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Results for “moderation”

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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources

PubMed1979

The N-terminal sequence of the ribosomal 'A' protein from two moderate halophiles, Vibrio costicola and an unidentified moderate (NRCC 11227).

The 'A' protein, equivalent to ribosomal protein EL7/L12 from Escherichia coli, has been isolated and purified from two moderate halophiles Vibrio costicola and NRCC 11227. The 'A' protein from V. costicola contained an N-terminal serine and separated into two forms on DEAE-cellulose and two-dimensional electrophoresis while the equivalent protein in NRCC 11227 contained an N-terminal alanine residue and was present in only one form. The amino acid composition and mobility on two-dimensional gels indicated these proteins were very similar to EL7/L12. The first 38 residues of the 'A' proteins were sequenced and compared to the equivalent protein from E. coli and the extreme halophile Halobacterium cutirubrum. The N-terminal region of the 'A' protein from both moderate halophiles showed substantial homology to EL 12 (75--80%) but no evidence of any homology to the equivalent protein from the extreme halophile. The ribosomal proteins equivalent to ES1A in E. coli were also isolated and their amino acid compositions determined.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

PubMed1990

Multicenter trial of oral enoximone in patients with moderate to moderately severe congestive heart failure. Lack of benefit compared with placebo. Enoximone Multicenter Trial Group.

A multicenter double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial of oral enoximone, a phosphodiesterase inhibitor, was conducted in 102 outpatients (50 receiving enoximone and 52 receiving placebo) with moderate to moderately severe congestive heart failure. All were on a long-term regimen of digoxin and diuretics without vasodilators and converting enzyme inhibitors. Symptom score was obtained, and exercise testing was performed monthly for 4 months. There were no differences between groups in symptoms or exercise duration at the end of 4 months. A subgroup undergoing analysis of oxygen consumption with measurement of anaerobic threshold during exercise showed an increase (p less than 0.05) in anaerobic threshold at 1 month with enoximone. (2.7 +/- 0.8 ml O2/kg/min) compared with placebo (-0.8 +/- 1.2 ml O2/kg/min). This improvement was not sustained at 4 months (0.5 +/- 1.7 ml O2/kg/min with enoximone and 0.2 +/- 1.5 ml O2/kg/min with placebo). The dropout rate was significantly higher (p less than 0.02) with enoximone (46%) than with placebo (25%). Adverse effects other than death were slightly, but not significantly, higher with enoximone (32%) than with placebo (22%). During therapy, five deaths occurred in the enoximone group, and none occurred in the placebo group (p less than 0.05). Two deaths were sudden, two were from progressive congestive heart failure, and one was from acute myocardial infarction. With intention-to-treat analysis and inclusion of patients who were removed from therapy because of lack of study drug effect, 10 deaths occurred in the enoximone group, and three occurred in the placebo group (p less than 0.05).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Administration, Oral↗

PubMed1990

On the nosology of moderate mental retardation with special attention to X-linked mental retardation. A diagnostic genetic survey of 274 institutionalized moderately mentally retarded men.

In this paper we report the results of a genetic-diagnostic survey of 274 institutionalized moderately mentally retarded adult males and compare these data with those from our previous studies in the severely mentally retarded and from a comparable population of 262 institutionalized moderately mentally retarded males and females (The Borgenstein experience). Special attention is paid to the nosology of X-linked mental retardation and familial mental retardation in general.

Belgium↗

PubMed1979

[Influence of combined moderate arterial hypoxaemia and moderate hypovolaemic hypotension on cerebral blood flow and cerebral oxidative and energy metabolism in the dog (author's transl)].

The influence on total cerebral blood flow, cerebral metabolic rates for oxygen, carbon dioxide, glucose, lactate and pyruvate and on cerebral grey matter content of glucose, lactate and pyruvate and high energy phosphate compounds of combined moderate reduction in cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP) and moderate arterial hypoxaemia was studied. Individually arterial hypoxaemia and arterial hypotension of the same degree would neither impair autoregulation of cerebral blood flow nor cerebral oxygen availability. Four groups of 10 dogs each were studied under control conditions (group I), with reduction of CPP to 70 mm Hg (group II), with reduction of paO2 to 45 mm Hg (group III) or with a combination of these degrees of hypotension and hypoxaemia (group IV) after steady states of 30 min duration. Cbf was elevated by 40% in group III (p less than or equal to 0.01), CMRO2 was reduced significantly in group IV (p less than or equal to 0.01, CMR lactate was raised significantly in all three experimental groups (p less than or equal to 0.01). All other data were not significantly different from values in control animals. Cerebral tissue lactate content was elevated significantly in groups II to IV as compared to controls (less than or equal to 0.05); changes in cerebral tissue content of glucose and energy rich phosphate compounds were not statistically significant. From the seemingly normal cerebral blood flow in hypotensive-hypoxaemic dogs it is concluded that autoregulation of cerebral blood flow has become ineffective because of vasodilatation consequent upon arterial hypoxaemia. Reduction of CMRO2 in this group points to metabolic insufficiency and to relative cerebral hypoperfusion, but since changes in cerebral content of high energy phosphate compounds were not significant, severe tissue hypoxia may be excluded. The increase in cerebral tissue lactate content is attributable to increased glycolytic activity known from hypotensive and hypoxaemic states. The present investigation suggests that in patients with hypoxaemia and hypotension, brain function may be endangered by a similarly marked change of circulatory and metabolic parameters.

Animals↗

PubMed1977

Moderate frequency compression for the moderately hearing impaired.

The intelligibility of frequency-compressed speech was measured for four normal and eight hearing-impaired subjects with sensory-neural high-frequency loss. Hearing levels were roughly 40 dB. Four conditions of frequency compression, 0%, 20%, 33%, and 55% were obtained using a Varispeech compressor. The test materials were PB-50 word lists recorded by one male and one female speaker. The effect of frequency compression was to reduce intelligibility in all cases except one, that of the female speaker at 20% frequency compression. For this case, the hearing-impaired listeners showed a small average improvement. Although the effect was small, it represents one of the few instances when an experimental evaluation of a frequency-compression system has yielded positive results with the hearing impaired.

Adult↗

PubMed1991

The next generation of moderator research in personality psychology.

The concept of a moderator variable has a long and checkered history in personality psychology. In this article I review the methodological and conceptual advances in recent moderator variable research. I then report the results of a number of empirical analyses of three newly proposed idiographic moderator variables: scalability, metatraits, and construct similarity, as well as the ipsatized variance index. The results of these analyses indicate that moderator effect sizes in personality can be expected to correspond to a correlation of about .10. I then consider two recent prescriptions, (a) aggregating trait-specific moderators into general ones, and (b) evaluating joint (e.g., triple interaction) moderator effects. Following these prescriptions did not increase the size of the moderator effects in these data. I conclude that moderator effects in personality will be small, and will thus be most reliably detected in very large samples with predictors that are strongly related to the criteria. Even small moderator effects can be important and interesting in the context of theory disconfirmation. However, moderator variables generally will not serve to transform weak relations among personality variables into strong ones.

Female↗

PubMed1990

An experimental study of the moderator assembly for a low-energy proton accelerator neutron irradiation facility for BNCT.

An accelerator-based neutron irradiation facility (ANIF), which has been proposed for BNCT, is based on a 2.5-MeV proton beam bombarding a thick lithium target. Neutrons which are emitted from the lithium target are too energetic for BNCT and must be moderated. A calculational study, which was done previously on the moderator assembly for an ANIF, shows that, with an optimized moderator assembly, an ANIF can produce a neutron flux which has quality and intensity sufficient for BNCT. In order to verify our previous calculational study, a lithium target and a non-optimized moderator assembly (a cylindrical tank of D2O) have been constructed and tested at the Ohio State University Van de Graaff proton accelerator. The neutron spectrum was measured for neutrons emerging from the moderator assembly. The measured neutron spectrum agrees reasonably well with that obtained from Monte Carlo calculations, except for neutrons with energies above 100 keV. For those neutrons, the measured spectrum is lower by a factor of two than the calculated one. In addition to the neutron spectrum measurement, the boron-10 absorbed dose was measured on the axis of the neutron field in a 20 cm x 20 cm x 20 cm water phantom, and the result agrees quite well with that obtained from calculation. This experiment confirms that the calculated optimized moderator assembly, consisting of a 22.5-cm thick, 25-cm diameter cylinder of beryllia (BeO) surrounded by a 30-cm thick jacket of alumina (Al2O3), produces an epithermal neutron flux of 3.12 x 10(7) n/cm2-s per mA of protons. For an accelerator delivering 30 mA of 2.5-MeV protons, the irradiation time for a single-session treatment can be as short as 50 minutes. The calculated ratio of absorbed neutron dose to fluence for the optimized moderator assembly is 4.9 x 10(-11) cGy-cm2/n, which is equal to that of a 5-keV neutron beam. Our experimental measurements indicate that the ratio of absorbed neutron dose to fluence may in fact be lower (better) than calculated.

Boron↗

PubMed1990

Conjunctive moderator variables in vulnerability and resiliency research: life stress, social support and coping skills, and adolescent sport injuries.

In life event research relating to vulnerability and resilience factors, single moderator variables have typically been the focus of study. Little is known about the ways in which moderator variables may interact with one another to increase vulnerability or resilience. We propose a distinction between conjunctive moderation, in which multiple moderators must co-occur in a specific combination or pattern to maximize a relation between a predictor and an outcome variable, and disjunctive moderation, in which any one of a number of moderators maximizes the predictor-criterion relation. Our results indicate that social support and psychological coping skills are statistically independent psychosocial resources and that they operate in a conjunctive manner to influence the relation between life stress and subsequent athletic injury in adolescents. Only athletes low in both coping skills and social support exhibited a significant stress-injury relation, and in that vulnerable subgroup, negative major life events accounted for up to 30% of the injury variance. Methodological considerations in the assessment of conjunctive moderator effects are discussed.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed2025

Parent-Mediated Interventions for ASD Under 3 Years: A Systematic Review, Meta Analysis, and Moderator Analyses.

This study aimed to assess the effectiveness of PMIs for ASD under 3 years, and explore potential moderators influencing the effectiveness through moderator analyses. The study searched five English databases for randomized controlled trials (RCTs). The meta-analysis was conducted using a random-effects model to calculate Hedges's g. Subgroup analyses and meta regression assessed the effects of potential moderators on PMIs effectiveness, with evidence quality evaluated using GRADE. A total of 31 RCTs were included in the systematic review, with 26 included in the meta-analysis. The results showed a small overall beneficial effect of PMIs on ASD under 3 years (g = 0.20). Small to trivial positive effects were found in several subdomains, including adaptive skills (g = 0.29), parent responsiveness (g = 0.23), parent-child interaction (g = 0.35), social communication (g = 0.18), and symptoms (g =  - 0.22). However, PMIs did not show statistically significant effects on children's cognitive competence, language, or motor skills domains. Subgroup analysis and meta-regression explored potential moderators, but none significantly influenced the effectiveness of PMIs. The GRADE assessment showed that the certainty of the evidence ranged from moderate to low. This study confirmed that PMIs demonstrate positive effects on children under 3 years old with ASD, and showed beneficial outcomes in most subdomains. However, the evidence was of moderate to low certainty, so these findings should be interpreted with caution. In the future, broader databases and more large-scale, multicenter, high-quality clinical studies are needed to confirm these effects.

Humans↗

PubMed1992

Self-administration of pentobarbital in light and moderate alcohol drinkers.

Preference for a moderate dose of pentobarbital was assessed in light and moderate alcohol drinkers using a double-blind, placebo-controlled laboratory choice procedure. Sixteen light drinkers (less than six alcoholic drinks per week) and 13 moderate drinkers (six or more drinks per week) participated in a seven-session study in which they first sampled capsules containing pentobarbital (150 mg) or placebo and then chose and ingested the capsule they preferred. Subjective and behavioral measures were obtained at regular intervals during each session to characterize the drug's effects. Both groups chose pentobarbital less often than placebo: Mean pentobarbital choice in light drinkers was 20.8% and in moderate drinkers was 38.5%. Pentobarbital choice and drug liking ratings were highest among male moderate drinkers but still did not exceed placebo levels. The drug did not increase scores on standardized measures of drug euphoria, even among the most frequent choosers or the heaviest alcohol consumers. The results extend previous reports showing that individuals without histories of drug abuse, even those who are moderate consumers of alcohol, do not self-administer sedative/anxiolytic drugs or experience their effects as euphorigenic.

Adult↗

PubMed1978

Moderate and extreme hemodilution in open-heart surgery: fluid balance and acid-base studies.

Two groups of patients underwent aortic valve replacement. Fifteen patients received moderate hemodilution (mean hematocrit, 27%) with 40% donor blood in the priming solution. Extreme hemodilution was used in 14 patients (mean hematocrit, 18%) with a nonhemic prime and withdrawal of blood at the start of operation. Both groups were given more than 7 liters of fluid during operation; donor blood was primarily used in the moderately diluted patients, and Ringer's acetate was primarily given to the other group. The diuretic response to this fluid load was much more pronounced in the extreme than in the moderate hemodilution group. Eighteen hours postoperatively, patients in the moderate and extreme hemodilution groups had an excess of about 2 and 1.5 liters of water, respectively. In the patients who had moderate dilution an average of 1,000 ml of erythrocytes disappeared from circulation; no such disappearance could be found in the other group. The moderate group showed significantly lower arterial PO2 postoperatively than the extreme group. There were, however, no differences between the two groups in mixed venous PO2 during perfusion or in acid-base and osmolality values.

Acid-Base Equilibrium↗

PubMed1992

Purinergic vasoconstrictor component revealed by moderate cooling in the isolated mesenteric vasculature of Sprague-Dawley rats.

In the isolated mesenteric vasculature of rats, moderate cooling significantly augments the perfusion pressure responses to transmural field stimulation (TFS), whereas it depresses markedly TFS-induced endogenous norepinephrine (NE) release. Moderate cooling also reduces the perfusion pressure responses to exogenous NE. The present experiments, therefore, were performed to analyze further the mechanism of the augmented pressor responses to TFS during moderate cooling. NE release from the entire mesenteric vasculature was monitored along with the perfusion pressure response to periarterial nerve stimulation (4-14 Hz) at 37 or 24 degrees C. Prazosin (3 x 10(-8) M) abolished the pressor responses to TFS at 37 degrees C but not at 24 degrees C. Furthermore, prazosin abolished the pressor responses to exogenous NE at both temperatures. The TFS-induced pressor responses observed in the presence of prazosin at 24 degrees C were abolished by alpha, beta-methylene adenosine 5'-triphosphate (alpha, beta-Me ATP) (3 x 10(-6) M). alpha, beta-Me ATP significantly decreased the pressor responses to TFS at 24 degrees C but not 37 degrees C. Moderate cooling significantly augmented the vasoconstrictor response to alpha, beta-Me ATP per se. These drugs did not influence the TFS-induced endogenous NE release at either temperature. These results suggest that moderate cooling reveals that ATP or related purines released from sympathetic nerves act as cotransmitters in the isolated mesenteric vasculature of rats. That is, augmented pressor responses to TFS during moderate cooling appeared to be due, at least in part, to a purinergic component.

Animals↗

PubMed1990

Baboon alcohol dehydrogenase isozymes: purification and properties of liver class I ADH. Moderate alcohol consumption reduces liver class I and class II ADH activities.

The major baboon liver isozyme of alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH-2) has been purified to homogeneity by affinity chromatography, and characterized as a "typical" Class I mammalian ADH isozyme. In contrast to human liver, which possesses three genetic isozymes (alpha 2, beta 2, and gamma 2) and three hybrid isozymes (alpha beta, alpha gamma, and beta gamma) of Class I ADH, baboon liver exhibits activity of a single major Class I isozyme (beta 2). Kinetic analyses, using alcohol substrates of differing chain lengths, and inhibition with pyrazole, support this classification. Agarose-IEF analyses, substrate specificity studies and immunochemical titrations of the major kidney ADH (ADH-1) also support the occurrence of a second Class I isozyme. The baboon was used as a model to study alcohol-induced changes in liver ADH phenotype following moderate and moderately high alcohol consumption. Four male and four female prepubertal baboons were fed nutritionally adequate liquid diets over a 40-week period, including control diets (weeks 1-8, 17-24, 32-40), moderate (12.5 percent of calories) alcohol diet (weeks 9-16), and a moderately high (25 percent of calories) alcohol diet (weeks 25-32). Liver ADH isozyme patterns and Class I ADH activities from biopsy samples, taken every 4 weeks, were monitored during the feeding study. Decreases in both Class I and Class II ADH activities were indicated in most animals, which may reflect adaptive mechanisms in the liver to continuing alcohol metabolism. Moreover, reversible changes were observed, with trends toward a recovery of ADH isozyme activities following return to the control liquid diets. These studies also have particular significance for human biomedical research work on alcohol, since most of the "drinking" population in typical drinking communities are moderate consumers of alcohol. This work, using the baboon as an animal model, has clearly indicated that alcohol consumption at such moderate levels, brings with it adaptations in the level of ADH isozymes in liver, which may play a protective role.

Alcohol Dehydrogenase↗

PubMed1992

Moderate and heavy alcohol consumption have no favorable effect on lipid values.

Moderate alcohol consumption has been reported to provide protection against coronary heart disease. We studied serum lipid values in 380 men, including 184 controls (37 teetotalers and 147 moderate drinkers), 90 heavy drinkers, and 106 alcoholics. Total cholesterol values were significantly lower among alcoholics than controls (mean +/- SEM, 5.43 +/- 0.15 mmol/L [210 +/- 5.8 mg/dL] vs 6.01 +/- 0.08 mmol/L [232 +/- 3.1 mg/dL]), but their high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol values were higher (1.66 +/- 0.07 mmol/L [64 +/- 2.7 mg/dL] vs 1.14 +/- 0.02 mmol/L [44 +/- 0.8 mg/dL]). Accordingly, there was a highly significant difference in the HDL/total cholesterol ratio (0.32 +/- 0.13 vs 0.19 +/- 0.01). Heavy drinkers had significantly higher total cholesterol values than controls (6.30 +/- 0.13 mmol/L [244 +/- 5.0 mg/dL] vs 6.01 +/- 0.08 mmol/L [232 +/- 3.1 mg/dL]); the same was true of HDL cholesterol values (1.25 +/- 0.07 mmol/L [48 +/- 2.7 mg/dL] vs 1.14 +/- 0.02 mmol/L [44 +/- 0.8 mg/dL]). No significant difference was found in the HDL/total cholesterol ratio between controls and heavy drinkers or between teetotalers and moderate drinkers. Therefore, moderate alcohol intake apparently does not change HDL/total cholesterol ratio; if moderate drinking is protective against coronary heart disease, the mechanism is probably not via lipids.

Adult↗

PubMed1991

Pulmonary valve-moderator band distance and association with development of double-chambered right ventricle.

Double-chambered right ventricle (DCRV), a form of right ventricular outflow obstruction that sometimes accompanies a ventricular septal defect (VSD), is associated with superior and rightward displacement of the septal insertion of the moderator band. It was hypothesized that this superior displacement is present and identifiable by echocardiography in patients with a VSD even before right ventricular outflow tract obstruction develops. Eight patients who had a previous echocardiographic study showing a VSD alone were echocardiographically diagnosed as having DCRV. Their initial echocardiographic studies were reviewed, and superior displacement of the moderator band was quantified by measuring the distance between the pulmonary valve and moderator band, normalized to tricuspid anulus diameter. These measurements were compared with those from the initial studies of the following 3 other groups: (1) an age-matched group of 10 patients with no structural heart disease; (2) an age-matched group of 10 patients with a VSD who did not develop DCRV; and (3) a group (not age-matched) of 10 patients with VSD and DCRV in whom subpulmonary obstruction was present on the initial study. The 8 patients who eventually developed subpulmonary obstruction had significant superior displacement of the moderator band at the time of their initial echocardiogram compared with that of the 2 age-matched control groups (p less than 0.01). In contrast, there was no significant difference in moderator band displacement between these patients and the 10 with DCRV who already had right ventricular outflow obstruction at their initial study (p = not significant).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adolescent↗

PubMed1979

Moderate and extreme haemodilution in open-heart surgery: electrolytes, urea, creatinine and osmolality.

Two different programs of treatment, called moderate and extreme haemodilution, respectively, have been compared in patients undergoing aortic valve replacement. Serum electrolytes, urea, creatinine and osmolatity were satisfactory in both groups during and after surgery. A substantial retention of sodium took place in the moderately diluted patients. The extreme group lost more potassium in the urine than the moderate one. A small post-operative rise in creatinine indicates a slight kidney damage in the moderate group. Increased serum urea following moderate dilution might partly be due to increased protein catabolism.

Aortic Valve↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Applications of relapse prevention with moderation goals.

A brief description of the controversy surrounding moderation goals for individuals with alcohol problems is provided. Although the controversy is as yet unresolved, particularly for severely dependent individuals, evidence for the utility and appropriateness of offering goal choices (including moderation goals) to less dependent problem drinkers is discussed. In addition, secondary prevention of alcohol problems with high-risk drinkers often utilizes moderation goals; these individuals are unlikely to fit the traditional alcoholic pattern, but are at risk for a variety of intoxication-related problems. Relapse prevention, an example of a tertiary prevention program to facilitate abstinence in the treatment of addiction, may also be applied to secondary prevention (moderation) goals. Following a description of the relapse prevention approach and its use with moderation goals, two studies applying this approach to secondary prevention are discussed, and summaries of the results are presented.

Alcohol Drinking↗

PubMed1992

Discriminative criteria for Neisseria meningitidis isolates that are moderately susceptible to penicillin and ampicillin.

The prevalence of Neisseria meningitidis isolates that are moderately susceptible to penicillin and ampicillin has increased very quickly in Spain; the current prevalences in our hospital are 48.4 and 55.6%, respectively. We studied the reliability of the disk diffusion method for discriminating between fully susceptible (MIC, less than or equal to 0.06 microgram/ml) and moderately susceptible (MICs, 0.12 to 1.0 microgram/ml) isolates. Thirty-eight isolates (12 Pen(s) Amp(s), 18 Penr Ampr, and 8 Pen(s) Ampr) were assayed by the disk diffusion and plate dilution methods by use of disks of 1, 2, 5, and 10 U of penicillin, 2 and 10 micrograms of ampicillin, and 1 microgram of oxacillin on Mueller-Hinton agar with or without 5% sheep blood. Breakpoints were generated, and their discriminative values were determined with a collection of 195 meningococcal strains isolated consecutively from cerebrospinal fluid or blood. None of the strains produced beta-lactamase. Penicillin- and ampicillin-susceptible strains (MIC, less than or equal to 0.06 microgram/ml) had oxacillin inhibition zones of greater than or equal to 11 mm on blood agar. Moderate susceptibility to ampicillin and penicillin was suggested by an inhibition zone of less than or equal to 10 mm around the 1-microgram disk and an inhibition zone of less than or equal to 26 mm around the 2-U penicillin disk. We conclude that discrimination between fully susceptible and moderately susceptible populations of N. meningitidis can be accomplished by the disk diffusion method by use of Mueller-Hinton agar plus 5% sheep blood with the 1-microgram oxacillin disk (which is especially suited for screening methods) and the 2-U penicillin disk. The lack of an oxacillin inhibition zone indicates moderate susceptibility to either penicillin or ampicillin or both.

Ampicillin↗