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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1979

A multiple testing procedure for clinical trials.

A multiple testing procedure is proposed for comparing two treatments when response to treatment is both dichotomous (i.e., success or failure) and immediate. The proposed test statistic for each test is the usual (Pearson) chi-square statistic based on all data collected to that point. The maximum number (N) of tests and the number (m1 + m2) of observations collected between successive tests is fixed in advance. The overall size of the procedure is shown to be controlled with virtually the same accuracy as the single sample chi-square test based on N(m1 + m2) observations. The power is also found to be virtually the same. However, by affording the opportunity to terminate early when one treatment performs markedly better than the other, the multiple testing procedure may eliminate the ethical dilemmas that often accompany clinical trials.

Clinical Trials as Topic↗
PubMed1975

A novel, convenient, multiple test system for detection of bacteriuria.

A novel, convenient, multiple test system for the detection of bacteriuria is described and evaluated. The system consists of a small plastic strip with three dry reagent areas. One rapidly detects the presence of nitrite in urine and the remaining two quantitate total and gram-negative bacterial urine population after 18 to 24 hours of incubation. Quantitative accuracy was evaluated in two blind studies. In the first, known concentrations of 18 different organisms were compared and in the second, unknown concentrations of 218 randomly collected urine specimens were quantitated by both the calibrated loop streak method the new system. Overall correlation was 96 per cent for growth reagent areas. The nitrite area detected 84 per cent of the urines positive for bacteriuria. The advantages of the system over conventional bacteriuria detection systems are described.

Bacteriuria↗
PubMed1975

Single-channel autoanalyzer adpated for multiple tests without manifold changes.

A different approach to continuous-flow analysis is described, in which the initial reagent concentration is adjusted to fit a prefixed manifold while still providing optimum concentrations of the reactants in the mixing coils. A single-channel AutoAnalyzer so designed can perform multiple tests without the need to change manifolds. The system was assembled from a Technicon Sampler II and Pump II, a gilford 300 N spectrophotometer, and a Varian recorder. Results for calcium, uric acid, glucose, phosphorus, chloride, urea nitrogen, and carbon dioxide, analyzed on this instrument at a speed of 60 samples/h, compare favorably with those obtained with the AutoAnalyzer 12/60 and 6/60. The instrument is not restricted to certain methodologies and, in addition, can be used manually or for kinetic reactions.

Autoanalysis↗
PubMed1976

Multiple testing for the detection of B virus antibody in specially handled rhesus monkeys after capture from virgin trapping grounds.

Eight groups of rhesus monkeys totaling over 1,000 animals were captured in the virgin trapping grounds of Jammu and Kashmir, India. Individual caging and special handling technics were utilized to prevent cross-contamination during capture, holding, and subsequent shipment to quarantine facilities in the United States. Immediately following the arrival of the monkeys, 5 consecutive blood samples were obtained at approximately 2-wk intervals, and the sera were rested for neutralizing antibody against Herpesvirus simiae. In order to assure the greatest sensitivity possible, sera were not heat-inactivated and were tested against only 10 TCID50 units of virus in addition to the more commonly used concentration of 100 TCID50 units. The first test detected 80-90% of the positive animals within each group, and only 1 seroconversion was noted after the second test. Seventy-three percent of the adults, 36.6% of the young adults, and 12.4% of the juvenile macaques were found to be antibody-positive. Considering the measures employed to prevent cross contamination, these percentages probably reflect the true prevalence of B virus infection in these rhesus monkeys at the time of their capture in the wild.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

[Application of the multiple vocabulary test to assessing mental disorders].

The multiple vocabulary test has been used to investigate approaches to objectifying general mental deterioration. Compared to methods used to determine the actual level of intelligence, the premorbid levels of intelligence which were determined with the use of the multiple vocabulary test were roughly the same for patients with brain injuries that cannot be detected by means of specialized instruments. In the case of patients where brain injuries were detectable through the use of instruments, the premorbid level of intelligence was significantly higher than the actual intelligence level. Patients with general mental deterioration showed highly significant differences between premorbid and actual levels of intelligence. The results obtained indicate that the multiple vocabulary test is a useful means of diagnosing general mental deterioration due to organic or psychological factors. Also discussed by the authors in their present paper are hitherto unsolved problems that stand in the way of an objective diagnosis of dementia and loss of intelligence.

Humans↗
PubMed1976

Utilisation of multiple biochemical tests in a large general hospital.

This report gives an account of the patterns of requesting of multiple biochemical tests in a large general hospital and the frequency of abnormal test results in different hospital departments. There are appreciable differences between some areas in the frequency of requests for multiple testing and in the proportions of abnormal results. If it is assumed that clinicians should be aware of abnormal values and their progress, facilities for multiple testing are desirable and economically justifiable.

Chemistry, Clinical↗
PubMed1976

The linoleic acid depression (LAD) test for multiple sclerosis using the macrophage electrophoretic mobility (MEM) test.

With the macrophage electrophoretic mobility (MEM) test of Field & Caspary, lymphocyte sensitization to thyroid antigen (F1-fraction) is demonstrable in all subjects--multiple sclerosis (MS) patients, those with other (destructive) neurological diseases (OND) and normals. The MEM-LAD test enables a further differentiation to be made in neurological patients compared ot normals: Linoleic acid inhibits the positive result by about 95 per cent in the case of MS, 58 per cent in normals and 45 per cent in OND. The high reduction appears to be a characteristic of MS. It is seen at all stages and in all forms of the disease and is not materially influenced by moderate immunosuppressive therapy. The mothers of MS patients show an intermediate result of about 78 per cent, suggesting a familial (genetic) background to the metabolic phenomenon described here; there is, however, evidence of an added exogenic factor for the development of the disease. The theoretical basis of the LAD test suggests further therapeutic trials of linoleic acid in treatment of MS.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1977

[The advantages of multiple choice tests in undergraduate teaching of pharmacology (author's transl)].

Multiple-choice tests in pharmacology were carried out with students who had no previous experience in this kind of examination. The curriculum in pharmacology was divided into four parts. Each part was followed by a test consisting of 90 questions. A special arrangement was made for those students who voluntarily participated in all four tests during academic year. Pass marks in all four completed tests were considered equivalent to a successful outcome in the one oral examination which is, at present, obligatory. In order to encourage a high level of participation amongst the students, failure in one or more of the tests had no adverse consequences. As a result, a markedly increased attendance at lectures, as well as a positive feed back of information for the faculty, were ascertained and assessment of the efficiency of the teaching methods facilitated. Application of multiple choice tests to the teaching of Pharmacology to undergraduate students proved to be recommendable, both as a test procedure and of advantage in the actual learning process.

Austria↗
PubMed1978

E-UFA test in multiple sclerosis.

Field et al. have recently suggested a blood test for multiple sclerosis based on determination of the absolute electrophoretic mobility of erythrocytes alone and in the presence of linoleic acid (LA) or arachidonic acid (AA). We attempted to reinvestigate this phenomenon in an Italian population.

Arachidonic Acids↗
PubMed1978

A comparison of student performance in two parallel physiology tests in multiple choice and short answer forms.

Two parallel tests in physiology, one in multiple choice answer form and one in short answer form, were administered consecutively to a group of 104 students. The construction of the questions in the two papers and marking schedules were such that if the form of examination did not influence the students' performance, the scores obtained in the two papers could be expected to be closely similar. The results indicate that the form of the question influences the students' performance significantly. The short answer format offers certain advantages over the multiple choice format and it would appear that greater use should be made of this type of question in testing at medical schools.

Education, Medical, Undergraduate↗
PubMed1975

[Experience with the written examination (multiple choice test) in the teaching of anatomy].

All students (400 each winter-term) receive extensive information at the beginning of the course "anatomical propedeutics": a timetable with recommendations for learning, a list of instructional objectives and of terminology and an instruction for that type of test, the students never had experienced before. Feed-back is given by computer-output containing comments on the objective related to a wrong answer and indicating sub-test scores. Correlation of scores with results in the following dissection course seems to be acceptable. Questions of the multiple-choice test were compared by pairs with questions asked for in confrontation with the anatomical object. A strong coherence was found in answering correctly the multiple choice questions and the related oral exam. Over-all experience with a multiple choice test administered in Austria for the first time was rather encouraging.

Anatomy↗
PubMed2024

Phase Transition of Wax Enabling CRISPR Diagnostics for Automatic At-Home Testing of Multiple Sexually Transmitted Infection Pathogens.

Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) significantly impact women's reproductive health. Rapid, sensitive, and affordable detection of these pathogens is essential, especially for home-based self-testing, which is crucial for individuals who prioritize privacy or live in areas with limited access to healthcare services. Herein, an automated diagnostic system called Wax-CRISPR has been designed specifically for at-home testing of multiple STIs. This system employs a unique strategy by using the solid-to-liquid phase transition of wax to sequentially isolate and mix recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA) and CRISPR assays in a microfluidic chip. By incorporating a home-built controlling system, Wax-CRISPR achieves true one-pot multiplexed detection. The system can simultaneously detect six common critical gynecological pathogens (CT, MG, UU, NG, HPV 16, and HPV 18) within 30 min, with a detection limit reaching 10-18 M. Clinical evaluation demonstrates that the system achieves a sensitivity of 96.8% and a specificity of 97.3% across 100 clinical samples. Importantly, eight randomly recruited untrained operators performe a double-blinded test and successfully identified the STI targets in 33 clinical samples. This wax-transition-based one-pot CRISPR assay offers advantages such as low-cost, high-stability, and user-friendliness, making it a useful platform for at-home or field-based testing of multiple pathogen infections.

Sexually Transmitted Diseases↗
PubMed1992

Empirical estimates of Bonferroni corrections for use in chromosome mapping studies with the BXD recombinant inbred strains.

Most chromosome mapping efforts with the BXD recombinant inbred (RI) strains involve comparisons between a trait of interest and each of a large number of marker loci for evidence of linkage. Such multiple tests or comparisons greatly increase the Type I error rate compared to the single-test situation. Perhaps the most direct way to obtain multiple-test error rates is to employ a Bonferroni correction, where the single-test alpha is multiplied by the number of independent (nonredundant) comparisons (k) to yield a multiple-test alpha that protects against even one fortuitous association with any of the markers. Several empirical estimates of k are discussed for the published BXD marker set of 142 mapped loci and the newer unpublished marker set (October 1991) comprised of 352 marker loci. Reasonable estimates of k appear to be roughly 40 and 65 for these two marker sets, respectively.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

A comparison of multiple-choice tests and free-response tests in examinations of clinical competence.

This paper reports a study which compared the performance of different groups of students and doctors on identical and equivalent tests set in an objective-type format and in a free-response format. The tests were designed to ensure that the content was relevant to clinical practice at the hospital intern level. In all test situations candidates' scores were significantly higher in the objective tests than in the free-response tests. This difference was greater for the more junior and less competent students than for the more competent doctors. The cueing effect of the options was thought to be the main factor responsible for the difference in performance. The results of a questionnaire survey demonstrated that students were aware of the deficiencies in multiple-choice tests. A large majority of the students believed that the free-response tests gave a more accurate assessment of their clinical ability. It was found that in these tests, aimed at measuring aspects of clinical competence, multiple-choice questions appeared to overestimate the candidate's ability to an extent that made them less suitable than free-response questions for this purpose. It was also found that free-response tests, of the type used in this study, provide a suitable alternative to multiple-choice tests for use in the written section of clinical examinations. It was concluded that the written component of the final examination in the medical course should have a preponderance of free-response items over multiple-choice items.

Australia↗
PubMed1978

[Application of the multiple vocabulary test to determining premorbid intelligence levels].

The authors present three basic approaches to solving the problem of determining the premorbid level of intelligence for diagnostic and prognostic purposes. The indirect way of measuring the premorbid level of intelligence was chosen because of the empirical nature of this approach and the possibility of establishing a firm basis for this. Using a number of samples, it has been possible to show that the multiple vocabulary test satisfies all requirements that must be made of a method of measuring the premorbid level of intelligence. They are above all independence of aging and disease processes as well as a high level of internal validity. Results to date indicate that the multiple vocabulary test is a useful method of rapidly and reliably determining the general level of intelligence. Its special importance lies in the fact that it allows the premorbid level of intelligence to be ascertained, thus contributing to an empirical elucidation of problems associated with decreases in proficiency and general mental deterioration due to organic or psychological factors.

Adolescent↗