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Results for “kidney morphogenesis”

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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1979

Epithelial-fibroblastic organization in cultures grown from human embryonic kidney: its significance for morphogenesis in vivo.

The morphological behaviour of explants of human embryonic kidney has been studied in order to investigate the rules governing interactions between epithelial and fibroblastic cells from the same tissue. When the fragments are cultured, epithelia migrate out first and are followed, a few days later, by cables which grow out from the fragments and which are composed of multilayered fibroblasts. These cables extend through the epithelia to reach the substratum, to which they adhere. The epithelia maintain an upper surface free of spread fibroblasts and are unable to multilayer, although occasional rounded-up cells adhere to this surface. Fibroblasts, however, not only multilayer in the cables but can act as a substratum for epithelial cells which migrate on the cable surface. Fibroblasts and epithelia from kidney thus follow the same behavioural rules that govern the interactions between kidney epithelia and fibroblasts from different tissues. The suggestion that these rules derive from tissue differences and that cells from the same tissue are more tolerant of one another is not borne out. These observations and those reported by others are interpreted in terms of the functional properties of the cells in vivo. It is further pointed out that only those epithelia that maintain a free surface in vivo would be expected to show this property in vitro. Finally, the implications of cells with essentially the same properties generating more than one structure are considered.

Cell Adhesion↗
PubMed1976

Morphogenesis of avian infectious bronchitis virus in primary chick kidney cells.

Primary chick kidney cells were infected with avian infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) and examined by electron microscopy. Virus particles entered the cells by viropexis and distinction could be made between engulfment by cell processes (phagocytosis) and entry by micropinocytosis in coated transport vesicles. Virus maturation occurred by budding into either the cisternae of the endoplasmic reticulum or cytoplasmic vacuoles, and evidence was obtained to suggest that the viral surface projections could be attached during the budding process. Late in infection large numbers of virus particles were present, mainly in cytoplasmic vacuoles, and the majority were released by cell lysis. Release by fusion of vacuoles with the plasma membrane was also observed, and individual virions could be transported from the endoplasmic reticulum to the surface within coated vesicles.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

Morphogenesis of porcine rotavirus in porcine kidney cell cultures and intestinal epithelial cells.

The morphogenesis of porcine rotavirus was similar in vitro in porcine kidney (PK) cell cultures and in vivo in porcine epithelial cells as examined by electron microscopy. Infected cells contained cytoplasmic, non-membrane-bound viroplasm and accumulations of virus particles within cisternae of the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER). Three types of virus particles were noted: double-shelled or complete particles which averaged 77 nm in diam.; single-shelled or naked particles which ranged from 50 to 55 nm in diam.; and electron-dense nucleoids, or cores, 31 to 38 nm in diam. Virus particles acquired outer shells by budding through either matrices of granular, electron-dense viroplasm or membranes of distended RER. Accumulation of numerous single-shelled particles was observed only in PK cell cultures containing a high percentage of infected cells. In these cells, virus release occurred through disruption of the plasma membrane. Tubules, similar in diameter to the single-shelled particles, were observed in the nuclei of a few infected PK cells.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

Vaccinia virus replication. I. Requirement for the host-cell nucleus.

Using cytochalasin B-induced enucleation techniques, we examined the ability of vaccinia virus to replicate in the absence of the host-cell nucleus in several mammalian cell lines. It was found that virus-infected enucleated cells (cytoplasts) prepared from BSC-40, CVC, and L cells were incapable of producing infectious progeny virus. The nature of this apparent nuclear involvement was studied in detail in BSC-40 cells. Modulations designed to maximize cytoplast integrity and longevity, such as reduction of the growth temperature and initial multiplicity of infection, did not improve virus growth in cytoplasts. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel analysis of the [(35)S]methionine pulse-labeled proteins synthesized in vaccinia virus-infected cytoplasts demonstrated that both early and late viral gene products were being expressed at high levels and with the proper temporal sequence. Vaccinia virus cytoplasmic DNA synthesis, as measured by [(3)H]thymidine incorporation, peaked at 3 h postinfection and was 70 to 90% of control levels in cytoplasts. However, in the cytoplasts this DNA was not converted to a DNase-resistant form late in infection, which was consistent with the failure to isolate physical particles from infected cytoplasts. Treatment of vaccinia virus-infected cells with 100 mug of rifampin/ml from 0 to 8 h to increase the pools of viral precursors, followed by subsequent removal of the drug, resulted in a threefold increase virus yield. This treatment had no effect on virus-infected cytoplasts. Finally, vaccinia virus morphogenesis was studied under an electron microscope in thin sections of virus-infected cells and cytoplasts which had been prepared at various times during a single-step growth cycle. It was apparent that, although early virus morphogenetic forms appeared, there was no subsequent DNA condensation or particle maturation in the cytoplasts. These results suggest that vaccinia virus requires some factor or function from the host-cell nucleus in order to mature properly and produce infectious progeny virus.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

Morphogenesis of foot-and-mouth disease virus. I. Role of procapsids as virion Precursors.

The role of procapsids during foot-and-mouth disease virus multiplication was studied on infected BHK-21 cells. Purified virus and procapsids were obtained by treating the infected cytoplasmic extracts with RNase and EDTA. The synthesis of virus, procapsids, and total particles was determined in pulse-chase experiments. A precursor-product relationship between procapsids and virions was obtained. The results show that the rate of synthesis of total particles (virus + procapsids) was linear from the addition of the label and was identical to that corresponding to virions. Therefore, the speed of the morphogenetic process as well as the existence of a precursor pool of structural proteins was established. Furthermore, the rate of virus synthesis from procapsids was identical to the rate of synthesis of procapsids from their structural precursors. A quantitative recovery of label from procapsids into virions was obtained by the use of cycloheximide or tosyl-lysine chloromethyl ketone. Under these conditions, virus synthesis proceeds, indicating that these drugs do not affect the morphogenetic step studied in this paper.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

Rubella virus maturation and production in two host cell systems.

When inoculated at the same MOI, Vero cells released a larger amount of infectious rubella virus into the culture medium than did BHK21 cells, However, BHK21 cells (in monolayer or in suspension) produced more intracellular infectious virus than Vero cells when tested 24 h after infection. Maturation of the virus in BHK21 cells occurred at the plasma membrane and, in a larger quantity, in the cytoplasm (Golgi apparatus and vacuoles). Viral particles consisted of an electron-dense core (32 nm) surrounded by a capsid and enveloped by a single membrane (8-10 nm). Aberrant forms (elongated and twisted) in the vacuole and double virions in the plasma membrane were observed as early as 65 h after infection.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

The problem of sampling homologous groups of nephrons during development of the chick mesonephros.

With the aim of defining homologous groups of nephrons in the chick mesonephros at different stages of development, we opened the abdominal wall of 295 White Leghorn embryos at stage HH 26 and marked off 6 segments of equal length at different levels of the organ by Seichert's plastic linear marking method (Seichert 1965), using marks previously introduced into the vertebral column at the same levels as a guide. The embryos were removed after 2-6 days, weighed and classified according to weight. The primordia of the marked vertebrae were identified. The length of the artificially defined segments or their relationships to both poles of the mesonephros were evaluated in projections. The portion of the mesonephros above Th 3 level shorten during the period of observation, while the more caudal segments grow in a craniocaudal gradient. Homologous groups of nephrons can be identified only by the marking technique, except for those at Th 7 level, whose distance from the caudal pole does not alter up to the 11th embryonic day.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

[The dichotomous distribution of the renal calices].

The analysis of the caliceal cavities of 30 pairs of Kidneys shows a dichotomous distribution of two types: cranio-caudal for the major calices, ventro-dorsal for the minor ones. The dichotomous organization does not result from the initial division of the ureteral bud: but it should depend upon the renal arteries growth commanding a new caliceal pattern during the morphogenesis of the Kidney.

Aged↗
PubMed1979

Morphology and morphogenesis of a new paramyxovirus (PMV 107).

The morphology of the virions and nucleocapsids of paramyxovirus 107 (PVM 107) and the replication of the virus were investigated by electron microscopy. The virions and nucleocapsids exhibited the same structural properties as other paramyxoviruses. Nuclecapsids were found in the nucleus and cytoplasm of infected bovine embryonic lung (BEL) cell cultures. A similar situation has been described for the morbilliviruses measles, SSPE, distemper and rinderpest. Alignment of nucleocapsids beneath the plasma membrane and budding of PMV 107 in the productive BEL cell infections were also similar to the morbillivirus-infected cells. In a line of monkey cells (CV1) persistently infected with PMV 107 only cytoplasmic nucleocapsids could be demonstrated. On the basis of its morphology and morphogenesis it is suggested that PMV 107 should be classified as a paramyxovirus. Since nucleocapsids could also be found in the nucleus of infected BEL cells the morphogenesis of PMV 107 closely resembles that of viruses of the morbillivirus group.

Animals↗
PubMed2026

Swimming Upstream to Understand Congenital Anomalies of the Kidney and Urinary Tract: Zebrafish Models for Developmental Biology, Disease Mechanisms, and Functional Interpretation of Genetic Variation.

Congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract (CAKUT) are the leading cause of pediatric chronic kidney disease (CKD) and comprise a heterogeneous group of developmental disorders with a substantial genetic contribution. Advances in next-generation sequencing have facilitated the identification of numerous candidate genes and rare variants associated with CAKUT. However, establishing causality and defining the biological functions of implicated genes remain major challenges. Functional validation is therefore essential to bridge the gap between gene discovery and mechanistic understanding, enabling the interpretation of genetic variation within the context of kidney development and disease. The zebrafish (Danio rerio) has emerged as a powerful in vivo model for studying renal development and interrogating the function of CAKUT-associated genes. Its utility stems from a high degree of genetic and developmental conservation with humans, conserved nephrogenic pathways, optical transparency during embryogenesis, and the relative ease of genetic manipulation. In this review, we provide an overview of zebrafish kidney development within the broader context of vertebrate nephrogenesis, highlighting the key genetic programs governing intermediate mesoderm specification, nephron segmentation, and pronephric morphogenesis. We then systematically examine CAKUT-associated genes that have been modeled in zebrafish, focusing on studies that have linked genetic perturbations to renal development and structural phenotypes. Finally, we discuss the strengths and limitations of zebrafish models for functional genomics and variant interpretation and consider their emerging role in bridging genetic discovery with mechanistic insights into CAKUT pathogenesis.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

[Electron microscopy studies on the proliferation of foot-and-mouth disease virus in cell cultures. III. Morphogenesis in cytoplasm].

The previous parts have been concerned with the participation of the cell nucleus in the formation of the RNA of FMD virus. However, the actual morphogenesis of the virus takes place in cytoplasm. In BHK cells, changes attributable to virus infection were visible by the second hour, with the formation of threads and large polysome complexes near the nucleus. Viral particles soon appeared between these structures. There were no pronounced foci of viroplasma, and it seemed that they were not necessary. Simultaneously new membranes formed in the cell. Clumps of viral particles were next visible in the cxtoplasma. The clumps became enveloped and were transported in this way to the periphery of the cell. Elsewhere there was uptake of particles in autophagic vacuoles, an expression of cellular defensive processes. In ultra-thin sections the virions measured 21-25 nm. Within vacuoles the inner part of the virus, the nucleoid, showed greater contrast than the periphery, the capsid. At first there were only slight changes in mitochondria. Liberation of virus by cell rupture occurred only after severe damage to the cell, particularly the lysosome membranes.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

Morphological observations on the replication of herpesvirus saimiri in monkey kidney cell cultures.

Owl and African green monkey kidney cell cultures have been infected with 1 p.f.u./cell of herpesvirus saimiri and sample cultures have been taken for examination by electron microscopy at 3 to 6 hourly intervals over a period of 7 days; the experiments were repeated several times. The peculiarly slow replication cycle of Herpesvirus saimiri has enabled distinct cytoplasmic and nuclear phases in virus maturation to be clearly distinguished; the overall fine structural features were similar in both cell types. Immature particles were first detected in the nucleus and cytoplasm 63 h after infection. Thereafter, abundant cytoplasmic immature particles matured by budding through cytoplasmic membranes until about 100 h, whereas nuclear immature particles budded through the inner nuclear membrane or intranuclear invaginations of it later, from about 100 h until cytolysis was complete at 160 h. Morphological differences were also observed between particles budding at cytoplasmic membranes and the nuclear envelope. At the former site the membrane overlying the bud showed an electron opaque thickening which imparted to the mature particle an asymmetrical appearance. Such thickenings of the envelope were not observed in mature particles of nuclear origin. Unusual tubular and laminated nuclear structures were seen towards the end of the replicative cycle corresponding with the phase of nuclear virus maturation by budding; the morphology of the latter structures is described.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

[Morphogenesis of immune complex glomerulonephritis].

Morphological changes in the kidneys in nonspecific ulcerative colitis were studied and the following variants of the kidney involvement were established: (1) allergic changes manifested by membraneous and mesangio-proliferative glomerulonephritis, renal vasculitis, phenomena of stromal desorganization with lymphoid and histiocyte infiltrations; (2) metabolic changes manifested by various kinds of degeneration of the tubular apparatus including changes typical of potassium-deficient nephropathy; (3) toxic -- necrotic nephrosis and (4) infectious -- nonsuppurative and suppurative interstitial nephritis.

Glomerulonephritis↗