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PubMed2026

Ergothioneine Alleviated the Apoptosis of HK Cells by Regulating Ferroptosis.

INTRODUCTION/OBJECTIVE: Ergothioneine (EGT) is a naturally occurring antioxidant with protective effects on various human cell types. The impact of this substance on HK-2 cells, a human renal proximal tubular epithelial cell line, and the associated molecular mechanisms remain incompletely elucidated. METHODS: The present study aims to elucidate the effects of EGT on apoptosis induced by RAS-selective Lethal Molecule 3 (RSL3) and Erastin in HK-2 cells, as well as the potential mechanisms involved. The renal cortical proximal tubular epithelial HK-2 cells were cultured and exposed to RSL3 and Erastin, with or without EGT treatment. Cell viability and apoptosis were assessed using the Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) assay, while the detection of ferrous ion content and mitochondrial membrane potential changes was accomplished through the utilisation of flow cytometry and the JC-1 staining method, respectively. Furthermore, Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analysis, proteomic analysis, and western blotting were employed to explore the molecular pathways involved. RESULTS: The data demonstrated that RSL3 and Erastin exhibited a substantial inhibitory effect on HK-2 cell proliferation, concomitant with the accumulation of intracellular ferrous ions and a shift in mitochondrial membrane potential. The EGT treatment effectively mitigated RSL3- and Erastin-induced apoptosis in HK-2 cells. GO and KEGG enrichment analysis demonstrated that EGT suppressed pathways and functions associated with oxidative stress during ferroptosis. Proteomics analysis further demonstrated that EGT modulated various biological processes, molecular functions, and cellular components in HK-2 cells. The protective mechanism of EGT against RSL3- and Erastin-induced HK-2 cells was potentially mediated through regulation of ferroptosis. The results of the western blot analysis demonstrated that EGT modulated the expression levels of Glutathione Peroxidase 4 (GPX4) and Solute Carrier Family 7 member 11 (SLC7A11) in HK-2 cells. CONCLUSION: These data demonstrated that EGT exerts an alleviating effect on the apoptosis of HK-2 cells induced by RSL3 and Erastin by modulating ferroptosis. These findings suggest that EGT has the potential to serve as a therapeutic candidate for the treatment of kidney diseases in the future.

Ergothioneine↗

PubMed2026

KLF5-driven G6PD protects lung squamous cell carcinoma from ferroptosis by sustaining mitochondrial homeostasis and SLC7A11-dependent cystine uptake.

AIMS: Lung squamous cell carcinoma (LUSC) is a highly aggressive malignancy with limited therapeutic options. Ferroptosis has emerged as a promising antitumor strategy. However, the metabolic determinants governing ferroptotic vulnerability in LUSC remain incompletely understood. We investigated glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) in this context. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In vitro models using small interfering RNA (siRNA)-mediated G6PD depletion, together with pharmacological studies using 6-aminonicotinamide (6-AN) and LUSC xenograft models, were employed to investigate the underlying mechanisms. KEY FINDINGS: G6PD was markedly upregulated in LUSC, and analysis of the Cancer Genome Atlas lung squamous cell carcinoma (TCGA-LUSC) cohort showed that elevated G6PD expression was associated with advanced clinicopathological features and poorer overall survival. While ferroptosis inducers (erastin and RSL3) did not alter G6PD mRNA, they robustly increased G6PD protein during ferroptotic stress. Genetic or pharmacological inhibition of G6PD significantly sensitized LUSC cells to RSL3-induced ferroptosis, evidenced by enhanced lipid peroxidation, glutathione depletion, and ferrostatin-1-reversible cell death. Mechanistically, G6PD inhibition led to mitochondrial ferrous iron accumulation, elevated reactive oxygen species, impaired respiration, and activation of PINK1/Parkin-dependent mitophagy, which further exacerbated ferroptotic injury. In vivo, combined treatment with 6-aminonicotinamide and RSL3 markedly suppressed LUSC xenograft growth and enhanced biochemical markers of ferroptotic stress. Furthermore, G6PD protects cells by positively regulating the cystine/glutamate antiporter SLC7A11 to maintain redox homeostasis. Upstream, the oncogenic factor Krüppel-like factor 5 (KLF5) directly activates G6PD transcription. SIGNIFICANCE: Our findings identify a KLF5-G6PD-SLC7A11 axis as a critical metabolic safeguard against ferroptosis in LUSC. Targeting G6PD disrupts mitochondrial homeostasis, enhances mitophagy-dependent oxidative stress, and sensitizes tumors to ferroptotic therapy, highlighting a promising therapeutic strategy for LUSC.

Ferroptosis↗

PubMed2025

Weifuchun ( ) exerts therapeutic effects on gastric fundic gland polyps by promoting ferroptosis.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the therapeutic effects of Chinese medicine Weifuchun (WFC, ) on gastric fundic gland polyps (FGPs). METHODS: FGPs organoids were constructed with patients-derived samples. The morphology and size of FGPs organoids were detected using bright-field imaging. Effective components and corresponding potential targets of WFC were screened using multiple open-source databases and research on Traditional Chinese Medicine or compound formulas. Core genes were identified through protein-protein interaction networks. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) and Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analyses of the core genes were conducted. The interactions between main components and core targets were analyzed through the FerrDb database. The expressions of core targets were detected by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). RESULTS: After WFC treatment, the number and size of FGPs organoids were significantly reduced. Twenty nine active drug components and 162 candidate targets of WFC for treating FGPs were identified, including 37 targets related to ferroptosis. Quercetin, Glaucocalyxin B, Melissoidesin U, Melissoidesin O, Hesperetin, Glaucocalyxin A, Angustifolin, Melissoidesin M, Di-n-octyl phthalate, and beta-sitosterol were identified as the main active compounds. SRC proto-oncogene, non-receptor tyrosine kinase, signal transducer and activator of transcription 3, phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit alpha, phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit beta, phosphoinositide-3-kinase regulatory subunit 1, and AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 were identified as the primary targets. KEGG pathways related to carcinogenesis, cell proliferation and metabolism, and oxidative stress. WFC promoted FGPs organoids' death and could be reversed by ferroptosis inhibitor of Erastin. The qRT-PCR results showed that WFC treatment could regulate the mRNA expression levels of solute carrier family 7 member 11, acyl-CoA synthetase long chain family member 4, and arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase, type B. CONCLUSION: WFC may exert its therapeutic effects by inducing ferroptosis in FGPs cells.

Humans↗