SEARCH · PubMed Health

Results for “effectiveness”

Explore indexed PubMed citations for clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health research. Read source abstracts and follow each citation to its original PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources

PubMed1976

The effect of rhizobiophages on the effectiveness of Rhizobium meliloti in symbiosis with lucerne. I. Effect of various strains of R. meliloti and rhizobiophages on the yield and nitrogen fixation in lucerne.

Pot and test-tube experiments were carried out on the effect of phages on yield and nitrogen fixation in lucerne inoculated with effective and non-effective strains of Rhizobium meliloti. It was found that some strains of R. meliloti became activated by the phages, which was reflected in an increase in yield and in crude protein content in the plants, while others lost their effectiveness. The results of pot experiments were in line with those of the test-tube experiments and have demonstrated that the effect of phages on the effectiveness of Rhizobium is not simply negative or positive, but depends on the properties of the bacterial strains used.

Bacteriophages↗

PubMed1976

The effect of rhizobiophages on the effectiveness of Rhizobium meliloti in symbiosis with lucerne. II. Effects of phages on the R. meliloti strains during passing them through the plant.

Studies were carried out of the effectiveness of Rhizobium meliloti strains reisolated from the roots of lucerne inoculated with effective and non-effective strains in the presence or absence of rhizobiophages. Estimates were made of the changes in phage-sensitivity and lysogeny found in these strains compared with the parent strains. It was found that the character of the reisolated strains depended on the changes brought about by passing through the plant and on the activity of the phages.

Bacteriophages↗

PubMed1978

[Toxic pathology of the hepatocyte in histiotype culture. II--Effects of an organic chlorine compound: lindane. Effect of a foreign metabolizable substance and toxic effect].

Lindane or HCH is gamma-hexachlorocyclohexane, still used as an agricultural insecticide. Tests were carried out using primary cultures of chicken embryo hepatocytes at the 11th day of incubation, for a fixed period of 40 hours, using different concentrations of the substance. From 0.5 to 10 mumol/l, acid phosphatase fell significantly, without any other consequences being observed. From 25 to 50 mumol/l, there was a tendency to hypertrophy of the mitochondria, to hyperplasia of the granular and smooth endoplasmic reticulum, and of the Golgi system. Growth was unchanged and acid phosphatase decreased. From 75 to 125 mumol/l, these changes were accompanied by signs of cellular damage and there was marked autophagia. Growth was reduced and acid phosphatase greatly decreased. From 150 to 175 mumol/l, the lesions were markedly polymorphous and some indicative of impending cytolysis, in particular spiral tearing of the hyaloplasm. Growth was markedly impaired, whilst there was a paradoxal increase in acid phosphatase. In increasing concentration, L first had the effect of a metabolisable foreign substance, of the "phenobarbital" type, then a definite toxic action. Sensitivity of the individual hepatocytes differed.

Animals↗

PubMed1975

[Effect of glutamic acid on the interrelationship of the effects of different activators of cerebral glutaminase].

When phosphate and tyroxine (activators of brain glutaminase) are used in small amounts, a potentiation of their stimulatory effect is observed. Higher concentrations exhibit an opposite effect. Glutamic acid has a strong inhibitory effect on all the activators of glutaminase given separately. The inhibitory effect of glutamate increases on lowering the pH. On the other hand the potentiation observed on adding two stimulators is increased greatly in the presence of glutamate. On the addition of tyroxine to other stimulators a greater potentiation and rise of glutaminase activity are observed. The potentiation, which occurs on the joint addition of phosphate and tyroxine, is raised with the increase of the amount of glutamic acid, while on the contrary on joining phosphate with other stimulators potentiation is reduced. Potentiation is variable and depends on the pH. Preincubation of brain mitochondrial fraction with guanidine chloride inhibits markedly the stimulatory effect of all the stimulators used, but their joint addition almost abolishes the potentiating effect. In the presence of glutamic acid, due to the increase of the cooperative effect between the two stimulators, glutaminase activity is greatly increased and sometimes its inhibitory effect is not even observed. The data obtained indicate that in brain glutamic acid in the presence of phosphate+thyroxine cannot be considered as an inhibitor of glutaminase and that the important factor here is not so much the absolute levels of the activators as their favorable combinations.

Animals↗

PubMed1979

Relationship between the "phospholipid effect" and calcium in the thyroid. I. - Effects of calcium ions, E.G.T.A., ionophore A 23187, verapamil and chlorpromazine on resting and stimulate thyroid slices.

The "phospholipid effect" which is the enhanced turnover of the phosphorylinositol group of phosphatidylinositol (PI) occurs in the thyroid of response to thyreostimulin (TSH). The possibility that Ca2+ ions are involved in this stimulation has been investigated with pig thyroid slices. Experiments performed in media without Ca2+ or containing E.G.T.A. (2 mM), indicate that it is not the extracellular Ca2+ which is implied, but rather the intracellular Ca2+. The ionophore A23187 (6.10(-6) M) increases the specific radioactivity of the acid soluble precursors, but has also a specific effect on the PI turnover, which is additive with the effect of a high concentration of TSH (50 mU/ml). Washing and loading of slices with various Ca2+ concentrations show that 0.9 mM restores the TSH phospholipid effect. Verapamil (10(-3) M) and Chlorpromazine (10(-3) M) redirect glycerolipid metabolism by increasing PI and phosphatidic acid (PA) synthesis at the expense of other glycerolipids, as phosphatidylcholine (PC) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE). These results suggest that the "phospholipid effect" is not a result of Ca2+ entry into the thyroid cells. On the contrary, it seems that this increased turnover of PI in "long term" incubations (3 hr). An additive and acute effect of TSH effect is more pronounced when Ca2+ movements

Animals↗

PubMed1979

The long-term hypotensive effect of timolol maleate compared with the effect of pilocarpine in simple and capsular glaucoma.

The long-term intraocular pressure (IOP) lowering effect of a beta-adrenergic blocking agent, timolol maleate, in topical administration was compared with the effect of pilocarpine on simple and capsular glaucoma by means of diurnal pressure curves during a six-month follow-up. In simple glaucoma timolol was more effective than pilocarpine in lowering IOP. In the follow-up a significant but not marked increase of the IOP was observed. In capsular glaucoma timolol was not effective enough, but when it was co-administered with miotics the IOP lowering effect was better than with either substance alone. Timolol induced no accomodative myopia, miosis, reduction of tear flow or other side effects. It increased the outflow facility in simple glaucoma but not in capsular glaucoma. During the trial, the anterior chamber depth increased while the corneal thickness remained unchanged. Four out of the six eyes included in a previous report of secondary glaucoma due to chronic uveitis are still, after one year of therapy, controlled with timolol.

Adrenergic beta-Antagonists↗

PubMed1975

Antimicrobial effect of simple lipids and the effect of pH and positive ions.

Various branched fatty acids, particularly those of iso-configuration, have been shown to possess fungistatic and bacteriostatic properties. On the basis of their swelling effect on hyphae of Fusarium roseum it was suggested that this is due to an increase in the permeability of the plasma membrane. The solubilization of fatty acids in membranes should be expected to be influenced by the degree of dissociation and the presence of counter ions. Therefore, the effects of pH and K(+), Na(+), and Ca(2+) ions were studied. It is demonstrated that the presence of the univalent ions, Na(+) and K(+), markedly enhances the fungistatic effect of iso-tetradecanoic acid, whereas the opposite effect is noted for the divalent ion, Ca(2+). The effects are particularly pronounced at high pH. Furthermore, the antimicrobial effect obtained from the combination of fatty acid and tetramethylthiuramdisulfide is significantly enhanced in the presence of 0.1 and 0.2% KCl.

Anti-Infective Agents↗

PubMed1979

Environmental effects of increased coal utilization: ecological effects of gaseous emissions from coal combustion.

This report is limited to an evaluation of the ecological and environmental effects of gaseous emissions and aerosols of various types which result from coal combustion. It deals with NOx, SOx, fine particulate, photochemical oxidant and acid precipitation as these pollutants affect natural and managed resources and ecosystems. Also, synergistic effects involving two or more pollutants are evaluated as well as ecosystem level effects of gaseous pollutants. There is a brief summary of the effects on materials and atmospheric visibility of increased coal combustion. The economic implications of ecological effects are identified to the extent they can be determined within acceptable limits. Aquatic and terrestrial effects are distinguished where the pollutants in question are clearly problems in both media. At present, acid precipitation is most abundant in the north central and northeastern states. Total SOx and NOx emissions are projected to remain high in these regions while increasing relatively more in the western than in the eastern regions of the country. A variety of ecological processes are affected and altered by air pollution. Such processes include community succession and retrogression, nutrient biogeochemical cycling, photosynthetic activity, primary and secondary productivity, species diversity and community stability. Estimates of the non health-related cost of air pollutants range from several hundred million dollars to $1.7 billion dollars per year. In general, these estimates include only those relatively easily measured considerations such as the known losses to cultivate crops from acute air pollution episodes or the cost of frequent repainting required as a result of air pollution. No substantial nationwide estimates of losses to forest productivity, natural ecosystem productivity which is tapped by domestic grazing animals and wildlife, and other significant dollar losses are available.

Air Pollution↗

PubMed1976

Dual effect of 2,3-diphosphoglycerate on the Bohr effects of human blood.

The influence of the red cell concentration of 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (2,3-DPG, 0.5-26 mumoles/g erythrocytes) on the "CO2-Bohr effect" (pH varied by CO2 at constant base excess) and the "fixed acid-Bohr effect" (pH varied by fixed acid or base at constant PCO2) was studied in human blood at plasma pH values ranging between pH 7.2 and pH 7.6. Elevation of red cell 2,3-DPG concentration leads to a numerical decrease of the "CO2-Bohr coefficient" referring to plasma pH. The "fixed acid-Bohr coefficients" are numerically smaller than the corresponding "CO2-Bohr coefficients" and exhibit a maximum at normal red cell 2,3-DPG concentrations. The Bohr coefficients referring to red cell pH are distinctly higher than those referring to plasma pH, especially at high 2,3-DPG levels. This is due on the one hand to the physico-chemical properties of the intact red cell membrane, and on the other hand to a 2,3-DPG-induced decrease in the ratio deltapHcell/deltapHplasma. From the results it is concluded that 2,3-DPG exerts a dual effect on the Bohr coefficients of whole blood which is mediated 1. by the direct effect of 2,3-DPG on the allosteric properties of hemoglobin (as reflected by changes of the Bohr coefficients referring to red cell pH), and 2. by the effect of 2,3-DPG on deltapHcell/deltapHplasma.

Carbon Dioxide↗

PubMed1978

The effect of dehydration on the side effects of metrizamide myelography.

The effect of dehydration on the incidence of side effects from metrizamide myelography was studied. One hundred consecutive patients scheduled for myelography fasted overnight and were then randomly divided into two groups. Group I received 2 liters of fluid intravenously just prior to myelography; Group II did not. Both groups were studied in the standard manner, using 170 mg l/ml of metrizamide. Side effects were recorded 24 and 48 hours after the procedure. Headaches, vomiting, and some other side effects were less common and less severe in the hydrated group. Clear liquids given orally or intravenous fluids are recommended prior to myelography to minimize side effects.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1975

[Effect of prostaglandin E1 on the isolated stomach, small intestine, bronchus and uterus of experimental animals and its intestinal effect in vivo].

The stomach, intestine and uterus were contracted by PGE1. Stimulating effects of ACh and serotonin were augmented in some of these organs, especially in guinea pig uterus. ACh- and serotonin-induced bronchial contraction, however, decreased after administration of PGE1. Bronchial relaxation induced by adrenaline or noradrenaline was unaffected or increased. Antiadrenergic effects were not detected in the organs tested. ACh-induced contractions of frog rectus abdominus was augmented by PGE. The potentiating effect of PGE1 was almost the same in degree as that of physotigmine, although cholinesterase inhibitory effect was not detected in PGE1. Intravenous injection of PGE1 (10 mug/kg) into rabbits caused a relaxation of the intestine, which was contrary to the result with the isolated organ. Administration of PGE1 (1 mug/100 g, i.p. or 0.1, 1 mug/100 g, i.v.) did not show any curative effects on intestinal paralysis in cecectomized rats. The mechasism of action of PGE1 on rat uterus was found to be calcium-dependant.

Abdominal Muscles↗

PubMed1975

Effect of diuretics on ion transport of kidney cortex mitochondria. III. Species difference in calcium accumulation and in ethacrynic acid effect.

Effect of inorganic phosphate (4 X 10(-3) M) on Ca++-accumulation was examined in kidney cortex mitochondria. Ca++-accumulation of rat kidney cortex mitochondria was slightly influenced by inorganic phosphate. On the other hand, dog kidney cortex mitochondria did not accumulate calcium from the incubation medium until the inorganic phosphate had been added. Ca++-accumulation of rabbit kidney cortex mitochondria was markedly stimulated by inorganic phosphate. When ethacrynic acid was added to the reaction medium in the absence of inorganic phosphate, Ca++-accumulation of rat kidney cortex mitochondria was depressed and the decrease in calcium content of rabbit and dog kidney cortex mitochondria was enhanced. In the presence of inorganic phosphate, the inhibition of Ca++-accumulation by ethacrynic acid was observed only on dog kidney cortex mitochondria. Subsequently, the effect of inorganic phosphate (4 X 10(-4) M) and ethacrynic acid (1 X 10(-4) M on Ca++-ATPase was examined in kidney cortex mitochondria. The low concentration of inorganic phosphate (4 X 10(-4) M) activated Ca++-ATPase of kidney cortex mitochondria in all animal species. The greatest activation of Ca++-ATPase occurred in rabbits, but the activity of the enzyme was lower than that in rats and dogs. Inhibition of Ca++-ATPase by ethacrynic acid was depressed by the addition of inorganic phosphate in kidney cortex mitochondria of experimental animals. Ca++-accumulation may be regulated through the stimulating effect of inorganic phosphate and the inhibitory effect of ethacrynic acid on Ca++-ATPase in kidney cortex mitochondria. Species difference in ethacrynic acid effect on Ca++-accumulation in kidney cortex mitochondria of rats, rabbits and dogs is discussed.

Adenosine Triphosphatases↗

PubMed1979

Effects of ATP on the intermediary steps of the reaction of the (Na+ + K+)-ATPase. IV. Effect of ATP on K0.5 for Na+ and on hydrolysis at different pH and temperature.

The pH optimum for (Na+ + K+)-ATPase (ATP phosphohydrolase, EC 3.6.1.3) depends on the combination of monovalent cations, on the ATP concentration and on temperature. ATP decreases the Na+ concentration necessary for half maximum activation, K0.5 for Na+ (Na+ + K+ = 150 mM), and the effect is pH and temperature dependent. At a low ATP concentration a decrease in pH leads to an increase in K0.5 for Na+, while at the high ATP concentration it leads to a decrease. K0.5 for ATP for hydrolysis decreases with an increase in pH. The fractional stimulation by K+ in the presence of Na+ decreases with the ATP concentration, and at a low ATP concentration K+ becomes inhibitory, this being most pronounced at 0 degrees C. The results suggest that (a) ATP at a given pH has two different effects: it increases the Na+ relative to K+ affinity on the internal site (K0.5 for ATP at pH 7.4, 37 degrees C, is less than 10 microM); it increases the molar activity in the presence of Na+ + K+ (K0.5 for ATP at pH 7.4, 37 degrees , is 127 microM), (b) binding of the cations to the external as well as the internal sites leads to pK changes (Bohr effect) which are different for Na+ and for K+, i.e. the selectivity for Na+ relative to K+ depends both on ATP and on the degree of protonation of certain groups on the system, (c) ATP involves an extra dissociable group in the determination of the selectivity of the internal site, and thereby changes the effect of an increase in protonation of the system from a decrease to an increase in selectivity for Na+ relative to K+.

Adenosine Triphosphate↗

PubMed1979

Electrostatic effects in hemoglobin: Bohr effect and ionic strength dependence of individual groups.

The electrostatic treatment applied in the preceding paper in this issue [Matthew, J. B., Hanania, G.I.H., & Gurd, F.R.N. (1979) Biochemistry (preceding paper in this issue)] to the titration behavior of individual groups in human deoxyhemoglobin and oxyhemoglobin was applied to the computation of the alkaline Bohr effect at various values of ionic strength. The enhanced proton binding of deoxyhemoglobin in the pH range of 6--9 was accounted for at ionic strength 0.01 M by the effects of the unique charge distributions of ionizable groups in the two quaternary states. At ionic strength 0.10 M the effects of 2--4 bound anions had to be considered in addition in the deoxyhemoglobin charge configuration. At the higher ionic strength 10 groups per tetramer contributed to the Bohr effect, whereas 28 groups were contributory at the lower ionic strength. The ionic strength dependence of individual groups in the two tetrameric structures as well as in the alpha-chain monomer was explained in terms of the electrostatic treatment. This examination showed that the differences in electrostatic behavior of deoxy- and oxyhemoglobin follow from particular dissymmetries in their configurations with respect to charge and static solvent accessibility.

Electrochemistry↗

PubMed2026

EffectS of Lifestyle Interventions in Older PEople With Obesity (Effective SLOPE): a Systematic Review With Network Meta-Analyses.

BACKGROUND/AIM: We conducted a systematic review with network meta-analyses (NMA) summarizing the effects and safety of lifestyle interventions containing nutrition (NUT; e.g., calorie restriction), exercise (EX; e.g., aerobic/resistance exercise) and behavior change interventions (BCI; e.g., behavioral therapy) on physical function, body composition, quality of life, psychosocial outcomes, health and adverse events in community-dwelling older adults with obesity. METHODS: We used the methodology proposed by Cochrane and searched six databases and one trial registry for eligible randomized controlled trials (RCTs; intervention duration ≥ 12 weeks) up to May 2022 with a full new search in MEDLINE and a re-assessment of previously identified eligible trial registry entries in October 2025. Random-effects NMA ((standardized) mean difference ((S)MD), 95% confidence intervals) were conducted if possible. RESULTS: We included 72 RCTs (n = 6716) for descriptive summaries and 54 RCTs (n = 4249) for NMA. NUT+EX+BCI improved physical function (performance batteries) compared to control (SMD 3.37 [1.76;4.97]; high certainty of evidence). NUT+EX+BCI may reduce body (MD -8.69 [-13.14;-4.25]) and fat mass (MD -6.58 [-10.44;-2.73]) while not negatively affecting fat-free mass (MD -1.38 [-3.52;0.76]) or bone mineral density (MD -0.01 [-0.05;0.02]) (evidence very uncertain). Other interventions (single/combined) may also be effective; however, effects were often imprecise. For psychosocial outcomes, quality of life, and health events, data were insufficient or too heterogeneous to derive clear results. CONCLUSION: The evidence suggests that NUT+EX+BCI interventions are most suitable for the management of obesity in older adults. Nevertheless, further RCTs-especially in frail populations and on patient-relevant outcomes-are needed.

Humans↗

PubMed1979

Health effects of the gas-aerosol complex. Report to Special Committee on Health and Ecological Effects of Increased Coal Utilization.

Combustion products derived from the burning of coal are definitely capable of producing adverse human health effects. No single component of the combustion product mixture is solely responsible. Rather, effects are due to a group of compounds, both gases and aerosols, in the effluents of stationary source combustion processes. Although incompletely defined, the individual components of the gas-aerosol complex appear to be capable of interacting both in terms of atmospheric chemistry and health effects. The three primary air quality standards pertinent to regulating coal combustion all represent to some extent indirect, although reasonable, measures of this gas-aerosol complex. As a group, these standards appear to be adequate to protect human health. Conventional toxicological considerations suggest that the adverse health effects of any necessary increase in coal combustion effluents would be greatest per unit of coal in those areas which are most heavily populated and have the highest preexisting levels of the gas-aerosol complex. In order to decrease the degree of uncertainty for future decisions of this type, it is important that prospective epidemiological and air monitoring studies be initiated in conjunction with any large scale introduction of coal use.

Aerosols↗

PubMed1976

[Comparison of the effectiveness of antivertiginous drugs by double blind procedure. The effect of diazepam, dimenhydrinate and sulpirid on the human vestibular spontaneous nystagmus (author's transl)].

The effect of Diazepam (Valium), Dimenhydrinate (Vomex A, Novomina, Epha Retard), Sulpirid (Dogmatil) and Placebo has been investigated in regard to the intensity of pathological vestibular spontaneous nystagmus by application of the double blind method on 50 patients with peripheral vestibular (n = 37) and central vestibular (n = 12) diseases, as well as on a case of spontaneous nystagmus of undefined origin. Since by acute vestibular disease the intensity of spontaneous nystagmus is generally closely related to the severity of vertigo, the influence on a pathological spontaneous nystagmus by antivertiginosa seems to be a dependable criterium in the evaluation of their effectiveness. Dimenhydrinate (2 mg/kg KG) and Sulpirid (2.86 mg/kg KG) led to a statistically significant reduction, however not in the case of Diazepam and Placebo. Nevertheless, the effectiveness of Dimenhydrinate and Sulpirid is not definitely predictable in individual cases: in 2 out of 10 patients the preparations were without effect. Characteristics and areas of indication of Dimenhydrinate and Sulpirid are described in greater detail.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Models for assessing the effect of toxicants on immunocompetence in mice. II. Effect of cyclophosphamide on the antibody responses to type III pneumococcal polysaccharide and tetanus toxoid in BALB/c female mice.

A mixture of antigens was used to detect alterations in immunocompetence. Type III pneumococcal polysaccharide (S3) and tetanus toxoid (TT) stimulate different cellular components, and can therefore be used to assess different compartments of the immune mechanism. Cyclophosphamide (CP), a known immunosuppressant, had a potent effect upon the antibody responses to both S3 and tetanus toxoid. All doses of CP administered within 2 days of priming with S3 resulted in a dose-related immunosuppressive action which persisted even after reinjection of S3. 300 mg/kg of CP given up to 14 days prior to or following primary immunization resulted in a marked suppression of antibodies to S3. Doses of S3 which were partially tolerogenic were made even more so by injections of CP. The effect persisted over a 96 day experimental period. CP also suppressed the formation a memory cells necessary for induction of a secondary-type IgG response to TT. The time of injection for maximum suppression was days 10 to 14 after priming. Therefore, the suppression must involve cellular mechanisms different from those responsible for S3 antibody suppression. In addition, there was a difference in the degree and persistence of the suppressive effect, since the suppressed animals were able to mount an immune response to subsequent injections of TT. Double injections of a high dose (300 mg/kg) of CP 4 weeks after priming completely suppressed the acquired immunity to both S3 and TT. Low and moderate doses of CP appeared to induce a mild augmentation of S3 antibody response when given 4 weeks after priming. However, an immunosuppressive effect occurred if the primed animals were reinjected with S3 or challenged with TT within a period of 2 days prior to or after receiving the CP treatment. Doses of CP, injected prior to challenge and resulting in suppressed tetanus antitoxin production, elevated the titers of specific IgE antibody. This class of antibody is associated with adverse hypersensitivity reactions. These data provided background for the development of models to assess immunocompetence in mice, based on a study of immune profiles following exposure to selected T-dependent and T-independent antigens. Such models may be used to detect potentially hazardous chemicals found in the environment of incorporated into foods, drugs, or cosmetics.

Animals↗