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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources

PubMed2026

Artificial Intelligence Cannot Replace Peer Reviewers but May Help Editors Triage: A Comparative Analysis of a Large Language Model and Human Reviewer Recommendations at the American Journal of Sports Medicine.

BACKGROUND: The peer review system faces increasing strain from rising manuscript volumes, reviewer fatigue, and well-documented interreviewer disagreement. Large language models (LLMs) have shown potential to support the peer review process, but their ability to replicate editorial decisions at high-impact medical journals and their utility as manuscript screening tools remain unknown. PURPOSE: To compare the agreement between an LLM and the final editorial decision on manuscripts submitted to the American Journal of Sports Medicine and to evaluate the potential of LLMs as a manuscript screening tool. STUDY DESIGN: Cross-sectional agreement study. METHODS: Fifty-four manuscripts randomly selected from submissions to the American Journal of Sports Medicine (September 2024-October 2024) were reviewed by a locally deployed LLM (Ministral 3 14B; Mistral AI) using a standardized prompt. The artificial intelligence (AI) produced a categorical recommendation (reject, cascade, revision, or accept) and a numerical score (0-100) for each manuscript. Agreement with the final editorial decision was assessed by Cohen kappa (4-category model) for pooled human reviewers (n = 139 reviews) and the AI (n = 54). Screening performance was evaluated by positive predictive value (PPV), sensitivity, and specificity. RESULTS: Pooled human reviewers demonstrated fair agreement with the final decision (κ = 0.181 [P < .001]; 42.4% agreement), while the AI demonstrated slight, nonsignificant agreement (κ = 0.126 [P = .099]; 37.0% agreement). The AI recommended revision for 61.1% of manuscripts, of which 72.7% were ultimately rejected or cascaded, demonstrating systematic "revision bias." When the AI recommended rejection, 54.5% of those manuscripts were ultimately rejected and 27.3% were cascaded; when the AI recommended cascade, 50% were rejected and 50% were cascaded. However, when the AI recommended rejection or cascade (n = 21), 90.5% received a final decision of rejection or cascade (PPV, 90.5%; specificity, 81.8%). Manuscripts with an AI score <70 were rejected or cascaded 88.0% of the time (PPV, 88.0%). CONCLUSION: AI cannot replicate the nuanced judgment of human peer reviewers at a high-impact sports medicine journal. When AI recommended rejection or cascade, 90.5% of manuscripts received that final decision (descriptive PPV, 90.5%; 95% CI, 71.1%-97.3%), suggesting potential utility as an exploratory first-pass screening tool warranting further validation in larger cohorts. However, AI could not reliably distinguish manuscripts destined for outright rejection from those that would be cascaded to a sister journal-an important limitation for editorial triage applications.

Sports Medicine↗

PubMed2004

Measuring patient knowledge of the risks and benefits of prostate cancer screening.

This manuscript describes the development and validation of measures assessing patient knowledge about the risks and benefits of prostate cancer (CaP) screening. The measures described include a 10-item knowledge index and four single-item measures, used in previous studies, that assess knowledge of: CaP natural history and treatment efficacy, expert disagreement over the value of CaP screening, and the accuracy of the prostate specific antigen (PSA) test for CaP. We assessed the validity and reliability of these measures on a sample of 1152 male veteran patients age 50 and older. All knowledge index items had acceptable levels of discrimination, difficulty, and reliability. The index demonstrated strong evidence for construct and criterion validity. Much weaker validity evidence was found for the four single-item knowledge questions. The 10-item index developed in this study provides a valid and reliable tool for assessing patient knowledge of the risks and benefits of CaP screening.

Aged↗

PubMed1994

Peer review is an effective screening process to evaluate medical manuscripts.

OBJECTIVE: To measure the effectiveness of peer review as a screening process to evaluate medical manuscripts. DESIGN: Retrospective. SETTING: The editorial office of the American Journal of Surgery (AJS). METHOD: A MEDLINE search was conducted of publications from 1984 to 1992 for manuscripts that were identical or similar to those rejected by AJS between January and December 1989. Manuscripts that were submitted to AJS by foreign authors were excluded because of the presumed difficulty in tracking foreign-language publications. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The percentage of manuscripts rejected by AJS that were subsequently published in journals indexed by MEDLINE, the time from rejection to ultimate publication, and the journal of publication. The reasons for rejection were also documented. We assumed that the majority of rejected manuscripts would be published within 3 years after rejection. RESULTS: One hundred twenty-five manuscripts submitted by North American authors were rejected by AJS in 1989, and 62% were not subsequently published in another core medical journal during the study period. The average duration between rejection and later publication was 17 months. Of those manuscripts subsequently published, 54% appeared in general surgical journals, including 12% that were revised, reevaluated, and later accepted by AJS. Twenty-nine percent of the rejected manuscripts were published in specialty medical journals, 10% in state and local journals, and the remainder in general medical journals. Twenty-eight percent of the authors of rejected manuscripts had previously and subsequently published manuscripts on very similar subjects. CONCLUSIONS: Our data indicate that the review process serves as a sieve and influences whether manuscripts are published in core medical journals. This was demonstrated by the fact that rejected manuscripts often were not published in other indexed medical journals.

Manuscripts as Topic↗

PubMed2005

Effects of HPV detection in population-based screening programmes for cervical cancer; a Dutch moment.

Presently, large randomised studies are investigating the value of incorporating HPV detection in population-based cervical screening programmes to improve the effectiveness of these programmes. None of these studies, however, has assessed the effect of HPV detection on the participation rate of women in these screening programmes. This paper draws attention to the fact that the effectiveness of cervical screening largely depends on the participation rate. A number of possibilities will be addressed on how HPV may affect cervical cancer screening. On the one hand, an option is described that addition of HPV detection, although increasing the sensitivity of screening, may in fact decrease the overall effectiveness of the screening. On the other hand, the possibility is put forward that incorporation of HPV will increase the reduction in mortality because of increased sensitivity and participation to the screening. Our manuscript thereby addresses an important aspect of screening, namely, the societal impact of new diagnostic tests on coverage in population-based screening programmes.

Female↗

PubMed2005

Improved interstage mortality with the modified Norwood procedure: a meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Modification of the Norwood procedure has been reported to improve immediate postoperative mortality compared with the classic Norwood. Interstage mortality has not been shown to be improved with the modified Norwood probably because of the small number of patients from each institution. The goal of this study was to determine if meta-analysis would provide sufficient data to prove statistical difference in interstage mortality for the modified Norwood procedure. METHODS: PubMed was searched using six different terms individually for articles from January 2003 to October 2004. Manuscripts that compared the classic to modified Norwood were reviewed. Mantel-Haenszel analysis was used to evaluate the relationship between treatment method and mortality stratified across hospitals. The Breslow-Day procedure tested homogeneity of odds ratio across hospitals. Separate analyses were performed for inpatient and interstage periods. RESULTS: A total of 4,545 citations was screened. Five manuscripts met the criteria. Seventy-two patients undergoing classic Norwood and 84 patients undergoing modified Norwood survived to initial hospital discharge. The Breslow-Day statistic supported homogeneity of odds ratios for survival across hospitals (chi2 = 2.09, df = 4, p = 0.72). Odds of interstage death was 11.6 times greater (2.2 to 62.1, 95% CI) for the classic Norwood compared with the modified Norwood procedure. This difference was statistically significant by the Mantel-Haenszel chi2 (11.0, p = 0.001). The Breslow-Day statistic supported homogeneity of the odds ratios across hospitals (chi2 = 3.1, df = 4, p = 0.53). CONCLUSIONS: The modified Norwood procedure has a significantly lower interstage mortality compared with the classic Norwood procedure. A large randomized study is needed to determine whether these results remain consistent.

Cardiac Surgical Procedures↗

PubMed1995

The in vivo rat micronucleus test: integration with a 14-day study.

A 14-day subchronic toxicity study is routinely conducted in Fischer 344 rats at the Lilly Research Laboratories. This study is done to gather preliminary toxicological information about chemical entities showing efficacy in various pharmacological screens. This manuscript describes the validation of a method for evaluating micronuclei in the bone marrow polychromatic erythrocytes of animals from this test in order to obtain additional information about the genotoxic potential of these compounds without incurring the cost of additional animals or the use of additional test article, which is often in limited supply. Compounds selected for evaluation were acetylsalicylic acid, mitomycin C, cyclophosphamide, colchicine, 6-mercaptopurine, and etoposide. With the exception of colchicine, the results obtained were as expected with acetylsalicylic acid yielding negative results and the other compounds yielding positive results. These findings are consistent with those published for mice (MacGregor et al., Fund. Appl. Toxicol., 14, 513-522, 1990) and show that a bone marrow micronucleus test can be successfully integrated into a routine subchronic rat toxicology study.

Animals↗

PubMed2026

Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) of polyether-ether-ketone (PEEK) dental implants: A systematic review of the effect of printing parameters on mechanical behaviour and surface quality.

PURPOSE: This systematic review evaluated how FDM printing parameters influence mechanical behaviour and surface characteristics of 3D-printed PEEK and identified parameter combinations linked to the most favourable mechanical performance and surface quality. MATERIALS AND METHODS: An electronic search was conducted in: MEDLINE (Ovid), PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, Scopus, and Compendex (last update: January 2025). Studies that evaluated the effect of FDM printing parameters on mechanical and surface properties of PEEK were included. Outcomes comprised compressive, tensile, and flexural strengths, elastic modulus, fracture toughness, surface hardness, roughness, and wettability. RESULTS: Of 4005 reports screened, 54 manuscripts were included. 92.6% (n = 50) of articles showed low risk-of-bias, while 7.4% (n = 4) showed medium risk-of-bias. Tensile strength was the most investigated mechanical parameter (78%), followed by elastic modulus (41%), flexural strength (30%), compressive strength (20%), and fracture toughness (6%). Surface roughness was the most evaluated surface property (30%), followed by hardness (17%) and wettability (6%). Across studies, higher printing temperatures, lower printing speed, thinner layer thickness, and maximum infill ratio in a horizontal printing orientation were associated with higher strengths, less warpage, increased accuracy, and improved surface quality. CONCLUSION: Specific combinations of FDM printing parameters can significantly improve the mechanical and surface properties of PEEK. However, it is difficult to meet all the optimal conditions simultaneously. Thus, balancing between different parameters must be considered in practical production.

Benzophenones↗

PubMed2006

Cancer screening in the USA.

Once screening for cancer has been shown to be effective, reducing cancer morbidity and mortality in the population depends on the successful delivery of mass screening. Today, screening for cancer may be achieved through the organized delivery of services, or unsystematically, by individual referral for screening at intervals which are not necessarily optimal or regularly spaced. Organized screening is distinguished from unsystematic screening primarily on the basis of how the offer of screening occurs--whether by invitation, issued from centralized population registers or coincidently, depending on individuals seeking screening on their own, or having providers initiate screening during visits for care for other reasons. This manuscript describes cancer screening in the USA, which for most Americans is unsystematic. While this model can achieve many of the goals of screening, these goals are achieved at a greater cost, less efficiently, and without the assurance of full participation of the entire, eligible population. In order to achieve the fullest potential of cancer screening in the most cost-effective manner, screening should be organized, with attention to monitoring the fullest performance of the programme from recruitment to follow-up.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1999

Breast cancer screening in 21 countries: delivery of services, notification of results and outcomes ascertainment.

Following clinical trial evidence of mammography screening's efficacy and effectiveness, data are needed from organized population-based programmes to determine whether screening in these programmes results in breast cancer mortality reductions comparable to those demonstrated in controlled settings. The International Breast Cancer Screening Network (IBSN) conducted two international programme assessments: in 1990 among nine countries and in 1995 among 22 countries, obtaining information on the organization and process for screening within breast cancer screening programmes. This manuscript describes procedures for recruitment, service delivery, interpretation and communication of results, case ascertainment, and quality assurance. Practices in more established programmes are compared with pilot programmes. Each IBSN country defined a unique programme of population-based breast cancer screening. Some programmes were sub-national rather than national in scope, while others were in pilot stages of development. Screening took place in dedicated centres in established programmes and in both dedicated and general radiology centres in pilot programmes. Although most countries used personal invitation systems to recruit women to screening, other recruitment mechanisms were used. Most countries used two-view mammography in their screening programmes. About half had implemented independent double reading of mammograms, considering it a key component of high-quality mammography screening. In conclusion, diversity exists in the organization and delivery of screening mammography internationally. Quality assurance activities are a priority and are being evaluated in the IBSN.

Australia↗

PubMed2026

A benchmarking study of feature screening approaches across type 1 diabetes omics studies classification settings.

In recent years, high dimensional omics analyses have become more commonplace for investigating complex biological systems. Typically, these studies attempt to identify key biomolecules associated with a particular biological process. Often, machine learning (ML) is used to identify these biomolecules, typically by learning which biomolecules are highly predictive of a treatment, biological outcome, or phenotype. A major challenge of applying ML to high throughput omics is overcoming noise when sample size is limited and unbalanced with respect to tens of thousands of biomolecules measured. Thus, feature selection (the process of reducing the number of predictors) is both a critical and common step in the ML analysis pipeline. While much attention has been given to embedding and wrapping techniques for feature selection in the omics space, filter-based methods for model-free feature selection have appealing theoretical properties. This manuscript evaluates sure screening, a class of filter-based feature selection methods which provide analytical guarantees for true feature set retention. Here, we cover existing feature screening methods based on the sure screening principal, available software, methods to improve feature screening, and contextualize feature screening in the larger discussion of feature selection for omics data analysis. Additionally, a suite of model-free sure screening approaches is applied and compared for several omics biomedical applications in a ML classification context. We identified BcorSIS as the most effective and computationally efficient screening method across various omics datasets, consistently outperforming others like CSIS and DCSIS in runtime.

Humans↗

PubMed2006

Preparation of swine for the laboratory.

Swine are an important model in many areas of biomedical research. These animals have been used predominantly as preclinical models involving surgical and interventional protocols. The systems most commonly studied include cardiovascular, integumentary, digestive, and urological. Swine are intelligent social animals and require species-specific socialization and handling techniques. It is important to acclimate the animals to the facility and to personnel before they are placed on chronic protocols. Gentle handling techniques instead of forceful procedures are essential to their socialization. They require sturdy caging with specific construction standards, and toys for environmental enrichment. Because the species is covered by both the Animal Welfare Act and the US Department of Agriculture, interstate transport requires a health certificate with destination state-specific disease screening standards. This manuscript provides an overview of best practices that have been utilized in the authors' facility.

Acclimatization↗

PubMed2001

Virtual colonoscopy: a new tool for colorectal cancer screening.

Virtual colonoscopy or computed-tomography colonography is a promising new method for colorectal cancer screening. Helical computed tomography is used to generate high-resolution, two-dimensional axial images of the abdomen and pelvis. Three-dimensional images of the colon simulating those obtained with conventional colonoscopy can be reconstructed from the data obtained. Favorable attributes of virtual colonoscopy include its safety, high patient acceptance, and ability to provide a full structural evaluation of the entire colon. Multiple studies of virtual colonoscopy have been published in the literature in the past year regarding technique, image display, image reconstruction, clinical trial results, and feasibility as a screening tool. This manuscript will review the various studies in each of these areas.

Journal Article↗

PubMed1989

"On-screen" writing and composing: two years experience with Manuscript Manager, Apple II and IBM-PC versions.

The problems of the direct composition of a biomedical manuscript on a personal computer are discussed. Most word processing software is unsuitable because literature references, once stored, cannot be rearranged if major changes are necessary. These obstacles have been overcome in Manuscript Manager, a combination of word processing and database software. As it follows Council of Biology Editors and Vancouver rules, the printouts should be technically acceptable to most leading biomedical journals.

Humans↗

PubMed1983

A screening primer: basic principles, criteria, and pitfalls of screening with comments on colorectal carcinoma.

In this manuscript, a short review is provided of the basic principles of screening, emphasizing some of the methodologic problems attendant on any screening test, in short, a "screening primer." My analysis of the "core" data supporting efforts to screen for colorectal cancer leads to the conclusion that the utility and efficacy of screening for colorectal cancer awaits proof.

Adult↗

PubMed2005

Colorectal cancer screening in average risk individuals.

Colorectal cancer is the third leading type of cancer, and the second leading cause of cancer-related death in the United States. Prevention of colorectal cancer should be achievable by screening programs that detect adenomas in asymptomatic patients and lead to their removal. In this manuscript, we review the major screening modalities, the advantages and disadvantages of each approach, the data supporting their use, and various issues affecting the implementation of each test. Screening guidelines will be reviewed, and future techniques for colorectal cancer screening examined.

Adenoma↗

PubMed2003

Carcinoid--a comprehensive review.

Carcinoid tumors originate from the neuroendocrine cells throughout the body and are capable of producing various peptides. Their clinical course is often indolent but can also be aggressive and resistant to therapy. We examined all aspects of carcinoid tumors including the molecular biology oncogenesis, role of angiogenesis, recent advances in imaging, and therapy. The Medline and Cancerlit databases were searched using carcinoid as the keyword. English language manuscripts were reviewed and relevant references from a total of 7741 were found. All titles were screened and all the relevant manuscripts were analyzed; we found 307 references pertinent to the history, epidemiology, clinical behavior, pathology, pathophysiology, molecular biology, radiologic imaging, supportive care of carcinoid syndrome, and results of therapeutic clinical trials. Management of patients with carcinoid tumors requires an understanding of the disease process and a multimodality approach. Introduction of long-acting somatostatin analogues has resulted in significant advances in the palliative care of patients with carcinoid syndrome. However, advanced carcinoid tumor remains incurable. Existing therapies for advanced disease have low biologic activity, high toxicity, or both. Clearly, more research is necessary in the areas of molecular biology, targeted therapy, and development of new drugs Future advances in this field need to focus on clinical and biological predictors of outcome. Early works in the area of tumor biology such as the role of p53, bcl-2, bax, MEN1, FGF TGF PDGF and VEGF expression are of interest and need to be explored further.

Biomarkers, Tumor↗

PubMedDate not supplied

ProPose: steered virtual screening by simultaneous protein-ligand docking and ligand-ligand alignment.

The 'model-free' screening engine ProPose implements a general method for performing simultaneous protein-ligand docking, ligand-ligand alignment, pharmacophore queries-and combinations thereof-in order to incorporate a priori information into screening protocols. In this manuscript we describe a case study on herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase, an important antiviral drug target, where we evaluate different approaches for handling a specific type of a priori information, i.e., multiple target structures. We demonstrate that a simultaneous alignment on two target structures--in conjunction with logic operations on interactions and docking constraints derived from protein structure--is an effective means of (i) improving the enrichment of chemical substructures that are compatible with the a priori known ligands, (ii) ensuring the steric fit into the target protein, and (iii) handling target flexibility. The combination of ligand- and receptor-based methods steers the virtual screening by ranking molecules according to the similarity of their interaction pattern with known ligands, thereby--to some extent--outweighing the deficiencies of simple scoring functions often used in initial virtual screening.

Binding Sites↗

PubMed2006

Alcohol and other drug disorders, comorbidty and violence in rural African American women.

African-American women report less alcohol and drug (AOD) use than Caucasian women. However, African-Americans disproportionately experience negative health and social consequences of AOD use. This is especially true for rural women, many of whom live in poverty and have debilitating co-morbid psychiatric disorders that go undiagnosed and treated. It is imperative that health professionals be knowledgeable about AOD use, co-morbid disorders, and how to screen for them. This manuscript is focused on examining rural African American women (n = 142) with and without AOD disorders on the following variables: drugs of abuse, Axis I psychiatric disorder, and adult and childhood victimization.

Adolescent↗