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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2026

Novel Insights into Metagenomic-Assembled Genomes from Layer Chicken Housing Environment.

Culture-independent techniques are playing a major role in exploring unique and novel microbial communities from complex ecosystems, leading to an outstanding impact on our basic understanding of the tree of life. Microbial communities are not extensively studied in layer chicken housing environments, particularly from the point of view of taxa carrying antimicrobial resistance genes, virulence genes and their functional potential. This study aimed to extract metagenomic-assembled genomes (MAGs) from the Illumina short-reads shotgun metagenomics sequenced data that originated from an Alberta poultry barn environment and then to study host tracking of antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) and the roles of genes involved in functions related to ammonia production, short-chain fatty acid (SCFA)-related pathways, sulfur metabolism, methane emission, stress and disinfectant-related pathways. A total of 251 high-quality MAGs were extracted, including 249 bacterial and two archaeal genomes from sequencing data of 30 metagenomic sequencing samples comprising 15 air and 15 manure samples collected from 15-layer farms. Interestingly 22 bacterial MAGs were not classified to species levels using GTDB-based classification. ARGs were mainly harbored by the genera Staphylococcus, Alistepes, Romboutsia, and Enterococcus. Bacteroides is a main taxon carrying ARGs in air samples. Ammonia production-related genes were mainly tracked in Staphylococcus, Ruminococcus and Corynebacterium genera. The assimilatory sulfate reduction genes responsible for sulfur metabolism and hydrogenase-related genes responsible for hydrogen cycling were traced from Staphylococcus originated from both air and manure. The current study provides characterizations of MAGs from a poultry housing environment by linking microbial taxa with virulence, resistance, and metabolic functions. The findings emphasize the role of microbiota in shaping gas emissions and AMR, with implications for poultry health and worker's safety and the ultimate aim of sustainable poultry production.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

The structure of a new phospholipid from the koilin-glandular layer of chicken gizzard.

A new phospholipid (Mr = 653; C32H64NO10P; [alpha]22D: - 24) was isolated from the keratinoidal layer of chicken gizzard. After acid hydrolysis the following products were identified: a C22-saturated aldehyde, sn-glycerol 3-phosphate, ethanolamine and D(-)-ribose. The substance is stable to alkali, it has saturated character, and after hydrolysis with CH3OH/HCI, yields only C22-dimethyl acetal. It contains a free NH2 group, and methylation produces 2,3,4-tri-O-methyl-D-ribose. The probable structure of the isolated phospholipid is proposed as 1,2-O-do-cosylidene-sn-glycero-3-phospho-(1 inch-ribosyl)-ethanolamine.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

The synthesis of a new phospholipid from the koilin glandular layer of chicken gizzard.

In a previous publication, a new phospholipid was isolated from the keratinoidal layer of chicken gizzard, and on the basis of chemical, spectrometric (IR, NMR, UV) tests and mass analysis, the probable structure of the isolated phospholipid was proposed as 1,2-O-docosylidene-sn-glycero-3-phospho(1'-ribosyl)-ethanolamine (IX). In this paper, on the basis of probable structure, a new phospholipid was synthetized.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Interaction of infectious bursal disease and coccidiosis in layer replacement chickens.

During a floor-pen study on anticoccidial programs for layer-replacement pullets, there was a natural outbreak of infectious bursal disease (IBD). The interaction of coccidiosis and IBD was characterized by: excessive deaths from coccidiosis; and apparent failure of some anticoccidial drug treatments. Immunity to coccidiosis was not blocked by the IBD infection, although immunity was less in some treatments than would be expected with the degree of coccidiosis exposure.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

Pathological changes of experimental polychlorinated biphenyl poisoning in chickens.

Two experiments were carried out to study pathological changes of polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) "KC 400" poisoning. In them chickens were administered with this agent for a relatively short time. Eleven experimental diets were prepared to contain 11 different PCB concentrations, 4,800 ppm being the highest, respectively. They were given to broiler chickens in initial feeding and later. All the chickens fed 300 ppm and higher concentrations of PCB died, showing the serious dilatation of uriniferous tubules and involution of the bursa of Fabricius, by the time when they reached 12 days of age. All the chickens, except a very few, fed 100 ppm remained alive at the end of the experimental period, when they were 41 days of age and exhibited such edematous changes as hydropericardium. Few chickens fed 50 ppm and less manifested pathological changes until the end of the experimental period, when they were 22 days of age. Two experimental diets were prepared to contain 600 and 200 ppm of PCB, respectively. They were given to layer chickens in initial feeding and later. These layers were sacrificed for autopsy every fourth day. A gain in body weight was retarded mostly in those fed 600 ppm. Dilatation of uriniferous tubules and involution of the bursa of Fabricius began in the very early stage of experimental feeding in both groups. Hydropericardium occurred to many of the chickens fed 200 ppm in the late stage of the experimental period. The results of both experiments indicated that there was no essential difference in changes of PCB poisoning between broiler and layer chickens. The principal changes of the poisoning were dilatation of uriniferous tubules, involution of the bursa of Fabricius, and edematous alterations. They appeared in a relatively early stage of the experimental period of PCB feeding. Their severity was strongly dependent upon the concentration of PCB contained in the diet.

Animals↗
PubMed2025

Detection of the mgtC gene in multidrug-resistant Salmonella sp. based on isolation of chicken eggshell swabs from traditional Surabaya markets.

BACKGROUND: The virulence of Salmonella sp. is increased by the presence of the mgtC gene, which allows the bacteria to survive in environments with low magnesium levels, such as inside macrophages. Salmonella sp. found on eggshells when they show resistance to three or more classes of antibiotics can be classified as multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria. AIM: This study aimed to identify the presence of Salmonella sp. MDR and the mgtC gene in chicken eggshell swabs from traditional markets in Surabaya. METHODS: Swab samples were collected from 160 eggs (80 from layer chickens and 80 from free-range chickens) at 10 traditional markets in Surabaya, Indonesia. Isolation and identification were performed using culture media, including Salmonella Shigella Agar, Gram staining, Triple Sugar Iron Agar, Sulfide Indole Motility, Simmons Citrate Agar, Methyl Red and Voges Proskauer, and Urea Agar. Antibiotic sensitivity testing was performed using the disc diffusion method on Mueller-Hinton Agar. Molecular detection of the mgtC gene was performed using polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS: The results showed that 16.87% (27/160) of the samples were detected positive for Salmonella sp. All Salmonella sp. isolates (27) were resistant to Erythromycin (100%). Resistance was also found to Ampicillin (77.77%, 21/27), Tetracycline (29.62%, 8/27), and Ciprofloxacin (18.51%, 5/27). No resistance to chloramphenicol was observed. In addition, eight of the 27 isolates (29.62%) were classified as Salmonella sp. MDR. The Salmonella sp. MDR isolates also carried the mgtC gene at 87.5% (7/8). CONCLUSION: These findings demonstrate the potential global public health threat posed by MDR Salmonella sp. with the mgtC gene, emphasizing the importance of monitoring and controlling antibiotic resistance in humans and animals.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

[Study on the possible presence of aflatoxin B 1 in liver and muscle tissue of slaughter animals].

Seventy-seven samples of liver (from pigs, bulls, cows, broiler chickens, layers), twenty-eight samples of white muscle (from pigs, broilers, layers), and twenty-four samples of red muscle (from pigs, broilers, layers) were examined by the modified Jacobson method (Jacobson et al. 1971) for the contingent presence of aflatoxin B1. The samples came from healthy animals, part of them from animals fed non-traditional feed containing pig excrements. Positive findings were only obtained in two samples of pork liver, out of the total number of 30 samples. One sample came from pigs fed a ration containing 5% of pig excrements, the other from a traditionally fed pig. The amounts of aflatoxin B1 found in these two samples can be treated as trace quantities, since the concentration did not exceed 0.1 microgram per kg. In the samples of muscle and liver of the other farm animals, the chromatogram did not show the presence of spots which might resemble, in colour and position, the spots of aflatoxin B1.

Aflatoxins↗
PubMed1976

Effects of the chicken body louse, Menacanthus stramineus, on caged layers.

When 23-, 35-, and 49-week old Ideal 236 White Leghorn hens were infested with the chicken body louse, Menacanthus stramineus, percentage egg production 12 weeks later had decreased by 16, 34, and 46%. Meanwhile, the average hen weight had decreased by about 85, 300, and 450 grams compared with unifested control hens of the same age. There were also significant decreases in clutch size and feed consumption of the infested hens. All the decreases correlated with populations of lice.

Age Factors↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Avian adenoviruses--distribution of infection in commercial flocks of fowls in Argentina.

Group-specific avian adenovirus antibodies were surveyed in broiler, layer, and breeder chickens in three poultry-producing areas of Argentina: north, middle, and south. The method used was the agar double-immunodiffusion test. Of the flocks examined, 89% had antibodies to avian adenovirus, with the percentages higher in layers and breeders than in broiler chickens. A close relation was found between poorer hygienic condition and high adenovirus antibodies values.

Adenoviridae Infections↗
PubMed1977

[Submicroscopic analysis of the microcirculatory system of the pancreas in several vertebrates].

The metabolic link of the microcirculatory system of the exocrinous part of the pancreas studied electron microscopically in the frog, chicken and rat has a general plan of the structure. It consists of capillaries, pericapillary gap and intercellular clefts of glandular cells connected with it. But in the frog and chicken the adventitional layer was found to be absent from the blood capillary wall, the luminal surface of endothelial cells was increased. The width of the basal layer and intercellular clefts in the rat was less than in other objects. The existence of cytoplasmic spiculae of exocrinous pancreocytes in the pancreas of different vertebrates allows to consider them as an element of the exocrinous part microcirculatory system.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

The phospholipid content of ejaculated fowl and turkey spermatozoa.

Chicken and turkey spermatozoal lipids were separated into acidic and non-acidic fractions by DEAE cellulose column chromatography. The phospholipid composition of each fraction was examined by thin-layer chromatography, followed by phosphorus analysis. Chicken sperm phospholipid comprised 38.21% phosphatidyl choline, 9.04% phosphatidal choline, 12.62% phosphatidyl ethanolamine, 8.04% phosphatidal ethanolamine, 8.28% sphingomyelin, 9.76% phosphatidyl serine, 6.5% phosphatidyl inositol, and 7.49% cardiolipin. Turkey sperm phospholipid comprised 34.15% phosphatidyl choline, 7.14% phosphatidal choline, 15.61% phosphatidyl ethanolamine, 11.34% phosphatidal ethanolamine, 9.91% sphingomyelin, 8.83% phosphatidyl serine, 4.80% phosphatidyl inositol, and 8.22% cardiolipin.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

Screening and confirmatory methods for determining lincomycin residues in animal tissues.

Methods for screening and for confirming residues of lincomycin in animal tissues, both sensitive to 0.1 ppm, are described. In the screening technique, residues are extracted, cleaned up by solvent partition, and detected by microbiological plate assay. In the confirmatory technique, residues are cleaned up on an unfunctionalized macroreticular-type resin column, concentrated, chromatographed on thin layer plates, and detected by bioautography. This system was effective in identifying lincomycin in the presence of 20 other antibiotics and chemicals used in the animal health industry.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

[Enzootic dermonecrosis in chickens].

An enzootic of necrotic dermatosis in hen layers was described. The changes consisted in that they had constant localization and demarkated sites on the skin between the back and the neck. The disease was observed on a farm for 5000 layers in the course of two consecutive years. All birds contracted the disease and in the first year they recovered the 10 months; in second year they recovered for three months. Each bird showed symptoms for 3 weeks. The skin lesions resulted in cicatrization. The etiologic agent (a Pasteurella-like organism) was isolated from the necrotic foci. It proved pathogenic for albino mice and manifested biochemical activity and morphology characteristic of Pasteurella multocida. The disease was successfully reproduced with a broth culture applied on a scarified skin of test birds. Histopathologically, the spontaneous lesions proved undistinguishable from the experimental ones and represented coagulation necrosis of the epidermis, derm, and subcutis. It is supposed that the constant localization was due to the porte d'entrer of the infection, associated with the bad habit of picage on the neck as demonstrated on a large scale by the birds of the infected flock. This is characteristic of some lines of the White Leghorn breed.

Animals↗