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Results for “perceptual-motor interactions”

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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources

PubMed1984

Perceptual-motor processing of phonetic features in speech.

Some reaction time experiments are reported on the relation between the perception and production of phonetic features in speech. Subjects had to produce spoken consonant-vowel syllables rapidly in response to other consonant-vowel stimulus syllables. The stimulus syllables were presented auditorily in one condition and visually in another. Reaction time was measured as a function of the phonetic features shared by the consonants of the stimulus and response syllables. Responses to auditory stimulus syllables were faster when the response syllables started with consonants that had the same voicing feature as those of the stimulus syllables. A shared place-of-articulation feature did not affect the speed of responses to auditory stimulus syllables, even though the place feature was highly salient. For visual stimulus syllables, performance was independent of whether the consonants of the response syllables had the same voicing, same place of articulation, or no shared features. This pattern of results occurred in cases where the syllables contained stop consonants and where they contained fricatives. It held for natural auditory stimuli as well as artificially synthesized ones. The overall data reveal a close relation between the perception and production of voicing features in speech. It does not appear that such a relation exists between perceiving and producing places of articulation. The experiments are relevant to the motor theory of speech perception and to other models of perceptual-motor interactions.

Adaptation, Physiological↗

PubMed1992

Selective reaching: evidence for action-centered attention.

Most studies of selective attention briefly present static 2-dimensional stimuli and require arbitrary responses such as verbal naming or a keypress. Many of our perceptual-motor interactions with the environment, however, require reaching directly toward an object while ignoring other objects in the scene. A series of experiments examines selective attention in the latter reaching situation. Effects previously observed in the traditional experimental procedures were obtained, suggesting that the models developed (which propose inhibitory mechanisms, e.g.) apply to ecologically valid situations. Attention accesses action-centered internal representations during such tasks.

Adult↗

PubMed1986

Lifetime and recent alcohol consumption among male alcoholics. Neuropsychological implications.

Alcoholics experience a relatively well-documented pattern of decline in cognitive and motor functions. This decline is likely the result of multiple causal factors that include head injury, malnutrition, and alcohol consumption. Although alcohol consumption per se has been considered a primary causal agent, research has not demonstrated a consistent relationship between levels of alcohol consumption and these neuropsychological deficits. This study explored such relationships within a sample of 40 detoxified male inpatient alcoholics who did not have a history of polydrug abuse, malnutrition, head injury, neurological disease, or non-alcohol-related psychiatric treatment. Increasing lifetime alcohol consumption was associated with increasing age-adjusted impairment on Halstead-Reitan tests that measure such aspects of functioning as concept formation, cognitive flexibility, and perceptual-motor abilities. Alcohol consumption had a linear relationship with test scores and hypothesized interactions with age did not emerge, nor did the effects of recent drinking appear dependent upon total lifetime consumption. The pattern of consumption (e.g., amount consumed per occasion, spree drinking) was also unrelated to impairment, and the critical neuropathological factor appeared to be the total amount of lifetime alcohol consumption.

Adult↗

PubMed1994

Gender differences in perceptual-motor performance.

Do gender differences exist in perceptual-motor performance, and, if so, are the differences as substantial as those observed in trade/technical knowledge tests? What roles do general cognitive ability and videogame experience have in determining perceptual-motor performance? To address these questions, we administered a battery of computer-based tests requiring multilimb coordination and perceptual matching to a sample of 392 USAF enlistees (72% male). Our main findings were that general cognitive ability had the expected positive main effect on performance and gender and videogame experience had an interactive effect, such that videogame experience benefited men's but not women's performance. The role of experience on perceptual-motor performance merits further attention, especially with regard to gender differences.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1977

Lithium carbonate and ethanol induced "highs" in normal subjects.

The responses of twenty-three normal male subjects to a standardized dose of 95% ethanol (1.32 ml/kg of body weight) were compared after two weeks of placebo and two weeks of therapeutic serum lithium ion levels (mean 0.91 mEq/liter). The study was a placebo controlled, split-half crossover, double-blind design. Prealcohol and postalcohol responses were assessed by self-rating scales of affect and mood, independent rater observation, perceptual-motor, and cognitive performance tasks. Pretreatment by lithium carbonate neither blocked nor dampened an alcohol-induced subjective "high" in normal subjects. A complex reciprocal interaction may exist between the effects of lithium and alcohol upon other behavioral attributes. Alcohol was seen to reverse aspects of lithium-induced dysphoria and there is a suggestion that lithium may attenuate alcohol-induced cognitive inefficiency.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Neuropsychological differences between male familial and nonfamilial alcoholics and nonalcoholics.

The hypothesis was tested that neuropsychological differences exist between males who have an alcoholic parent, sister, or brother (FH+) versus those who do not (FH-). Neuropsychological tests measuring verbal, learning/memory, abstracting/problem solving, and perceptual-motor performance were given to four groups of middle-aged subjects: alcoholic FH+ (n = 41); alcoholic FH- (n = 27); nonalcoholic FH+ (n = 19); and nonalcoholic FH- (n = 43). FH+ subjects performed significantly poorer than FH- subjects on the abstracting/problem solving and perceptual-motor tasks, and approached significance on the verbal and learning/memory measures. Alcoholics performed more poorly than nonalcoholics on abstracting/problem solving and learning/memory tasks. There were no groups by family history significant interactions. From these results we suggest: a performance deficit in abstracting/problem solving and possibly learning/memory may antedate the alcoholic stage in FH+ individuals; alcoholism and positive family history of alcoholism have independent, additive deleterious effects on cognitive-perceptual functioning; and future neuropsychological studies of alcoholism should consider the frequency of FH+ and FH- individuals in both alcoholic and control groups.

Adult↗

PubMed1992

Neuropsychological efficiency measures in male and female alcoholics.

The role of time in performance on many neuropsychological tests has been relatively neglected in the literature to date. Neuropsychological functioning in 90 male and female alcoholics and 65 peer controls was examined using both accuracy and time measures for four basic types of neuropsychological functioning: verbal skills, learning and memory, problem-solving and abstracting, and perceptual-motor skills. Alcoholics had significantly lower efficiency ratios (accuracy/time) than controls in each of the four areas, and had significantly lower overall accuracy and time scores. There were no significant Group x Gender interactions for efficiency, speed or accuracy scores, indicating that male and female alcoholics have similar deficits as a result of chronic alcoholism. The study is the first to apply systematically an empirical measure of neuropsychological efficiency to different areas of cognitive function; the results have implications for neuropsychological testing procedures.

Adult↗

PubMed1987

Behavioral observations of sensory substitution in neonate macaques (Macaca arctoides).

The ability of neonate macaque monkeys to learn to respond to artificial spatial sensory information was studied through the use of compact, head-worn, electronic spatial sonars with audible displays, which translate spatial information into auditory dimensions specifying distance, direction, and surface characteristics. Three animals were born in the dark and raised without vision for 1 to 3 months while wearing either the Binaural Sensory Aid (Animal 1; Kay, 1974) or the Trisensor (Animals 2 and 3; Easton & Jackson, 1983) airborne sonars. Each animal demonstrated alertness to information transmitted by the devices in spontaneous reaching or reinforced discrimination tasks, and more device-related, perceptual-motor activities were observed when the sensors were switched on than when they were switched off. The results show that neonate monkeys can learn effective use of information obtained from sensory substitution devices through unstructured interaction with the environment.

Animals↗

PubMed1986

Cardiac and somatic activation in the continuous perceptual-motor task: the significance of threat and serious-mindedness.

The significance of serious-mindedness and task-contingent threat for cardiac and somatic activation were tested in a mixed design. Ten serious-minded and 10 playful state-dominant subjects were recruited from a larger sample to form extreme-groups according to their responses to the Telic Dominance Scale. They all performed a continuous perceptual-motor task with and without threat of aversive electric shock as punishment for inferior performance (counterbalanced). Results supported the following conclusions: serious-mindedness was associated with passive forearm EMG activity, whereas playfulness was related to active forearm EMG activity. Threat of shock interacted with serious-mindedness to cause particularily high HR with threat versus low HR in the no-threat treatment. Error-scores and scores on perceived task difficulty did not explain group differences in physiological activation. The results were discussed in relation to a hypothesis of cardiac-somatic uncoupling during effortful active coping, the pyramidal and extrapyramidal pathways to the skeletal muscles, and to effort expended in the serious-minded and playful motivational states.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1983

Hyperkinetic disorders in seven-year-old children with perceptual, motor and attentional deficits.

One hundred and forty-one seven-year-old Swedish children took part in an extensive neuropsychiatric study involving total population samples of children who had shown perceptual, motor and attentional deficits in pre-school, and blindly examined comparison children. The present paper reports on generalized hyperkinesis, i.e. hyperactivity in the child in all of three different assessment settings. About a third of children diagnosed according to strict criteria as suffering from 'Minimal Brain Dysfunction' showed generalized hyperkinesis. In children without perceptual-motor deficits, hyperkinesis was very much rarer. A total population frequency for generalized hyperkinesis in the range of 1-3% is reported as probable. Heredity for delayed maturation, non-optimal pre-, peri- and neonatal factors and adverse psychosocial factors were found to interact in the shaping of the disorder.

Attention↗

PubMed1991

Cognitive strategies during coincident timing tasks.

Research findings suggest that experience and cognitive strategies contribute to successful performance during perceptual-motor tasks. This article critically reviews selected literature on the effects of information-processing skills, preferred movement time, experience, and task difficulty on performance during coincident timing tasks. Theoretical information and research findings are discussed, and their applications to clinical practice are considered. Clinical recommendations include assessment of coincident timing skills and use of functional activities that provide opportunities to explore and dynamically interact with the environment.

Cerebral Palsy↗

PubMed1984

Some data concerning a sensorimotor versus semiotic processing in a form-recognition task.

This study investigated how sensorimotor activities interact with the geometric characteristics and the meaning of an object during development of writing. These changes were studied in 4- to 7-yr.-old girls. Analysis showed that visuo-spatial activities play a role in denomination and graphic activities, especially during critical periods of development. These activities have varying effects at different stages of development. The spatial factors studied here act differently in a verbal task (denomination) and in a perceptual-motor activity (graphic activity).

Age Factors↗

PubMed1982

Drinking history and sex of subject in the effects of alcohol on perception and perceptual-motor coordination.

Previous investigations of the effects of alcohol on eye-hand coordination have failed to assess the degree to which each of the individual components of this task--vision and proprioception--is affected by the drug. Such a "microanalysis" was performed in the present experiment in the context of a prism adaptation paradigm, as well as tasks involving mirror tracing and dart throwing. Twenty male and 20 female subjects were divided into equal subgroups of "heavy" and "light" drinkers. In the prism adaptation situation each subject was tested on three tasks--visual straight ahead (the visual task), pointing straight ahead (the proprioception task), and visual target pointing (the visuomotor coordination task)--before and after ingestion of either an alcoholic or nonalcoholic beverage. Measures of adaptation to 11-degree prismatic displacement were also obtained. Little evidence for interactive effects between subject's sex or drinking history and alcohol was obtained. However, there was a tendency for alcohol to retard prism adaptation and to affect the felt position of both manual limbs as well as apparent visual direction. In addition, alcoholic intoxication impaired performance on the mirror-tracing task but, surprisingly, had no effect on dart throwing.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1983

Measuring physical aggressiveness in heterosexual, homosexual, and transsexual males.

The purpose of this study was the development of a self-report measure of boyhood aggressiveness for use with adult males. Aggressiveness was defined as a generalized disposition to engage in physically combative or competitive interactions with male peers. This attribute is of sexological interest because of the reported difference in physical aggressiveness between heterosexual and homosexual boys. A physical aggressiveness scale (PAS) was constructed from items regarding boyhood athletic interest and proficiency, as well as fighting with and feelings of unease around male peers. The PAS and Part A of the Feminine Gender Identity Scale for males (FGIS(A), Freund et al., 1977) were administered to 193 adult men. The PAS was shown to be reliable and factorially pure. The PAS scores of homosexuals were significantly lower than those of heterosexuals, and the scores of male-to-female transsexuals were lower yet. No differences were found among three heterosexual groups: prison inmates and nonuniversity- and university-educated males. Precisely symmetrical results were obtained with the FGIS(A), with the male-to-female transsexuals scoring highest and the heterosexuals lowest. Group differences in FGIS(A) scores were greater than those in PAS scores; this was interpreted as possible evidence that physical aggressiveness is more sensitive than gender identity to variables uncorrelated with erotic preference, e.g., perceptual-motor ability, rate of physical maturation, etc. The main results suggest that whatever underlying factor relates homosexuality to feminine gender identity in childhood relates this erotic preference to anomalously low levels of physical aggressiveness in childhood as well.

Adult↗

PubMed1995

Perceptual-motor exploration as a function of biomechanical and task constraints.

Four experiments are reported that were designed to examine perceptual-motor exploration employed in determining the solution to a dual-axis positioning task under various biomechanical and task constraints. Experiments 1, 2, and 3 used the two elbow joints to examine the impact of varying several geometric features of the relation between visual information and action in this task. Experiment 4 examined the use of within-limb, between-limb, and within-joint axes of motion in a similar task. The exploratory process was analyzed using a symbolic dynamic defined over nominal categories of visual information and actions elicited by the performer. The search strategy used to improve task performance was consistent across all the experimental manipulations imposed. The frequency pattern of nominal action categories demonstrated a preference for single-axis activity except in the within-joint condition which exhibited a preference for dual-axis activity. The pattern of preferred transitions among these action categories was also consistent across conditions, and lag sequential analysis revealed a robust tendency for cyclical activity in that opposite actions were often coupled in sequence. The topologically equivalent (extrinsic geometry) task spaces led to qualitatively similar search strategies when considered at the level of action-information interaction (intrinsic geometry). The physical implementation of this strategy was strongly influenced by the biomechanical constraints of the action system, while the manipulations of the geometric features of the action-information relation served only to influence the quantitative properties of performance outcome.

Adult↗

PubMed1983

Carbon monoxide exposure and information processing during perceptual-motor performance.

This study examined the influence of exposure to ambient carbon monoxide resulting in final carboxyhemoglobin (COHb) levels of approximately 5.0% on the ability to process information during motor performance. Subjects (n = 16) performed a primary reciprocal tapping task and a secondary digit manipulation task singly and/or concurrently during 2.5 h exposure to room air (0 ppm CO) or 100 ppm CO. Five levels of tapping difficulty and two levels of digit manipulation were employed. Tapping performance was unaffected when COHb levels were as high as 5%. However, at this level of COHb it was noted that CO exposure interacted with task difficulty of both tasks to influence reaction time on the digit manipulation task. It was concluded that motor performance was not influenced by exposure to CO leading to COHb concentrations of 5%. Task difficulty was a significant factor mediating behavioral effects of CO exposure.

Adult↗

PubMed2026

The effects of visuomotor training and tDCS stimulation on visuomotor integration and visual processing: an electrophysiological approach.

BACKGROUND: Visuomotor integration coordinates visual and motor cortical activity to produce goal-directed responses and can be indexed by Rolandic Mu-rhythm suppression and visual evoked potential (VEP) P100 parameters. Perceptual-motor training improves visuomotor performance, and transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) over primary motor cortex (M1) has been reported to enhance motor learning when paired with training. This study examined whether anodal M1 tDCS augments the effects of Senaptec visuomotor training in healthy adults. METHODS: Sixty participants were randomized to active anodal tDCS (five 10-minute sessions, 1 mA; n = 31) or sham (n = 29) over M1 immediately before each Senaptec training session; 53 completed all sessions and post-testing. Outcomes were Mu-suppression ratios, VEP P100 latency and amplitude, and Senaptec measures of visual sensitivity and visuomotor control. RESULTS: Active tDCS produced no augmentation of any outcome, with no significant group × time interaction for any measure, consistent across composite and task-level analyses. Training alone produced no change in Mu suppression or visuomotor control. By contrast, both groups showed significant training-related gains in visual sensitivity, including near-far quickness and stereopsis, accompanied by shorter P100 latencies and larger amplitudes, indicating more efficient early visual processing. CONCLUSIONS: A clear dissociation emerged: training produced robust improvements in early visual processing, whereas neither tDCS nor training altered sensorimotor (Mu) or visuomotor-control measures. The tDCS results should be interpreted cautiously given the modest dose and limited power to detect small effects, rather than as evidence of inefficacy. Tablet-based perceptual training enhanced visual processing independent of neuromodulation.

Humans↗

PubMed1985

Perceptual-motor and memory performance of high-risk children.

Subjects were examined with a battery of protocols based on principles of experimental psychology and designed to measure motor control, perceptual-motor coordination, attention, learning, and memory. Differences between index and control subjects were found on the mirror-drawing protocol, reflecting visual-motor coordination, and the distractibility protocol, in which subjects divided their attention between verbal and visual stimuli. There were no differences in subjects due to conditions of rearing, and no interactions. Differences between index and control children were subtle, and tended not to appear on simpler tasks. The stage of processing leading to poor performance by the index children awaits further study for elucidation.

Attention↗