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Results for “first 1000 days”

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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources

PubMed2026

Sugar rationing during the first 1000 days and early onset cancer: a natural experiment.

BACKGROUND: The "first 1000 days" of life is a critical window for metabolic programming, while the long-term oncological consequences of nutritional exposures during this period remain understudied. OBJECTIVES: We aimed to evaluate whether restricted sugar intake in utero and during early childhood reduces risk of early onset cancer diagnosis and mortality in adulthood, utilizing a natural experiment. METHODS: We analyzed 63,819 United Kingdom Biobank participants born between October 1951 and March 1956, spanning the end of United Kingdom sugar rationing (September 1953). Leveraging a quasi-experimental birth cohort design, we compared participants exposed to sugar rationing in utero and during infancy with those unexposed. Early onset cancer incidence (≤50 y) and mortality were ascertained via integrated national Cancer Registry and hospital inpatient records. Multivariable Cox proportional hazards models (including Gompertz distribution) were used to estimate hazard ratios (HRs), with exploratory site-specific analyses. RESULTS: Among 63,819 participants (56.3% female), 40,397 were exposed to rationing and 23,422 were unexposed. Early life sugar restriction significantly reduced early onset cancer risk (HR: 0.66; 95% confidence interval: 0.53, 0.81; P < 0.001). A dose-response relationship was observed, with peak protection in individuals exposed for ≤24 mo postnatally. This protection was observed systemically across solid tumors, independent of specific cancer sites. Specificity was corroborated by null associations with negative controls (herpes zoster and cataract). No significant difference was found for cancer-specific mortality. CONCLUSIONS: Restricting sugar intake during the first 1000 days is associated with a reduced risk of early onset cancer, extending the disease-free lifespan. The divergence between reduced incidence and unchanged mortality suggests early life metabolic environments primarily influence tumor latency rather than biological aggressiveness. These findings highlight the potential long-term public health implications of early life dietary guidelines against the rising burden of early onset cancer.

Humans↗

PubMed1976

Aplastic anemia treated by allogeneic bone marrow transplantation: a report on 49 new cases from Seattle.

Forty-nine patients with severe aplastic anemia, 33 due to unknown cause, 11 drug or chemical related, 2 associated with hepatitis, 1 with paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria, and 2 possibly associated with Fanconi syndrome did not show recovery after 0.5-96 (median 2) mo of conventional therapy. Twenty-two were infected and 21 were refractory to random platelet transfusions at the time of admission. All were given marrow grafts from HLA-identical siblings. Forty-five were conditioned for grafting by cyclophosphamide (CY), 50 mg/kg on each of 4 successive days, and four by 1000 rad total body irradiation. All were given intermittent methotrexate therapy within the first 100 days of grafting to modify graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). Three patients died from infection too early to evaluate (days 1-8). Forty-six had marrow engraftment. Of these, 20 are surviving with good peripheral blood counts between 186 and 999 days, and 18 have returned to normal activities. Chronic GCHD is a problem in five. Twelve patients died of infection following rejection of the marrow graft. Twelve patients died with bacterial or fungal infections or interstitial pneumonia and active GVHD or soon following resolution of GVHD. Two patients died with marrow engraftment and no GVHD, one with an interstitial, and the other with a bacterial pneumonia. Thirty-six patients who had received random donor blood transfusions were randomly assigned to receive either CY or procarbazine-antithymocyte globulin-CY as conditioning regimens to test whether the incidence of graft rejection could be decreased. There was no difference in the incidence of graft rejection between the two regimens. In 13 patients with rejection, second transplants were attempted either with the original marrow donor (9 patients) or another HLA-identical sibling (4 patients). Three of these transplants were not evaluable, seven were unsuccessful and three were successful with only one of the three surviving for more than 468 days. In conclusion, the long-term survival of 41% of the patients in the present study is similar to that achieved in our first 24 patients, and confirms the importance of marrow transplantation for the treatment of severe aplastic anemia. Marrow graft rejection, GVHD, and infections continue to be the major causes of failure.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1975

[Combined administration of ipratropium bromide (sch 1000) and fenoterol in patients with chronic obstructive airway disease (author's transl)].

40 outpatients with chronic obstructive airway disease received the parasympatholytic bronchodilator ipratropium bromide (Sch 1000) and the sympathomimetic bronchodilator fenoterol from a metered dose inhaler. After evaluation of the initial values, first Sch 1000 was administered and 20 min. later airway resistance was measured, then fenoterol was given and a measurement was taken again 20 min. later. On the following day the aerosol inhalants were given in the reverse sequence. After the first inhalation 0.08 mg Sch 1000 proved to be an equally strong bronchodilator as 0.4 mg fenoterol and airway resistance was decreased to 52% and 55%, respectively of the initial value (p less than 0.001). The additional inhalation of the other bronchodilator caused a further slight decrease in airway resistance to a minimum of 47%, but was statistically significant (p less than 0.001) only in the case of the fenoterol/Sch 1000 sequence. The importance of bronchiolar tonus in regard to fluctuation of airway resistance and the possibility of a specific additive bronchodilatory effect of adrenergics and vagolytics is discussed.

Adult↗

PubMed1975

[Contribution to the study of Trive 1000].

A glucid-lipid and protein compound nutriment: Trive 1000 was administered to 53 patients during the first three postoperative days in varying doses: -1.000 ml per day to a first group -1.500 ml per day to a second group. The local tolerance was quite good. However, a few accidents of a general character were noted: they were due to a great extent to a non-observance of the rules of preservation. A study of the glucides, in Sorbitol form, showed a good assimilation of the substratum. Glycemia remaining within normal, no glycosuria or ketonuria could be observed. The assimilation of the proteins seemed on the whole satisfactory. No important rise in the blood urea was noted. Nitrogen balances showed that, thanks to this nutriment, almost half of them were positive during the post-aggressive period. The more important the dose of Trive 1000, the more positive the nitrogen balances were. The administration of lipids did not reveal any significant change in the total lipids, triglycerides or cholesterol. A study of the graphic record of lipid levels showed chylomicrons twice. On the opposite, lipoproteins were hardly modified apart from a significant in pre-beta lipoproteins. The quantitative analysis of amino-acids proved interesting. A comparative study of amino-acids both in blood and urine before and after the administration of Trive 1000 showed very little variations in connection with essential amino-acids. If the proportions in the blood of non-essential amino-acids were comparatively but little modified before and after the treatment, on the oppostie, the urinary clearance rate of the same amino-acids after treatment was far more variable and often quite important as far as certain amino-acids were concerned.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1979

[Value of potassium canrenoate in the prevention of arrhythmia during the acute phase of myocardial infarction].

This study was based on a series of 486 patients with acute myocardial infarction. All were treated with heparin and nitrite derivatives. 320 patients received 600 mg/24 h Potassium Canrenoate for 5 days (long duration); 90 patients received 1000 mg of Potassium for the first 36 hours only. 76 patients did not receive the drug and served as controls. The biochemical changes due to Potassium Canrenoate are discussed with special emphasis on the serum and intraerythrocytic potassium levels. The antiarrhythmic action of the potassium was assessed directly (the number of ventricular extra systoles decreased significantly) and indirectly (the amount of antiarrhythmic therapy required in association was three times less in patients treated by Potassium Canrenoate). The mortality rate changed from 17 to 12%. The beneficial effect of Potassium Canrenoate is attributed to the maintenance or the restoration normal potassium levels of ischaemic myocardial tissue.

Acute Disease↗

PubMed2026

Risk of subsequent self-harm, suicide attempts and suicide following a first hospital-treated self-harm episode among young people: a population-based cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Self-harm in young people is associated with elevated risks for subsequent self-harm, suicide attempts and suicide, particularly during the first year. Yet the trajectory across sex, age and self-harm methods remains poorly understood. OBJECTIVE: To estimate risk for subsequent self-harm, suicide attempts and suicide following a first hospital-treated self-harm event in young people. METHODS: This study included 77 647 individuals (57.0% female) whose first hospital-treated (ie, within inpatient or outpatient specialised healthcare) self-harm episode occurred between ages 10-24 years during 1973-2019. We estimated cumulative incidence and incidence rate for subsequent self-harm, suicide attempts and suicide at 1 month, 3 months and 1 year following the initial episode. FINDINGS: Within 1 year, the cumulative incidence was 17.3% (95% CI 17.0 to17.5) for subsequent self-harm, 8.3% (8.1 to 8.5) for suicide attempt and 0.3% (0.2 to 0.3) for suicide. The highest risks occurred in the first month: 8.4% (8.2 to 8.6) for self-harm, 2.9% (2.8 to 3.0) for suicide attempt and 0.04% (0.03 to 0.05) for suicide. In the first month, the incidence rate of self-harm was 2.97 per 1000 person-days (2.90 to 3.05), falling to 0.55 (0.54 to 0.56) over the year. The suicide attempt rate declined from 0.98 (0.94 to 1.02) to 0.24 (0.24 to 0.25) and the suicide rate from 0.013 (0.009 to 0.019) to 0.007 (0.006 to 0.008). Males exhibited the highest suicide risk and females the highest attempts risk. First-month self-harm risk was greatest among males and children aged 10-12. CONCLUSIONS: The month following a self-harm episode is marked by an elevated risk of subsequent self-harm, suicide attempts and suicide, yet risk remains elevated over the full year. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: These findings underscore the need for both acute and sustained prevention efforts. Special attention should be given to males and children aged 10-12 presenting with self-harm of ambiguous intent, as their risk of repetition may otherwise go unrecognised.

Humans↗

PubMed1979

[Comparative study of postoperative nitrogen balance as a function of carbohydrate intake].

Postoperative nitrogen intake, which limits nitrogen catabolism and improves conditions of healing, classically implies a high calorie intake. The risks and dangers of hypertonic or hypersmotic solutions are such that the provision of nitrogen postoperatively in ordinary surgery is often avoided. The authors studied postoperative nitrogen balance for a given nitrogen intake with different calorie levels in a series of 50 patients undergoing digestive surgery. A first group (28 patients--mean age 54.6 years, mean weight 63.3 kg) received 12.4 g of nitrogen and 1000 calories per day. The second group (22 patients--mean age 52.5 years, mean weight 64.7 kg) received 12.4 g of nitrogen and 2200 calories. Daily nitrogen balance was calculated using the method of approximation described by Apfelbaum on the basis of urinary urea excretion. Statistical study of nitrogen balances for the first four days showed no statistically significant difference between the mean values in the two groups. For group A, the cumulative balance for the first four days was 7.60 g +/- 4.75 g, and for group B 7.85 G +/- 6.64 g. Limitation of postoperative nitrogen catabolism does not necessarily impose the need for high calorie intake, implying the use of a central venous catheter and administration at constant flow. The patient undergoing ordinary digestive surgery may benefit from postoperative nitrogen supplies, associated with a moderate calorie intake and administered via usual venous routes.

Adult↗

PubMed1976

Developmental patterns of plasma and pituitary TSH and prolactin and hypothalamic TRH in the female rat.

In developing female rats, pituitary content and concentration of TSH and prolactin measured twice daily (1000 and 1600 h) were low during the first two weeks of life and increased markedly between day 15 and 30. AM-PM variations in pituitary levels of both hormones were apparent, particularly during this latter phase of development. Plasma TSH levels increased between days 5 and 12, showing peak values at this age. After day 15, levels declined gradually to reach a nadir shortly before puberty. At puberty, plasma TSH remained low, showing only minor fluctuations. No consistent AM-PM differences in plasma TSH were observed at any age studied. Plasma prolactin was low between day 5 and 15, increasing thereafter. Starting at day 10, AM-PM fluctuations in plasma levels were detected, titers being higher in the afternoon than in the mornings. It has already been reported (Endocrinology 98: 630, 1976) that during puberty this pattern becomes more evident, peak values being reached in the afternoon of the first proestrus. Hypothalamic TRH content increased between day 5 and 15, reaching a maximum at this age and declining thereafter to adult values. No qualitative changes in pituitary TSH during development were observed, as determined by exclusion chromatography. The existence of divergent patterns of plasma TSH and prolactin during female sexual maturation and the fact that hypothalamic TRH titers than with prolactin levels suggest that the mechanism(s) that stimulates pituitary release of these two hormones during sexual development is different.

Animals↗

PubMed1977

A transplantable insulinoma in the rat.

A transplantable insulinoma was developed in inbred albino rats of the NEDH strain. The original tumor, 1 cm in diameter, was removed from the pancreas of a male parabiont 566 days folowing 1000 rads (10J/kg) of total body x-irradiation. The time required for implanted fragments to grow to 0.5-1.5 cm in diameter decreased from 5-8 months in the first generation to 2-5 months in the seventh generation. Successful transplantation in male animals followed for 4 or more months after transplantation was significantly greater than in female animals followed for a similar period of time (96% versus 69%). Light and electron microscopy revealed that the tumors consisted predominantly of well-granulated beta cells. Ultrastructural studies also showed small numbers of D-cells. Tumor extracts contained an average of 223 units of immunoreactive insulin and 25.9 mug of immunoreactive somato-statin per gram wet weight of tissue. Tumors generally produced increasingly profound hypoglycemia within 2-4 months following transplantation, with plasma glucose levels frequently falling to 40 mg/100 ml or lower prior to death. Removal of tumors from chronically hypoglycemic animals resulted in transient rebound hyperglycemia with plasma glucose levels above 300mg/100 ml within the first 24 hr and a gradual decline to normal levels of 129 mg/100ml in 2-4 days. These observations correlated with findings of marked atropy and degranulation of the beta cells in the pancreata of tumor-bearing animals, and with gradual return of normal light microscopic morphology following tumor removal.

Adenoma, Islet Cell↗

PubMed1978

Human rabies immunoprophylaxis using HDC (MRC-5) vaccine.

In a field trial 181 high risk persons of both sexes between ages of 2--71 years were prophylactically vaccinated against rabies with the beta-propiolactone inactivated rabies-vaccine (hdc) mrc-5. 1 ml of vaccine was administered intramuscularly on days 0, 7 and 21. Serum samples were collected on days 0, 7, 21 and 35. Neutralizing antibody titers against the rabies virus were determined in the rapid fluorescent focus inhibition test, 7 days after the first injection measurable titers of antibodies were found in all sera with one exception. On day 21 all persons showed a 100% seroconversion with a mean titer of 1:1000 (8,3 IU/ml). On day 35 the final mean titer measured 1:2400 (20 IU/ml). Major side effects during the prophylactic vaccination were not observed.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1978

Late effects of successive massive doses of radiation on parabiont rat pairs.

Parabiosis of rats permits one partner to survive 1000 R X-radiation if the other is shielded. This dose to the previously shielded partner after intervals of 5, 10 or 30 days tests the ability of the first irradiated partner to recover and, in turn, support the second. The effectiveness of this can be measured by the late effects induced in the pair. Lifespan was shortened by 100--150 days following a 5-day interval, by 30 days following a 10-day interval and not shortened following a 30-day interval. The incidence of leukaemia was about 6 per cent in each group, close to that in control pairs. Shortening the interval between the irradiations decreased the average age of death from leukaemia. No solid lymphoid tumours were induced in the doubly irradiated pairs. The incidence of osteogenic sarcoma was 1.6 per cent in controls and 12.9 per cent in the pairs with both partners irradiated.

Animals↗

PubMed1979

[Control of mycoplasmosis via poultry eggs and sperm by using tylosin].

A review is made on the existing references concerning the utilization of tilosin and some other antibiotics for limiting the distribution of or complitely eliminating mycoplasmosis in poultry and turkeys. Opportunities are discussed for preventing the emission of mycoplasmae with the eggs and spermal liquid of the diseased birds (treatment of the egg layer or of the sperm), as well as methods for elimination of the infection on the eggs (pre-incubation heating, dipping in antibiotic solutions or injection of various antibiotics). Most effective proved to be the methods of tilosin injection in the air camera of the eggs (1--3 mg/egg between the 7th and the 11th day from the beginning of incubation) and pre-incubation dipping of the eggs in tilosin solutions of 1000--3000 ppm concentrations. Cheaper and more suitable for practical use is the first method. Precise recommendations are given for obtaining PPLO-free bird flocks.

Animals↗

PubMed1979

Clinical and radiological features of neonatal septic arthritis.

Fourteen neonates (first 28 days of life) with septic arthritis were admitted into the neonatal unit of the University of Benin Teaching Hospital over a three year period. The incidence was 6.1 per 1000 admissions. Eight were fullterm, three preterm and two low-birthweight babies. Severe constitutional symptoms consisting of fever (temp. 39 degrees C), abdominal distension and jaundice were uniformly present. The aetiologic agents included Staphylococcus aureus (6), Proteus mirabilis (2), and beta haemolytic streptococcus (1), no pathogen was isolated in five patients. There was a possible causal relationship between repeated traumatic femoral venepuncture of the hip in three infants. The early radiologic changes were deep soft tissue swelling, obliteration of fascial plances and widened joint space. Residual damage of the hip joint was noted in one neonate; four died. It is suggested that toxic-looking new-born infants, suspected of septicaemia by examined radiologically for possible arthritis.

Arthritis, Infectious↗

PubMed1975

HL-A histocompatibility antigens and their relation to disease.

Table 14 summarizes the data presented in this review. The table lists the various diseases, along with whatever HL-A-antigen associations may be present, and the ranking that is based on the accumulated confidence of the associations; also, it lists the individual antigens and those disease states in which the incidence of the various antigens is increased ro decreased. The Table should expand rapidly in future years. There are a number of problems involved in this area of research: (1) There is a scarcity and lack of stability of good reagents, as well as the general difficulty of HL-A serology. (2) Many studies are retrospective on cells that may be abnormal. We have mentioned the changing sensitivity of lymphocytes to HL-A antibodies in disease. Increased sensitivity of weak antibodies present in the HL-A antisera may create the false impression of increased frequencies. (3) What control population one selects is also of the utmost importance. One method of internal control is to include in the controls related and unrelated individuals, all tests being run at the same time, employing the same reagents, and being run by the same technician. (4) In some disease states, notably Hodgkin's disease and SLE, autoantibodies present may interfere with the HL-A antisera reactions. All of this is compounded by the fact that the lymphocyte is constantly and rapidly shedding and replacing the HL-A antigens; the rate of turnover may change in patients, thus introducing an additional problem. Finally, there is a need for a standardization of statistical tools and for the reporting of both positive and negative results [133]. The concern for a significant quantity of test data and the problems of evaluating statistical data bring out many views. Boswell, in The Life of Samuel Johnson, noted: "I recollect nothing passed this day except Johnson's quickness, who, when Dr. Beattie observed, as something remarkable which happened to him, that he had chanced to see both No. 1 and No. 1000 of the hackney-coaches. The first and the last, 'Why Sir' (said Johnson) 'there is an equal chance for one's seeing those two numbers as any other two.'" A partial solution to these problems may be offered by the evaluation of the LD antigens [49, 63, 64]. In any event, HL-A typing offers an unique opportunity for the grouping of related diseases, as similar clinical findings with related distributions of HL-A antigens may indicate disease relationships not previously considered [27].

Animals↗

PubMed1977

[Kinetics of bone marrow cells under conditions of fractional x-irradiation].

A study was made of the damaging effect of fractionating X-irradiation (12 rad a day, up to the sum total doses of 250, 500, 750, 1000 and 1500 rad) on the hemopoiesis in guinea pigs. A phasic character of the changes in the erythro- and myelopoiesis during the damage was revealed. The first phase was attented by the activation of the proliferation processes expressed in the increase of mitotic index, reduced duration of the mitotic cycle of the cells belonging to the erythroid and the myeloid series and their accelerated differentiation, this stipulating for a sufficient entrance of the cells into the blood flow and maintaining the erythrocyte and leukocyte content in the peripheral blood approaching the normal level. A reduction of the proliferative processes in the bone marrow was observed during the second phase; these were also a reduction of the mitotic index, prolongation of the mitotic cycle and of the rate cell diferentiation of the erythroid and myeloid series, this being accompanied by anemia and leukopenia in the peripheral blood.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Diftalone in the prevention and therapy of inflammatory complications of dental surgery].

The capacity of diphthalone to prevent postoperative inflammation was evaluated in 46 patients who had undergone dental surgery. The drug was always administered at a dose of 1000 mg/die for 5-7 days using two different therapeutic schedules, the before and after the operation in 23 patients and only afterwards in the other half. Results were satisfactory although the most evident benefits were obtained with the first schedule, namely when treatment was commenced two days prior to operation. Tolerance was good.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1976

[Effect of a fractionated dose of fast electrons on mitotic activity and the number of DNA-synthesizing cells of tumor NK/Ly].

The mitotic activity and DNA synthesis in cells of NK/LY tumors in mice were studied after irradiation with fast electrons in fractionation of the dosage in 3 regimens having similar total dosage (1000 rad) and the total time of irradiation (5 days) but different single doses, the number of fractions and an interval between them. A marked decrease in mitotic indices values (MI) was observed with all three regimens during the first hours after irradiation. 3--6 hours after irradiation the period of their restoration started, which was mostly intensive in daily irradiation with 200 rad. A dependence between the time of MI restoration and the dosage per fraction and number of fractions is described as an exponential function with an index 1.47. The kinetics of variations in the number of labelled cells showed a similar character, but it was less pronounced, whereas peaks of rising of the label index in all regimens did not exceed the control level.

Animals↗

PubMed1975

On topical application of fluorides and its inhibiting effect on caries.

The observations of interest made in this investigation may be summarized as follows: 1. Conventional fluoride application by mouthrinsing with neutral NaF solution (0.025% daily for three weeks or three months; or 0.05% solution daily; or 0.2% solution weekly for three weeks) is found to result in only moderate and insignificant uptake of F in facial enamel surfaces. The gain is in the order of a hundred ppm within 10 to 15 microns' depth (as determined by an acid etching technique) and a few hundred ppm at 0.02 to 0.05 microns (according to pilot ion probe analysis). 2. Painting, at one week's interval for three weeks with 2% NaF (pH=5) solution and application of an APF-gel (Flura-Kerr 1.23% F) results in the significant uptake of a few hundred ppm F within the first 10 microns of the enamel. Painting with 2% NaF (pH=7), with 8% SnF2, or with 5% Na2PO3F solutions does not yield a significant gain in F in the first 10 microns of the facial enamel, as determined by the etching technique under similar conditions. 3. A varnish (Duraphat) containing 5% NaF (applied three times at weekly intervals) is found to deposit considerable amounts of fluorine in outer facial enamel. Within the first 10 microns gains of more than 1000 ppm F are detected by the etching technique. Uptakes of the order about 500 ppm F are seen even at depths beyond 10 microns; penetration of F is detected down to about 100 microns' depth. Ion probe experiments show a F gain of more than 2000 ppm at a depth of about 0.3 microns. 4. In teeth extracted one day after a single application of NaF varnish, the retained fluorine is higher than in teeth retained in oral environment for one or five weeks after application. This suggests that loss of F occurs particularly during the first days after treatment. 5. The varnish, when applied every six months in permanent dentition of 15 year old children, is cariostatic on all tooth surfaces. 6. The secondary ion microanalyzer ("ion probe") is a useful instrument for the study of fluorine concentrations in dental hard tissue, and provides a special approach to the outermost regions of enamel. 7. The ion probe renders quantitative F determinations in dental hard tissue; a calibration method is available when the positive secondary ion ratios CaF+/Ca+ or F+/Ca++ are recorded versus Ca++/Ca+.

Adolescent↗