposing influences on species richness, and largely cancel each other out. 7. We suggest that an appropriate model for this system might be optimal foraging theory, which predicts that organisms will stay longer in a resource patch if the distance to a neighbouring patch is large. If nest sites and food are the resources in this system, then optimal foraging theory predicts the pattern we observe. 8. We advance the hypothesis that there is a class of spatial systems, defined by their scale and by the taxon under consideration, at which decision-making processes are a key driver of the spatiotemporal dynamics. The appropriate theory for such systems will be a hybrid of concepts from biogeography/metapopulation theory and behavioural ecology.

Animals↗