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Nutrition is an antegral part of medical management and patient care. The goal of nutritional therapy is to provide nutrients in form and amount appropriate to patients' needs. Dietary modification and application of available nutritional supplements in digestive disorders should be based upon an appreciation of the fundamental pathophysiological derangements and tailored to restore optimal gastrointestinal function.
BACKGROUND: To compare the effects of different nutritional supplements on the recovery of core competitive performance abilities in esports athletes following mental fatigue and to observe changes in the autonomic nervous system during recovery after nutritional supplementation by monitoring heart rate variability (HRV). METHODS: A randomized crossover within-subject controlled experimental design was adopted, including nutritional supplement type (caffeine, nitrate, Ginkgo biloba extract, catechins, placebo) × mental fatigue state (initial, fatigued, post-supplementation). Twenty high-level first-person shooter (FPS) esports athletes were recruited. Mental fatigue was induced using a Stroop task. After ingesting the different supplements and resting for 60 minutes, the participants completed assessments of shooting accuracy, shooting stability, spatial localization, and multitasking ability using the KovaaK's simulation trainer. HRV indices were also recorded to evaluate changes in autonomic regulation. RESULTS: For shooting accuracy, compared with the placebo condition, all four supplements significantly improved shooting accuracy scores following mental fatigue (all p < 0.05); however, no significant differences were observed among the effects of the different supplements. For shooting stability, caffeine, nitrate, and catechins produced significant recovery effects on shooting stability (all p  < 0.05); however, no significant differences were observed among the effects of these three supplements. For spatial localization and multitasking ability, the improvements in these two abilities in the post-supplementation state may have resulted from natural recovery, and none of the four nutritional supplements demonstrated a significant recovery effect. The HRV results showed that indices including RMSSD and SDNN changed under some supplement conditions. CONCLUSIONS: Mental fatigue significantly reduced the competitive performance of esports athletes. Four types of nutritional supplements all promoted the recovery of shooting accuracy, while caffeine, nitrate, and catechins promoted the recovery of shooting stability. However, no additional recovery advantages of the nutritional supplements over placebo were identified for spatial localization or multitasking ability. Changes in HRV may reflect changes in autonomic regulation during recovery, but further research is still warranted.
Two hundred eleven preschool children who had received a food supplement and a group of 82 children who had not received any supplement were classified into various nutritional groups. Data on their increments in height and weight were analyzed to determine whether different groups behaved differently. The results indicated that those who were most severely malnourished benefited the most from the nutritional supplementation program and also that following on such programs nutritional dwarfs would have a chance to move toward normalcy.
Colombian women at risk of mild-to-moderate malnutrition were enrolled in a health care program and randomly assigned into nutritional supplementation and control groups at the beginning of the third trimester of preganancy. One hundred unsupplemented and 144 supplemented infants were tested at 15 days of age: a 2X2 checkerboard was presented eight times followed by a single presentation of a 6X6 checkerboard. Unsupplemented infants showed less initial attention followed by slower habituation and higher levels of movement than the supplemented infants. The observed effect of maternal nutritional supplementation during the last trimester of pregnancy on new-born attention was interpreted to be maturational in nature.
The incidence of clinically evident Curling's ulcer among 109 potentially salvageable severely burned patients was reviewed. These patients, who had greater than a 40 per cent body surface area burn, received one of these three treatment regimens: antacids hourly until autografting was complete, antacids hourly during the early postburn period followed by nutritional supplementation with Vivonex until autografting was complete or no antacids during the early postburn period but subsequent nutritional supplementation with Vivonex until autografting was complete. Clinically evident Curling's ulcer occurred in three patients. This incidence approximates the lowest reported among severely burned patients treated prophylactically with acid-reducing regimens to minimize clinically evident Curling's ulcer. In addition to its protective effect on Curling's ulcer, Vivonex, when used in combination with a high protein, high caloric diet, meets the caloric needs of the severely burned patient. Probably, Vivonex, which has a pH range of 4.5 to 5.4 protects against clinically evident Curling's ulcer by a dilutional alkalinization of gastric secretion.
Twenty-three patients with head and neck cancer were randomly allocated, regardless of pretreatment nutrition status, to receive either radiotherapy alone (12 patients) or radiotherapy plus nutritional oral supplementation (11 patients) with high-protein nutritional powder of balanced nutrient content (Ensure). Nutrition status was assessed subjectively and objectively for all patients before and at weekly intervals during the course of irradiation. All patients who received nutritional supplementation experienced an increase in body weight and in triceps skin-fold thickness, whereas 58% of the other group had weight loss (p = 0.001). Irradiation had to be suspended in 5 of the 12 patients who received no nutritional support because of severe mucosal reaction and/or poor performance status. All patients who received nutritional supplementation during radiotherapy had their course of irradiation without interruption.
A sterile glucose-salts broth fortified with various metabolic inhibitors and nutritional supplements was inoculated with conidia of Penicillium rubrum P3290, and incubated quiescently at 28 degrees C for 14 days. Potassium sulfite and sodium metabisulfite at all test concentrations caused moderate reduction in rubratoxin formation; at high concentrations (greater than or equal to 2.7 X 10(-2)M) accumulation of fungal tissue was also retarded. Production of rubratoxin and cell mass was inhibited by p-aminobenzoic acid; syntheses of toxin were completely blocked by 7.5 X 10(-2)M of the vitamin. Effects of sodium fluoride on P. rubrum cultures grown on inorganic nitrogen sources varied from inhibition of mold growth and (or) rubratoxin A production to reduction in formation of rubratoxin B. With organic nitrogen sources, fluoride caused a 30 and 60% reduction in synthesis of rubratoxins A and B, respectively. Sodium acetate at all test concentrations enhanced formation of rubratoxin; mold growth was enhanced when acetate concentration was larger than or equal to 6.0 X 10(-2)M. A moderate reduction in mold growth was caused by lower acetate concentrations (1.2 X 10(-2)M or 2.4 X 10(-2)M). Sodium arsenite and iodoacetate at test concentrations blocked mold growth and toxin formation; sodium azide and 2,4-dinitrophenol caused a marked reduction in mold growth but inhibited toxin formation completely. However, sodium azide permitted slight growth and toxin formation when mold cultures were incubated for 28 days.
Women judged to be at high risk of delivering low-birth-weight infants were assigned to one of three supplements--high-protein beverage, low-protein beverage, or a vitamin-mineral preparation--to determine the effect these nutritional supplements would have on the outcome of pregnancy. In comparing prenatal nutrient intake and the birth weight of their infants, no significant associations were found. However, since the women were well nourished and since the sample size was small, changes in birth weight may have gone undetected. Nevertheless, a trend of increased birth weight with higher protein intake was observed.
Honey bees (Apis mellifera) experience variable colony losses across regions and years, with infectious diseases representing a key component of colony health challenges. Among the most prevalent pathogens are the microsporidian parasites Nosema apis and Nosema ceranae, whose impacts on host survival and transmission vary widely depending on context. While nutritional supplementation is commonly used to support honey bee health, its effects on Nosema infection outcomes remain unclear. Here, we experimentally tested whether dietary enrichment alters survival and infection intensity following exposure to a mixed Nosema inoculum. Newly emerged worker bees were challenged with Nosema spores and maintained on either a basic sucrose diet or the same diet supplemented with a commercial pollen substitute. Dietary enrichment significantly increased both mortality risk and infection intensity in Nosema-infected bees, while having no detectable effect on survival in uninfected controls. These results indicate that supplementation can, counter intuitively, exacerbate nosemosis by promoting parasite replication rather than enhancing host resistance. Our findings highlight the importance of distinguishing nutritional effects on host tolerance versus resistance, and caution that interventions intended to improve bee nutrition may inadvertently increase pathogen production and transmission potential under certain conditions.
The use of drugs in the treatment of patients with renal failure requires a knowledge of excretion, biotransformation and pharmacologic activity of metabolites. Narcotics, analgesics, psychotherapeutic agents, drugs affecting the heart and ciruclation, various sorbents, resins and gels, anabolic hormones and nutritional supplements are among the more frequently used drugs for patients with end-stage renal disease. Indications and dosages of these drugs must be modified for patients with renal failure, and mechanisms of their biotransformation must be studied. This combined seminar presents the participants' studies and analyses of the problems surrounding the use of these various pharmacologic agents.
Six major Western Hemisphere longitudinal studies of malnutrition and development are in their final stages. These studies are taking place in Columbia, Guatemala, Mexico, and the United States. As a step toward synthesis of the results, a conference was held at Cali, Colombia, with the aim of clarifying differences and similarities. The following features of each study were considered: The starting and completion dates; the research design (including scheduled periods of observation and the presence or absence of nutritional supplements and/or stimulation); the populations involved, their home diets, and the specific supplements and stimulation received; procedures and measurements used in the study; and any general conclusions reached. The conference also identified opportunities and needs for exchange of information between projects and for a collaborative approach to such specific problems and topics as birth-weight, physical growth, and behavioral development.
Nutritional support with intravenously administered fat, protein hydrolysate, and glucose was given to 23 premature infants weighing less than 1,500 gm at birth. Growth in the 19 survivors approximated intrauterine growth rates in all dimensions. Complications included sodium imbalance and transient intolerance of the smallest and sickest infants to all components: carbohydrate, protein, fat, and even water. Autopsies in four patients who died did not reveal any untoward findings clearly related to the use of intravenously given lipids. Intravenously given fat has a potentially useful role in the nutritional support of small premature infants.
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Colombian women at risk of malnutrition were enrolled in a health care program and randomly assigned to supplementation and control groups at the beginning of the third trimester of pregnancy. The net dietary intake increments resulting from supplementation amounted to 155 cal and 20 g of protein per day. Supplementation had a significant effect on the mean birth weight of male infants, but not that of female infants; the mechanisms responsible for the sex differences remain to be elucidated. The randomized trial design of the experiment and the documented similarity between the experimental and control groups at the onset permit the conclusion that the observed differences were caused by the food supplementation program. The effect of supplementation on maternal weight gain and the association of the latter with birth weight strongly suggest that improved maternal nutrition mediated the effect on birth weight.
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