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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1979

Ankle arthrodesis. Long-term follow-up with gait analysis.

A functional assessment of twelve patients after ankle arthrodesis for post-traumatic arthritis was carried out by means of an extensive clinical evaluation and gait analysis after an average follow-up of eight years. A weighted point system was developed to grade ankle function clinically. The data on gait analysis were examined to determine the effect of arthrodesis of the ankle on the over-all pattern of walking. Under conditions of normal daily living while wearing shoes, all patients functioned well after arthrodesis. The gait-analysis data obtained with the patients wearing shoes showed excellent gait characteristics, and the ankle motion that had been lost was compensated for by: (1) motion of the small joints of the ipsilateral foot; (2) altered motion of the ankle in the contralateral limb; and (3) appropriate footwear. While the patients were walking barefooted, some adverse effects of fusion of the ankle were evident. Velocity of gait was slowed and the length of stride was shortened in all twelve patients. One patient whose ankle had been fused in an equinus position had a back-knee deformity during stance phase, and another walked only on his toes when he was without shoes. The gait patterns of all patients were markedly improved when they were wearing shoes with appropriate heel heights.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed2026

Test-retest reliability of spatiotemporal, kinematic, and kinetic measures in marker-based 3D gait analysis: A systematic review.

BACKGROUND: Marker-based 3D gait analysis (3DGA) is widely used to quantify impairments and evaluate treatment effects. For longitudinal clinical interpretation, clinicians and researchers need reference values for inter-session measurement error. For this purpose, this systematic review synthesized Standard Error of Measurement (SEM) values for spatiotemporal, kinematic, and kinetic (moments) outcomes obtained from marker-based 3DGA studies. METHODS: PubMed and Scopus were searched (final search: 11 December 2025). Studies reporting inter-session test-retest SEM and/or MDC for steady-state overground or treadmill walking using marker-based motion capture were included. Two authors screened records and appraised methodological/reporting quality using a custom tool informed by COSMIN, GRRAS, and biomechanics-specific items. Due to heterogeneity, results were synthesized descriptively using study-level median SEM values, stratified by joint, plane, population (healthy, pathological, single subgroups), and walking condition. Minimal Detectable Change (MDC) values were computed for all available data. RESULTS: Thirty-four studies (762 participants, 44.2% females) were included, with substantially more evidence for overground than treadmill walking. Overground spatiotemporal outcomes showed low errors (walking speed SEM of 0.06 m/s; timing typically ≤0.03 s; spatial parameters generally ≤0.03 m). For joint kinematics during overground walking, median SEMs were 2.4° (sagittal), 1.9° (frontal), and 3.3° (transverse). The corresponding joint-kinetic SEMs were approximately 0.06, 0.04, and 0.03 Nm/kg, respectively. Treadmill data followed similar patterns. SIGNIFICANCE: Marker-based 3DGA allows for accurate assessment of spatiotemporal, kinematic, and kinetic gait features. We provided detailed SEM/MDC lookup tables to support clinical decision-making. Results further offer a benchmark for validating emerging gait assessment technologies (e.g., markerless systems) against realistic limits of marker-based 3DGA.

Humans↗
PubMed1977

A method of gait analysis for daily orthopaedic practice.

A method of gait analysis is described which uses two-dimensional cinephotography, two glass platforms for 6-component force measurements of floor reactions and electromyography transmitted by radiotelemetry. It is used regularly on all patients needing lower extremity surgery for neurogenic gait disorders as a basis for planning and control of treatment. The cinephotographic pictures make the records easy to understand, a primary requirement for clinical use.

Biophysical Phenomena↗
PubMed1992

[Gait analysis in patients with injuries of spinal cord and nerve root].

In 102 normal subjects an IGI-3 gait analysis system was used to determine the normal level of walking. The results showed that the time of pressure appeared under foot and the sagittal joint movement of the lower extremities were similar to these reported previously. The forward and backward acceleration showed a single positive peak during swing phase, while the upward and downward acceleration showed two positive peaks. At heel contact of stance phase, the acceleration of all dimensions brought about a big negative peak. The variations in gait pattern were distinguished according to the curve characteristics and activity of muscles in the low extremities. The relations between the degrees of spinal cord injury and the gait characteristics were studied. The result indicated that the patterns of gait depend on the degree of injury. The more smooth acceleration curves, the better gait, and the abnormal gait is characterized by multiple peaks of pressure curves.

Adult↗
PubMed1977

Evaluation of a clinical method of gait analysis.

Data on step and stride length, step width, foot angle, and cadence were collected from a sample of 30 normal women. The gait patterns were recorded on white paper by a method which involved the application of moleskin and ink to the soles of the subjects' shoes. The purpose of the investigation was to demonstrate the validity, technical reliability, and clinical feasibility of this method of gait analysis. The values obtained compared favorably with the results of a similarly designed laboratory study cited in the literature. In addition, the method was easy to apply, was not time consuming, and yielded data which were reproducible at greater than a 95% level of confidence.

Adult↗
PubMed1979

Clinical study of total ankle replacement with gait analysis. A preliminary report.

Twenty-one ankle replacements in nineteen patients after an average follow-up of 14.7 months were analyzed with respect to their history, physical and roentgenographic findings, and gait analysis. The relief of pain and functional improvement after operation were disappointing compared with the results of prosthetic replacement in other joints and were not related to early complications, age, diagnosis, or the prosthesis used. Muscle weakness about the ankle, especially of the plantar flexors, was a prominent finding and appeared to cause abnormal patterns of gait and of ankle motion. The frequency of progressively increasing radiolucent lines was 88 per cent and of late loosening, 10 per cent. These results suggest a need for more emphasis on postoperative rehabilitation and on the uncertainty of this procedure at its present stage of development.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed1976

Methods of measurement in Soviet gait analysis research, 1963-1974.

A description of several of the methods of measurement used by gait researchers in the Soviet Union from 1963 to 1974 is provided. The discussion encompasses seven major categories of measurement: 1) methods of measuring the rotatory position or angular displacements of the joints of the lower extremities, 2) the phase durations and their temporal relations, 3) support reactions, 4) the rotatory position of the pelvis and vertebral column, 5) step length, stride length, and other linear displacements of components of gait phase activity, 6) muscular activity, and 7) miscellaneous types of analysis. The incorporation of Soviet findings and methods of gait analysis into the design and operation of future investigations of human walking is recommended.

Gait↗
PubMed2026

Instrumented Walkway Gait Analysis Predicts Fallers in Neurological Disorders: Identifying Digital Biomarkers for Balance Monitoring.

Assessing balance is crucial in neurological rehabilitation, yet while wearable sensors enable real-world monitoring, identifying reliable digital biomarkers remains challenging. This study utilized a high-fidelity instrumented walkway to determine which gait parameters best predict balance impairment, providing robust targets for future wearable applications. We analyzed 49 steady-state gait metrics from 140 individuals with diverse neurological conditions. Using statistical analysis and machine learning, we evaluated these parameters against objective force plate sway scores and clinical fall-history labels. Group analysis identified 16 parameters significantly distinguishing fallers from non-fallers, and a neural network classified fallers with an area under the curve of 0.75. Across all analytical approaches, overall gait variability, e.g., Stride Width S.D. and the Gait Variability Index, emerged as a universal predictor of balance impairment and fall risk. Furthermore, while traditional linear models emphasized spatial postural control, machine learning classification uniquely identified inter-limb asymmetry as a premier driver of fall prediction. These findings indicate that instrumented gait analysis effectively identifies digital biomarkers for balance deficits. Isolating these specific metrics provides a clear blueprint for meaningful metrics required for continuous objective monitoring and future development of personalized, adaptive rehabilitation strategies.

Humans↗
PubMed1992

[A new method of gait analysis in Duchenne muscular dystrophy].

We assessed gait in Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) mainly by determining alteration of foot pressure using a new gait analyzing procedure. DMD patients showed a characteristic foot pressure pattern according to their degree of dysfunction. In stage I disease, the observed pattern was the same as that of normal controls. In stage II, the period during which the center of foot pressure was seen in the front part of the foot was prolonged. This change became more marked in stage III. In stage IV, the center of foot pressure began at the head of the ossis metatarsalis primi and moved back and toward the lateral side. Thereafter, the center of foot pressure again moved forward along the outside of the foot. These changes were considered to be the result of talipes equinus and waddling gait, which are commonly demonstrated in patients with DMD.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1978

Genu recurvatum in spastic cerebral palsy. Report on findings by gait analysis.

Using high-speed motion pictures, electromyography, a dynamic piezoelectric force plate, and computer analysis of the data, the gait patterns of fifteen children, four to sixteen years old, with spastic cerebral palsy and genu recurvatum were analyzed to determine the mechanisms producing genu recurvatum and the effect of fixed-ankle below-the-knee orthoses. In all children the recurvatum during stance phase began when the tibia stopped moving forward and disappeared when tibial movement resumed. In six patients (Group I), excessive activity of the calf muscles in response to the increasing dorsiflexion moment about the ankle produced by the foot-floor reaction force arrested the forward motion of the tibia. In six others (Group II), the contraction of the calf muscles was not sufficiently strong to resist the dorsiflexion moment and the tibia moved forward until maximum dorsiflexion had occurred and then stopped. In both instances recurvatum was produced when the femur continued to move forward over the stationary tibia and an extension moment was produced at the knee. In no patient did activity of the knee flexors prevent recurvatum, which was eliminated only by resumption of forward movement of the tibia. This movement of the tibia was produced either by heel-off (Group I) or by sudden unweighting of the limb due to opposite heel-strike (Group II). In Group I, when tibial motion stopped in the first half of stance phase the position of the hip rapidly changed from flexion to extension and there was forward leaning of the trunk, while in Group II the change from hip flexion to extension occurred with backward leaning of the trunk. The fixed-ankle below-the-knee orthosis, by preventing excessive dorsiflexion and plantar flexion, produced more normal moments about all joints, especially the knee. In the three children (Group III) whose recurvatum was permanently corrected by the brace, no explanation for the improvement was evident in these studies.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1979

[Biomechanical gait analysis in infantile cerebral palsy (author's transl)].

The gait pattern is recorded by use of a high-speed camera, whilst x/y coordinates of the joints are registered by a Vanguard Motion Analyzer and stored on punched tape for processing, using specially-developed computer programmes. The results are mainly plotted as stick diagrams, chronograms, angle-time diagrams and angle-angle diagrams, allowing an immediate assessment of the gait pattern. Furthermore, the data are stored for statistical analysis in regard to evaluation of the efficacy of physiotherapeutic and orthopaedic measures.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1978

[Gait analysis in children with cerebral movement disorders].

The study comprises the results of gait analyses that were carried out by means of three-dimensional motion films. The gaits were recorded by two synchronized film-cameras from different angles. Enlarged on a screen a frame to frame analysis was possible. Various statements were obtained on the kind and severeness of the handicap. By computerizing the data the results were proved to be of statistical significance. The research finally included studies on electromyographic activities of several muscles in the lower extremities.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1978

Gait analysis in cerebral palsy.

Electromyography is the most frequently used laboratory method of assessing gait of patients with cerebral palsy. This method has shown that slow stretch testing is non-specific and that electromyograms obtained during walking are of greater value in planning treatment. If surgical treatment is necessary, only those muscles with phase reversal should be considered for transfer; lengthening is appropriate for those with phase prolongation. The addition of movement measurements and force-plate recording increases the amount of information available for analysis. Distinctions can then be attempted between primary abnormalities and compensatory mechanisms, and gait patterns with common demominators can be identified. Only by precise pre- and post-operative studies can treatment for locomotor problems be reliably assessed. Progress in the treatment of patients with cerebral palsy cannot be achieved without such objective assessment.

Cerebral Palsy↗
PubMed1977

Habitual toe-walkers. A clinical and electromyographic gait analysis.

Six children who were habitual toe-walkers were studied using electromyographic techniques. In the initial gait evaluation, the muscle synergy pattern was found to be abnormal during the toe-toe gait as well as during the heel-toe gait. After treatment with casts, each patient had a normal electromyographic pattern during heel-toe gait.

Child↗
PubMed1976

Gait analysis in stroke patients to assess treatments of foot-drop.

By using the combined, computerized analysis of stroboscopic photography, pattern recognition devices, electromyography and foot switch outputs, gait patterns were studied in 15 stroke patients with foot-drop. Three patients were treated with a peroneal nerve stimulator for five weeks; six received intensive physical therapy; and six received both physical therapy and biofeedback training three times a week for five weeks. Each patient was examined at initial visit and after five weeks. Based upon case evaluations, both the patients with the stimulator treatment and those with biofeedback training showed and maintained improvement of gait pattern following the treatment period. This result suggests that the biofeedback and peroneal-stimulator technique may have a common mechanism that should be exploited in the rehabilitation of stroke patients.

Cerebrovascular Disorders↗