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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2025

Policy paper of the Committee on Ethics and Task Force on Migration and Mental Health: Migration and mental health of migrants, refugees, asylum seekers - Ethical dilemmas and concerns.

BACKGROUND: International migration is a complex phenomenon of global and historical relevance. It includes voluntary, forced, and workforce migration, shaped by diverse determinants. Push factors comprise war, persecution, and political instability, while pull factors include stability, economic opportunities, education, and favorable living conditions. Forced migration is frequently associated with displacement and a disproportionate burden of mental health disorders, which are urgent yet difficult to address due to structural, cultural, and legal barriers. METHODS: Evidence demonstrates that restricted health care access exacerbates psychiatric disorders, while treatment delays contribute to poorer outcomes. Barriers include administrative limitations, linguistic and cultural differences, stigma, and resource shortages. This policy paper was developed by the Committee on Ethics and the Task Force on Migration and Mental Health of the European Psychiatric Association (EPA). Relevant literature was reviewed and combined with the professional expertise of committee members. The draft was subsequently evaluated by the Publication Committee and the EPA Board, and revised accordingly. RESULTS: Ethical principles in refugee care are insufficiently implemented in many European countries. Core principles of medical ethics - beneficence, respect for autonomy, non-maleficence, and justice - as well as the obligation to advance psychiatric standards and apply psychiatric expertise for societal benefit, are inconsistently upheld. CONCLUSIONS: The primary duty of physicians is to promote health and well-being through competent, timely, and compassionate care. The EPA therefore advocates coordinated strategies to mitigate the mental health consequences of war, displacement, and trauma, and to secure equitable access to psychiatric services for migrants and refugees.

Humans↗
PubMed1978

The biology of ethics or the ethics of biology? The biologist's quest for meaning.

The biologist's involvement in value issues concerning the metholology of biological sciences, in establishing the biological basis of ethics and in creating a value system based on biological knowledge is examined. It is proposed that the roots of this involvement are in the conflict of the knowledge-ethic with the established system of values and in the need for metaphysical explanation.

Biology↗
PubMed1979

Some ethical considerations in clinical trials.

The ethical norms established in various codes and regulations are inadequate to resolve some of the ethical problems presented by clinical trials. They are stated too vaguely to provide unequivocal answers to many specific questions. In order to remedy this situation, many commentators have proposed the development of more specific and complex regulations. We propose that a more fruitful approach would be to examine the ethical principles underlying the norms and to apply these principles to the specific problems. We apply this approach to two questions: (1) Is it ethical to select subjects for a randomized clinical trial (RCT) exclusively from Veterans Administration (VA) hospitals? (2) In the conduct of a RCT is it necessary to disclose the fact that therapy will be determined by chance? We conclude that problems of justice arise not only because of the vulnerability of patients in VA hospitals but also because of the loss of the physician-patient relationship in an RCT. However, the use of patients in a VA hospital is not always unjust; in most cases such use can be made more just through various modifications in design. We also conclude that the fact of randomization should be disclosed in any situation in which it might materially affect the prospective subject's decision, and that the values and preferences of the subjects should be taken into account in determining what information might be material. This work is only a preliminary step toward analyzing ethical issues in clinical trials. While some would challenge our conclusions, we hope that our methods will facilitate clarity about the locus of disagreement in current controversies and about the value questions that must be answered in order to set an ethical context for the conduct of clinical trials.

Clinical Trials as Topic↗
PubMed1979

The teaching of medical ethics in the Federal Republic of Germany.

Eduard Seidler sets his discussion of the teaching of medical ethics in the Federal Republic of Germany against an historical background. Immediately after the Second World War the freshness of the memory of the 'Nuremberg Medical Trials' influenced the way in which moral dilemmas were treated in Germany. At the present time no systematic instruction in medical ethics is provided in either undergraduate or postgraduate or continuing medical education. As a result of this, an inquiry was set up in 1977/78. Questionnaires were sent out with a view to collecting information on how subjects referring to medical ethics are treated during medical training. The inquiry showed that no special discipline can claim to be the only competent one for medical ethics, but that everyone has something to contribute. Dr Seidler concludes by stating that basic curricula related to the problems of medical ethics would have to be developed and should be carried on continuously within the training programme.

Curriculum↗
PubMed1978

Clinical judgment: an ethical issue.

In conclusion, the position of this paper maintains that clinical judgment is a viable, ethical issue of the highest order. Clinical judgment involves the personal orientation, the ethical framework of the one making the decision. Whatever judgment is ultimately made carries with it the burden of the maker's personal ethical approach to life, to the nature of man and finally his approach to the world at large. Clinical judgment is inseparable from ethics. It is further maintained that there must be more research into the areas of clinical judgment in relation to psychiatric nursing research. Clinical specialists, in particular, will be called on to make increasingly complex judgments. They must have a valid method to assist in the formulation, testing and analysis of their decisions. A model must be developed that assists the decision maker in: 1. Objectively identifying and specifying stimul; 2. Controlling and regulating the conditions of the judgment-making-process, intrinsic as well as extrinsic; and 3. Defining and standardizing the conditions of reporting.

Clinical Competence↗
PubMed1979

Basic ethical principles in the conduct of biomedical and behavioral research involving human subjects.

Moral postures concerning research involving human subjects are diverse in part because of the diversity of issues at stake in, for example, disputes over conflicts of rights and duties, concerning values, and with regard to duties to persons with interests in goods and values. I have presented three ethical principles around which to gather these questions: I) respect for human subjects as free agents; II) concern to foster the best interests of human subjects; and III) concern to maximize the benefits accruable to society. I have indicated that these three abstract considerations arise around four procedural foci for research involving humans: A) the requirement of free and informed consent of competent human subjects; B) the requirement of proxy consent from incompetent human subjects; C) the avoidance of coercion in the consent context; and D) an interest in having research involving humans redound to the general good of society. These are at best guidelines, or outlines, of the central ethical issues at stake. They must in each case of research be applied with care and followed with prudence. One can never have a means of simply deducing answers. Basic ethical principles represent, rather, our best attempt to map out the terrain of rights and values.

Behavior↗
PubMed1979

Human values and ethics: professional responsibility.

Following professional codes does not automatically lead to ethical decision-making. Because the health professional makes a commitment to care for human beings and these persons are in a state of need which only expert advice can rectify, a professional decision requires ethical analysis of values. Such analysis engages the whole person in a process of self-reflection and critique of action, something a code of ethics does not provide. For health professionals, including nutritionists and dietitians, the insight is not just philosophical; it stems from the very nature of the profession.

Child↗
PubMed2026

A cross-sectional study of genomic knowledge comfort, attitudes, ethical and educational perspectives on precision medicine among medical students in Ecuador.

BACKGROUND: Precision medicine is increasingly transforming clinical practice, yet its effective implementation depends on adequately trained healthcare professionals. OBJECTIVE: This study assessed genomic knowledge comfort, attitudes, ethical perceptions, and educational perspectives regarding precision medicine among medical students in Samborondón, Greater Guayaquil, Ecuador. METHODS: A cross-sectional survey was conducted between August and November 2025 using a structured questionnaire. A total of 340 students participated. Descriptive and inferential statistical analyses, including non-parametric tests and Spearman correlation, were performed. RESULTS: Participants demonstrated relatively high but uneven genomic knowledge comfort (median 81.3%) and positive attitudes toward precision medicine (65.6%), alongside moderate ethical (62.5%) and educational perception scores (68.8%). While students strongly recognized the importance of precision medicine, perceived preparedness remained limited. Lower confidence was observed in advanced topics such as pharmacogenomics and next-generation sequencing. Ethical concerns were more pronounced at the societal level, particularly regarding health inequities, rather than individual risks. Correlation analyses revealed generally weak associations across domains, with only a moderate relationship between ethical and educational perceptions. CONCLUSION: These outcomes highlight a gap between acceptance and readiness, suggesting fragmented competency development. Strengthening curricula through integrated, applied, and context-specific training is essential to support effective implementation of precision medicine in low- and middle-income settings.

Attitudes↗
PubMed1979

Structure of ethics teaching in physical therapy: a survey.

Courses called "Ethics" have long been included in physical therapy education programs. This paper reports the findings of a survey designed to assess current practices in teaching ethics in baccalaureate-level physical therapy programs. Of 59 questionnaires sent, 29 were returned and analyzed. The findings are compared with similar recent surveys of medical and nursing schools. Suggestions are made for assuring that the high standard of teaching maintained in other areas of physical therapy professional preparation also are maintained in ethics teaching.

Curriculum↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Ethics in professional nursing practice.

With expanded roles in nursing comes increased responsibility, often without clear authority. Understanding professional ethics and their practical application is essential to professional practice. The authors review the concept of ethics and discuss examples for application of ethical judgment from OGN nursing practice.

Ethics, Nursing↗
PubMed1979

Some ethical considerations in the development of psychopharmacological research and practice in the future.

1. The author sees this issue as philosophical with paradoxical moral overtones. Ethical questions may have an inhibiting effect on drug research. 2. The individual morals and professional ethics of physicians and researchers are seen as central to the conduct of psycho-pharmacotherapeutic research. 3. The effect on ethics of religion, culture and social setting is discussed. 4. Human subjects in drug research are discussed. 5. Control of the drug industry (research, quality control, distribution) is discussed and supra national control advocated.

Ethics, Medical↗