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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources

PubMed1992

Hand-eye coordination during sequential tasks.

The small angle subtended by the human fovea places a premium on the ability to quickly and accurately direct the gaze to targets of interest. Thus the resultant saccadic eye fixations are a very instructive behaviour, revealing much about the underlying cognitive mechanisms that guide them. Of particular interest are the eye fixations used in hand-eye coordination. Such coordination has been extensively studied for single movements from a source location to a target location. In contrast, we have studied multiple fixations where the sources and targets are a function of a task and chosen dynamically by the subject according to task requirements. The task chosen is a copying task: subjects must copy a figure made up of contiguous coloured blocks as fast as possible. The main observation is that although eye fixations are used for the terminal phase of hand movements, they are used for other tasks before and after that phase. The analysis of the spatial and temporal details of these fixations suggests that the underlying decision process that moves the eyes leaves key decisions until just before they are required.

Eye Movements↗

PubMed2026

Structured Visualization for Laparoscopic Skill Acquisition:A Randomized Controlled Study.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate whether structured visualization can support acquisition of basic laparoscopic skills during simulation training and whether this approach can achieve outcomes comparable to repeated physical practice. DESIGN: Prospective randomized comparative study. SETTING: Simulation-based laparoscopic skills training at a university-affiliated teaching center. PARTICIPANTS: Fifty laparoscopy-naive medical students were randomly assigned to a laparoscopic practice group or a visualization group. The laparoscopic practice group performed a validated Gynecological Endoscopic Surgical Education and Assessment (GESEA) Laparoscopic Skills Training and Testing (LASTT) hand-eye coordination task 7 consecutive times. The visualization group performed the same task physically on attempts 1, 4, and 7, while attempts 2, 3, 5, and 6 consisted of guided visualization. Each attempt lasted up to 2 minutes, and performance was scored as the number of correctly placed rings (range 0-12). RESULTS: Baseline performance was comparable between groups (2.92 ± 2.14 vs 2.88 ± 1.72; p = 0.94). Both groups improved significantly over time (p < 0.001). No statistically significant between-group differences were found on the 4th attempt (6.52 ± 3.25 vs 5.76 ± 2.57; p = 0.48) or 7th attempt (8.24 ± 2.86 vs 7.44 ± 2.99; p = 0.39). The final physical performance of the visualization group was significantly better than the 3rd physical attempt of the laparoscopic practice group (p = 0.025). CONCLUSIONS: Structured visualization may support early laparoscopic skill acquisition and achieve short-term outcomes comparable to repeated hands-on simulator training. Visualization should be considered an adjunct, rather than a replacement, for physical practice in simulation-based laparoscopic education.

Laparoscopy↗

PubMed1979

Effects of nefopam on visual tracking.

The effects of 2 doses of nefopam, d-amphetamine, pentazocine, and placebo were studied in healthy male sleep-deprived volunteers to determine whether the drugs improved or impaired coordination and whether they induced subjective effects. A critical tracking task was used to study hand-eye coordination. D-amphetamine, 10 mg orally, significantly improved tracking performance and made subjects feel better able to perform tasks but more anxious. It also made them feel more alert, steady, sociable, and strong. Pentazocine, 45 mg intramuscularly, caused deterioration in tracking performance and was followed by reports of depression, gloominess, dreaminess, nausea, and injection site pain. There was no significant change in tracking performance or subjective effects after both doses of nefopam and placebo.

Dextroamphetamine↗

PubMed1992

A controlled study of the prevalence of cognitive dysfunction in randomly selected patients with systemic lupus erythematosus.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the prevalence of cognitive dysfunction in randomly selected patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). METHODS: Randomly selected, ambulatory patients with SLE (n = 49) or with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) (n = 40) completed neuropsychological tests. These included Associate Learning, Switching Attention, Continuous Performance, Associate Recall, Hand-Eye Coordination, Pattern Comparison, Pattern Memory, the Stroop Color and Word Test, and the Symptoms Checklist-90R. Results were evaluated by multiple linear regression analysis. RESULTS: SLE patients had poorer performance than RA patients on the test of attention (P = 0.002) and tests of visuospatial ability (P = 0.03) and P = 0.04), independent of age, education, or steroid use. The conservative level of statistical significance, adjusting for multiple comparisons, was 0.005. SLE patients reported more symptoms of cognitive difficulty. CONCLUSION: Cognitive dysfunction is common in ambulatory SLE patients as measured by standardized tests and is a cause of distress and impaired functioning. Self-reported cognitive difficulty appears to correlate with objective performance.

Adult↗

PubMed1990

Descending pathways to the spinal cord, IV: Some factors related to the amount of cortex devoted to the corticospinal tract.

In the companion paper to this one (Nudo and Masterton: J. Comp. Neurol. 296:559-583, '90), we have presented data indicating that in each of 22 mammals, there are either 2 or 3 separate regions of neocortex contributing corticospinal fibers. In this paper, we describe the variation in the absolute size of these cortical regions, the total amount of neocortex contributing corticospinal fibers (CST cortex), and the total amount of neocortex (total cortex) in each of the animals. We then use strict statistical tests to examine the relationships between these measures and several other quantitative measures or descriptions of the animals' size, ancestral heritage, motor prowess, and ecological adaptation. The results show that the absolute amount of CST cortex is more closely related to the total amount of neocortex than to any other quantitative measure available. The further variation--that is, the variation in the amount of CST cortex relative to total neocortex--appears to have been random over the inferred ancestral lineages of most animals in the sample, but seems to have been almost absent along the anthropoid lineage. Because this constancy in the relative amount of CST cortex over a very long period of anthropoid ancestry is apparently unusual if not unique among mammals, it may contain a clue to the special role of the corticospinal tract among primates. Finally, the distribution of the CST among the 3 cortical regions in primates was found to be more closely related to their particular mode of ecological adaptation than to their particular combination of digital dexterity and hand-eye coordination.

Animals↗

PubMed1975

Effects of marihuana combined with secobarbital.

Twelve male volunteers smoked a marihuana cigarette prepared to deliver 0 or 25 mug/kg tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) 50 min after ingesting a capsule containing either placebo or 150 mg/70 kg sodium secobarbital. Drugs were administered in a double-blind manner, and all treatments were assigned to each subject in a randomized complete block design. Objective and subjective tests designed to measure mental and motor performance indicated that marihuana impaired stability, hand-eye coordination, and mental performance. Secobarbital affected motor performance, manual coordination, and mental performance. In combination, marihuana and secobarbital had an additive effect on subjective responses and impairment in certain psychomotor performance tests.

Adult↗

PubMed1977

Five early milestones in premature infants.

The onset of five early milestones was studied in premature and full-term infants. The milestones are: recognition of mother's voice and face, 3-month smile, following through 180 degrees, and two hand-eye coordination. It was hypothesized that premature infants would show delay in acquiring milestones related to time separated from mother. Compared to full-term infants, the prematures had a significant difference in the means only for the onset of smiling, and no effect related to maternal separation.

Auditory Perception↗

PubMed1991

A new training device for laparoscopic cholecystectomy.

Laparoscopic cholecystectomy provides a new approach for gallbladder removal with which most general surgeons are not familiar. Requisites for the safe performance of this procedure are good hand-eye coordination, depth perception, and team cooperation. To aid with problems in depth perception and in the opposing movements caused by the lever principle, a training model was designed in which surgeons may execute a variety of exercises to enhance their motor skills and learn to work cooperatively with two other surgeons before operating on an experimental animal.

Cholecystectomy↗

PubMed1989

Dose-dependent effects of atropine on behavioral and physiologic responses in humans.

Atropine is an antimuscarinic which has been frequently studied with learning and performance tasks using both human and animal subjects. However, interpretation of data from human studies is limited by the relatively narrow range of doses used in most such studies. In the present study a wide range of atropine doses (0, 1.5, 3.0, 6.0 mg/70 kg) were given, intramuscularly, to human volunteers to assess the effects of atropine on a variety of behavioral measures, subject ratings, and physiologic function. The time course of responses was examined over 24 hours. Behavioral measures were a computerized Performance Assessment Battery (PAB) which contained measures of logical reasoning, short-term memory and rapid arithmetic, a Digit Symbol Substitution Test (DSST), and a psychomotor test of hand-eye coordination (Circular Lights). Administration of atropine produced both time- and dose-dependent effects on most measures used, although sensitivity varied across measures. At the 1.5 mg dose, no effects on performance were detected, however, after 6.0 mg reliably and 3.0 mg occasionally, impairments occurred on measures of accuracy and speed of performance. These effects generally began by 1.5 hours postdrug and returned to baseline by 7-9 hours postdrug. In contrast, certain subject ratings and physiologic variables were affected by lower doses of atropine, showing deviations from baseline at 1.5 mg and producing a time course of effects that was both earlier in onset and longer in duration than was observed with the performance measures. The present results have practical implications for the clinical utilization of atropine in situations in which optimal performance is required.

Adult↗

PubMed1990

The impact of increasing blood glucose on psychological functioning.

In the first experiment, after taking a drink containing either glucose or a placebo, subjects performed a task that involved watching a screen for 25 min, during which they had to press a space bar when one of four digits appeared. Over the duration of the task the performance of both groups improved, but in those taking the glucose drink the improvement occurred significantly earlier. In a second experiment subjects for 20 min performed a task requiring hand-eye coordination. The taking of a glucose-containing drink was not associated with a change in performance. A review of the relevant literature suggested that glucose is beneficial when performing tasks demanding little mental capacity.

Achievement↗

PubMed1985

Triazolam and ethanol interaction: kinetic and dynamic consequences.

The kinetic and dynamic consequences of the coadministration of triazolam and ethanol were investigated in six normal subjects. Each received three treatments: triazolam, 0.25 mg by mouth, preceded by 1 hour and followed for 7.5 hours by oral ethanol dosed to maintain breath concentrations of 800 to 950 mg/L; placebo and ethanol; and triazolam and orange juice. After ethanol, triazolam total AUC0-infinity increased (mean +/- SD = 21% +/- 18%). Subjects showed greater psychomotor impairment on measures of free recall, postural stability, and hand-eye coordination after the combination than after either drug alone. These dynamic interactions are greater than the kinetic changes.

Administration, Oral↗

PubMed1990

The long-term effects of exposure to low doses of lead in childhood. An 11-year follow-up report.

To determine whether the effects of low-level lead exposure persist, we reexamined 132 of 270 young adults who had initially been studied as primary school-children in 1975 through 1978. In the earlier study, neurobehavioral functioning was found to be inversely related to dentin lead levels. As compared with those we restudied, the other 138 subjects had had somewhat higher lead levels on earlier analysis, as well as significantly lower IQ scores and poorer teachers' ratings of classroom behavior. When the 132 subjects were reexamined in 1988, impairment in neurobehavioral function was still found to be related to the lead content of teeth shed at the ages of six and seven. The young people with dentin lead levels greater than 20 ppm had a markedly higher risk of dropping out of high school (adjusted odds ratio, 7.4; 95 percent confidence interval, 1.4 to 40.7) and of having a reading disability (odds ratio, 5.8; 95 percent confidence interval, 1.7 to 19.7) as compared with those with dentin lead levels less than 10 ppm. Higher lead levels in childhood were also significantly associated with lower class standing in high school, increased absenteeism, lower vocabulary and grammatical-reasoning scores, poorer hand-eye coordination, longer reaction times, and slower finger tapping. No significant associations were found with the results of 10 other tests of neurobehavioral functioning. Lead levels were inversely related to self-reports of minor delinquent activity. We conclude that exposure to lead in childhood is associated with deficits in central nervous system functioning that persist into young adulthood.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1991

Neurobehavioral effects of the on-call experience in housestaff physicians.

Sixty-tree medical residents were tested on a battery of computer-based, self-administered neurobehavioral tests before and after a 36-hour in-hospital call plus postcall day to assess the central nervous system effects of the call experience and its accompanying sleep deprivation. Statistically significant decreases in performance were found postcall on tests of sustained visual attention (P less than 0.0001), speed and coding ability (P less than 0.0001) and short-term recall (P less than 0.0001). Hand-eye coordination improved (P less than 0.02).

Humans↗

PubMed1989

Propofol-induced anaesthesia. Double-blind comparison of recovery after anaesthesia induced by propofol or thiopentone.

Postoperative psychomotor and cognitive recovery were assessed after anaesthesia induced by either propofol or thiopentone, and maintained with nitrous oxide and halothane in 40 unpremedicated dental patients. Performance was shown to be impaired one hour postoperatively for the whole sample in hand-eye coordination (p less than 0.001), reaction time (p less than 0.001) and digit span (p less than 0.05). There was evidence of impairment at 3 hours postoperatively in reaction time (p less than 0.05) and ataxia (p less than 0.01). Performance also deteriorated in the dexterity and aiming tasks. Patients reported significantly less clumsiness by 24 hours in blurred vision and shivering (p less than 0.05) and by 48 hours less coughing (p less than 0.05). However, there was no significant difference between groups. No evidence showed that recovery in the propofol group was faster, so it was concluded that induction with propofol offered no advantage when anaesthesia is maintained with nitrous oxide and halothane for the periods of time reported in this study.

Adolescent↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Developmental training by parents of the very young child with potential handicap.

Fifteen children aged 9 to 15 months, who were on the observation register of a city, and considered to be showing signs of delayed development, were studied over a 3-month period. Following assessment, the parents were shown ways in which they could train their children appropriate to their development levels, in separate fields of locomotion, social development, language, and hand-eye coordination. Eight out of 13 children with delay showed significant improvement in general quotients of development over the 3 months. This occurred in 5 out of 7 children with no signs of neurological abnormality at the time of the study, and in 3 out of 6 children with signs of neurological disorder. Two children without delay showed no significant improvement. Parents' reactions are discussed, and a description is given of the way in which this project was designed, suggesting implications for future implications for future Community Health services.

Child Development↗

PubMed1989

Acute neurobehavioural effects of toluene.

An acute inhalation chamber study of 42 college students was performed to investigate the relation between exposure to 0, 75, and 150 ppm of toluene and changes in central nervous system function and symptoms. Paid subjects were exposed for seven hours over three days. Verbal and visual short term memory (Sternberg, digit span, Benton, pattern memory); perception (pattern recognition); psychomotor skill (simple reaction time, continuous performance, digit symbol, hand-eye coordination, finger tapping, and critical tracking); manual dexterity (one hole); mood (profile of mood scales (POMS]; fatigue (fatigue checklist); and verbal ability were evaluated at 0800, 1200, and 1600 hours. Voluntary symptoms and observations of sleep were collected daily. An analysis of variance and test for trend was performed on the difference and score for each concentration reflecting an eight hour workday where each subject was their own control. A 3 x 3 Latin square study design evaluated toluene effects simultaneously, controlling for learning across the three days and the solvent order. Intersubject variation in solvent uptake was monitored in breath and urine. A 5-10% decrement in performance was considered significant if it was consistent with a linear trend at p less than 0.05. Adverse performance at 150 ppm toluene was found at 6.0% for digit span, 12.1% for pattern recognition (latency), 5.0% for pattern memory (number correct), 6.5% for one hole, and 3.0% for critical tracking. The number of headaches and eye irritation also increased in a dose response manner. The greatest effect was found for an increasing number of observations of sleep. Overall, no clear pattern of neurobehavioural effects was found consistent with the type 1 central nervous system as classified by the World Health Organisation. Subtle acute effects, however, were found just below and above the ACGIH TLV of 100 ppm toluene, supporting the position that the guideline be lowered since the biological threshold of behavioural effects may be comparable with the TLV.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1991

Acute behavioural comparisons of toluene and ethanol in human subjects.

A comparison of toluene and ethanol (EtOH) induced changes in central nervous system (CNS) function and symptoms were evaluated in two studies, and when possible the effects of toluene were expressed in EtOH equivalent units. The toluene concentrations were 0, 75, and 150 ppm, bracketing the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists threshold limit value (ACGIH TLV) of 100 ppm. The socially relevant EtOH doses were 0.00, 0.33, and 0.66 g EtOH/kg body weight, equivalent to two and four 3.5% 12 ounce beers. Forty two paid college students were used in each study. In the first study, subjects were exposed to toluene and an odour masking agent menthol (0.078 ppm) for seven hours over three days. In the second study EtOH or a placebo was administered at 1530 across three days also in the presence of menthol. Verbal and visual short term memory (Sternberg, digit span, Benton, pattern memory), perception (pattern recognition), psychomotor skill (simple reaction time, continuous performance, symbol-digit, hand-eye coordination, finger tapping, and critical tracking), manual dexterity (one hole), mood (profile on mood scales (POMS), fatigue (fatigue checklist), and verbal ability were evaluated at 0800, 1200, and 1600. Voluntary symptoms and observations of sleep were collected daily. A 3 x 3 latin square design evaluated solvent effects simultaneously controlling for learning and dose sequence. An analysis of variance and test for trend were performed on am-pm differences reflecting an eight hour workday and on pm scores for each solvent, in which subjects were their own control Intersubject variation in absorbance was monitored in breath. A 5 to 10% decrement was considered meaningful if consistent with a linear trend at p less than 0.05. At 150 ppm toluene, losses in performance were 6.0% for digit span, 12.1% for pattern recognition (latency), 5% for pattern memory (number correct), 6.5% for one hole, and 3% for critical tracking. The number of headaches and eye irritation also increased in a dose-response manner. The greatest effect was found for an increasing number of observations of sleep. A range of 2 to 7% decrements suggest the ACGIH TLV of 100 ppm toluene may be a good estimate of the biological threshold supporting a re-evaluation of the TLV. At 0.66 g EtOH/kg body weight symptoms and performance decrements were 6.6% for digit span, 9.2% for pattern recognition, 4.0% for continuous performance, 7.9% for symbol-digit, 16.5% for finger tapping, 6.2% for critical tracking, and 5.2% for the one hole test. The EtOH equivalents at 150 ppm toluene for digit span (0.56g EtOH/kg/body weight), the latency for pattern recognition (0.66 g EtOH kg body weight), and the one hole element "move" (0.37 g EtOH kg body weight) show that the first two measures would be affected at or above the 50 mg% blood alcohol concentration. This concentration is recognised as the lowest alcohol concentration associated with increased numbers of automobile accidents. The results suggest that EtOH may be a useful acute standard to compare the effects of various industrial solvents and support investigating an association between exposure to solvents and increased risk to safety in industry.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1988

Use of the personal orientation inventory with disabled athletes.

Athletes who are blind or have impairments in hand-eye coordination that prevent writing are unable to complete psychological inventories in the standardized manner, i.e., read silently and answered independently and anonymously. Two studies were conducted on the oral administration of the Personal Orientation Inventory as a measure of self-actualization of disabled athletes. Reliabilities were examined across modalities (oral vs written) by administering the inventory both ways to 25 high school and college athletes, M age = 21.6 yr. Test-retest reliability for oral administration was affirmed in a study of 15 blind elite male athletes and 15 cerebral palsied elite male and female athletes. It was concluded that the inventory, administered orally, may be appropriately used with disabled athletes.

Adolescent↗