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PubMedDate not supplied

[Freiburg Personality Inventory scores of patients with chronic polyarthritis in comparison with persons with arthrotic manifestations--no indication of a typical polyarthritis personality].

Patients with rheumatoid arthritis and arthrosis (33 females and 11 males in each group) were compared in terms of scores in the Freiburger Personality Inventory. After matching subjects of both groups for sex and age, t-tests for correlating samples were applied. No significant differences were found in any scale; in three of them significance was just missed (5% less than p less than 10%). Given the number of comparisons, this is not surprising; in addition, personality characteristics, as assessed by these scales, do not agree with descriptions of rheumatoid arthritis patients as given in the literature. Our results, hence, do not lend support to the assumption of a typical personality in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Elevated scores as found in other studies are most likely to reflect symptoms of joint ache rather than psychopathology.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Projections of the number of persons diagnosed with AIDS and the number of immunosuppressed HIV-infected persons--United States, 1992-1994.

This report presents projections of the number of persons who will initially be diagnosed with a condition included in the 1987 surveillance definition for acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) in the United States during the period 1992-1994. The report also presents estimates and projections of the prevalence of persons infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) who have CD4+ T-lymphocyte (T-cell) counts < 200/microL and who have not been diagnosed with a condition listed in the 1987 AIDS surveillance definition. These estimates and projections are used to predict the effect of expanding the AIDS surveillance definition to include all HIV-infected persons with a CD4+ T-cell count < 200/microL. Approximately 58,000 persons were diagnosed with AIDS in the United States during 1991. During the period 1992-1994, the number of persons newly diagnosed with AIDS is expected to increase by at most a few percent annually, with approximately 60,000-70,000 persons diagnosed per year. Although AIDS diagnoses among homosexual and bisexual men and among injecting drug users are projected to reach a plateau during this period, the number of AIDS diagnoses among persons whose HIV infection is attributed to heterosexual transmission of HIV is likely to continue to increase through 1994. The number of living persons who have been diagnosed with AIDS is expected to increase from approximately 90,000 in January 1992 to approximately 120,000 in January 1995. There is, however, considerable uncertainty in these projections. For example, the plausible range for the number of persons initially diagnosed with AIDS in 1994 is 43,000-93,000. CDC estimates that, as of January 1992, 115,000-170,000 U.S. residents had severe immunosuppression (a CD4+ T-cell count < 200 cells/microL without a diagnosis of AIDS in an HIV-infected person). Only about 50,000 of these persons were receiving medical care for HIV-related conditions and were known to have a CD4+ T-cell count < 200 cells/microL. The number of persons with severe immunosuppression is expected to increase to 130,000-205,000 by January 1995, with the actual number more likely to be in the lower half of this range than the upper half. The expanded AIDS surveillance definition, which includes severe immunosuppression, is predicted to result in an increase of approximately 75% in the number of persons reported during 1993, but an increase of < 20% in 1994 compared with the number of persons who would have been reported had the definition not been changed.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1979

An exploration of perception of body boundary, personal space, and body size in elderly persons.

A study of 108 elderly persons using the Body Distortion Questionnaire and the personal space simulation technique test did not support hypotheses that elderly persons with a large personal space will have a larger distortion of body boundary, a larger perception of large body size, a smaller perception of small body size, a larger distortion of body size, and a larger body distortion than elderly persons with a small personal space. The analyses with one-tail t tests showed elderly persons with a small personal space have a larger perception of large body size and a larger distortion of body size than elderly persons with a large personal space. When the extremes of personal space were used the results were the same. Males have a larger personal space and greater distortion of skin perceptions than females.

Aged↗
PubMed1989

Personality development and the dually diagnosed person.

Researchers in mental retardation have traditionally focused on cognitive aspects of the disorder and ignored social and personality factors. One consequence is that little attention has been paid to the mental health of mentally retarded persons. The argument is made that the personalities of mentally retarded persons are affected by the same factors that impact upon the personalities of nonretarded persons. The life experiences of mentally retarded persons, however have been shown to lead to personalities that are often characterized by overdependency on others, low aspiration levels, and outerdirected problem-solving styles. These personality characteristics are implicated in the high rate of mental unhealth in mentally retarded persons. Finally, the value of extending the developmental approach to the study of psychiatric problems in mentally retarded persons is discussed.

Child↗
PubMed1991

The comorbidity of borderline personality disorder and other DSM-III-R axis II personality disorders.

OBJECTIVE: This study examines the comorbidity of DSM-III-R borderline personality disorder and the other axis II personality disorders. The extent and direction of overlap provides a measure of the clarity of its diagnostic boundaries and descriptive validity. METHOD: In 110 outpatients without concurrent major axis I conditions, axis II diagnoses were assessed in semistructured format and all DSM-III-R personality disorder criteria were rated. Multiple diagnoses were recorded. RESULTS: Twenty-two patients (20%) met criteria for borderline personality disorder; 18 (82%) had at least one additional personality disorder diagnosis. Using measures of frequencies and intercorrelation coefficients, the authors found that overlap was extensive and not confined to any one of the three designated axis II clusters. Factor analysis revealed 1) a group containing borderline personality disorder with paranoid, histrionic, narcissistic, antisocial, and passive-aggressive personality disorders and 2) another grouping of schizoid, schizotypal, avoidant, obsessive-compulsive, and self-defeating personality disorders. CONCLUSIONS: Borderline personality disorder appears to constitute a broad, heterogeneous category with unclear boundaries that embraces a general personality disorder concept. Both further refinement of the borderline personality disorder construct and investigation into alternative models to the DSM-III-R axis II classification system are suggested.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

Affective and impulsive personality disorder traits in the relatives of patients with borderline personality disorder.

OBJECTIVE: This study tested the hypothesis that the risk for affective and impulsive personality disorder traits commonly found in patients with borderline personality disorder would be greater in the first-degree relatives of probands with borderline personality disorder than in two comparison groups. METHOD: Blind family history interviews were conducted with family informants to assess the extent to which first-degree relatives of 29 probands with borderline personality disorder, 22 probands with other personality disorders who met three or fewer of the criteria for borderline personality disorder, and 43 probands with schizophrenia fulfilled operationalized criteria for the two kinds of personality disorder traits and for other diagnostic categories. The crude proportions of adult relatives with each diagnosis, as well as the age-adjusted morbid risks, were assessed in the three groups of relatives. RESULTS: The risks for affective and impulsive personality disorder traits were independently greater in the 129 relatives of the borderline probands than in the 105 relatives of the probands with other personality disorders and the 218 relatives of the schizophrenic probands. There was no similarly greater risk for any other psychiatric disorder assessed, including major affective disorder. In addition, the relatives of borderline probands with current or past major depressive disorder showed a greater risk for major affective disorders than the relatives of never-depressed probands with other personality disorders but not the relatives of never-depressed borderline probands. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest familial transmission of the hallmark borderline-related personality characteristics and raise the possibility that these familial traits may be partially independent.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

[Epidemiologic study of persons having group 2 insurance in Denmark. 2. Utilization of the health services among persons insured in groups 1 and 2].

Persons insured in Group 2 constitute only approximately 4% of the total number of persons insured. In contrast to the approximately 96% of the population insured in Group 1, persons insured in Group 2 are ensured free choice of general practitioner and practising specialists from time to time on payment of partial payment of the doctor's bill. Group 2 insured persons make less use of assistance from the general practitioner than persons in Group 1. On the other hand, persons in Group 2 make much more use of assistance from practising specialists. Persons in Group 2 thus substitute specialist help for help from the general practitioner. This holds particularly true for the specialties gynaecology and medicine. An age-subdivided analysis of the differences between the utilization of hospital services by the two insurance groups shows that persons insured in Group 2 have lower rates of hospitalization and briefer periods of hospitalization than persons insured in Group 1. A review of the utilization of health services by the two health insurance groups supports the theory that persons in insurance Group 2 are, on the whole, relatively healthy persons with a relatively high demand for the level of service of health treatment.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Relationship of family history, antisocial personality disorder and personality traits in young men at risk for alcoholism.

Studies examining possible risk factors for the development of alcoholism have focused recently on a variety of personality factors, including those associated with risk-taking behaviors. Alcohol-seeking behavior leading to the abuse of alcohol may be associated with a variety of risk-taking behaviors that derive from certain personality traits. Further, there is evidence that personality traits are transmitted across generations. This study examined the relationship of a family history of alcoholism, antisocial personality disorder (ASP) and alcohol use to several personality traits including the Tri-dimensional Personality Questionnaire (TPQ) in a sample (N = 91) of nonalcoholic, young male volunteers. The men with ASP scored higher than the non-ASP men on the Novelty Seeking Scale of the TPQ, but not on the Harm Avoidance or Reward Dependence subscales. In addition, ASP men scored higher than non-ASP men on a measure of impulsivity and tended to score higher on measures of sensation seeking, psychopathy and monotony avoidance. A family history of alcoholism did not differentiate the young men on any of the childhood behavior problems, personality measures or alcohol-related variables.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

DSM-III-R personality disorders and the five-factor model of personality: an empirical comparison.

The relationship between the five-factor model (FFM) of personality and the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (rev. 3rd ed.; DSM-III-R) personality disorders was examined in a sample of 54 psychiatric outpatients. Correlations between raw scores on the NEO-Personality Inventory (NEO-PI) and the number of DSM-III-R personality disorder symptoms rated present using a semistructured interview were computed. In addition, correlations between NEO-PI scores and scores on two self-report personality disorder inventories were also examined to determine which results replicated across instruments. Results indicated that the FFM personality dimensions of Neuroticism, Extraversion, and Agreeableness were most apparent in the DSM-III-R conceptualizations of the personality disorders.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

The Munich Personality Test (MPT)--a short questionnaire for self-rating and relatives' rating of personality traits: formal properties and clinical potential.

The Munich Personality Test (MPT) is a brief questionnaire for the assessment of six personality dimensions proper (Extraversion, Neuroticism, Frustration Tolerance, Rigidity, Isolation Tendency, Esoteric Tendencies), one additional scale (Schizoidia, composed of the two shortest scales, Isolation Tendency and Esoteric Tendencies); an Orientation towards Social Norms, which might bias the rating, and the Motivation to perform the rating adequately can be ascertained by means of two control scales. There are two test versions, one for self-rating, the other one for a rating by a key person from the subject's social surroundings ("relatives' rating"). The instruction of both scales explicitly relates to times of mental and physical health in order to reduce the influence of symptoms of a disease on the values of the scales. The data presented indicate a highly consistent factorial structure of self-ratings and relatives' ratings, a significant concordance of both kind of ratings, a sufficient to marked degree of internal consistency of the test scales depending on the number of items in the scales, a fair degree of retest reliability after approximately 1 year and also, though less markedly, after around 7 years in psychiatric patients, and significant differences between groups of psychiatric patients and healthy subjects in all personality scales proper, partially depending on the type of the mental disorder. Judging from relatives' ratings and from other authors' data obtained in recovered patients, these differences cannot be fully explained by the influence of symptoms on the ratings. On the other hand, secondary changes of personality after brain damage have been demonstrated by other authors using a modified testing procedure. On the whole, the MPT offers a fairly differentiated picture of the personality structure in mental patients and healthy subjects.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Clinical differentiation between major depression only, major depression with panic disorder and panic disorder only. Childhood, personality and personality disorder.

A consecutive sample of 298 nonpsychotic psychiatric outpatients was classified according to DSM-III and divided into 4 diagnostic groups: pure major depression, mixed major depression/panic disorder, pure panic disorder and a remaining group of other disorders. The patients' report of childhood relationship to parents and siblings, family atmosphere, their own personality characteristics as children and precipitating events were compared in the various groups. In addition, differences in personality and frequencies of personality disorders were investigated by means of various instruments. Our results show that the type of relationship to parents in childhood differed in the various groups. The mother seems to be the most crucial person for the development of depression, the father for the development of panic disorder. Patients with major depression are more obsessive and patients with panic disorder more infantile and avoidant with less control of their personality. Finally, patients with mixed conditions are more in accordance with the DSM-III anxious personality disorder cluster.

Adult↗
PubMed1977

Hierarchies of personality deviance and personal illness.

Three hundred and twenty-five psychiatric patients were allocated to classes within the hierarchy of personal illness by means of the Delusions-Symptoms-States Inventory. They were then given the Personality Deviance Scales. The results showed that the classes ranked in the same hierarchical order as on the DSSI on extrapunitiveness and intropunitiveness, but not on dominance. Maladjustive personality deviance, as statistically defined, was 3 1/2 times as frequent among patients as among non-patients. Whereas symptom measures had previously been shown to change considerably after one month, personality measures did not. Longer follow-up periods are needed before it can be decided whether personality measures contribute substantially to prediction of type of illness or whether they are determined, at least in part, by the type of illness. In the latter event, personality measures might still prove useful in providing a more fundamental estimate of long-term clinical improvement than symptom measures alone if they were found to change more slowly or only with more intensive clincial effort.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

The Personality Inventory Scales: a self-rating clinical instrument for diagnosis of personality disorder.

A personality inventory was developed as an aid in securing history and beliefs relevant to the assessment of personality structure and the diagnosis of personality disorders. The inventory was developed by restating DSM diagnostic criteria in everyday language, rewording the resulting statements in the form of True/False questions, and placing these questions in a short, self-paced booklet which subjects could complete in about 15 minutes. The following assessments were made and discussed: construct validity, split-half reliability, test-retest reliability, comparison with a standardized interview, and comparison with actual clinical assessments. The personality inventory is discussed as a useful accompaniment to the diagnostic interview in clinical settings and for research into personality structure and personality disorders.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

The concept of the person in the parens patriae jurisdiction over previously competent persons.

This article reviews the medieval law background of the parens patriae jurisdiction of the state as it has been exercised over incompetent persons who formerly were competent adults, concluding that the fiduciary standard implied in the statute De Prerogative Regis (1324), which is the basis for modern guardianship status, requires that the court and guardian adopt an attitude of respectful friendship toward the incompetent person, just as though they were to be accountable to the person himself, were he to recover his faculties and become competent once more. This fiduciary responsibility, originating in the device of the "use" or trust employed for the management of the estates of lunatics, contrasts with the self-interested feudal guardianship used for the custody of "natural fools" or "idiots", who were under paternalistic arrangements. The article argues that because the determination of legal incompetence and the consequent transfer of custody of the person and property of an incompetent person to the state would result in a drastic forfeiture of liberty and property interests were it not for the fiduciary obligation owed by the state to the incompetent, the state is under an obligation to exercise its fiduciary duties in good faith and may not impose states policies or advance state interests of its own in the supervision of the affairs of incompetent persons, apart from interests arising legitimately out of the state's institutional interest in providing competent administration for the benefit of the incompetents themselves.

Advance Directives↗
PubMed1989

[The relation of person's motives for self-disclosure and the congruency of personality judgment by discloser and recipient].

This study examined the relationship of a person's motives for self-disclosure and degree of self-disclosure to the congruency of personality judgment by the discloser and recipient. The subjects used were 76 pairs of close friends, members in each pair being of the same sex. Personality judgments of disclosers were executed by the disclosers themselves as well as the recipients; and disclosers were also asked to fill out (SMI) and (JSDQ). Results demonstrated that (JSDQ) had no relation to the congruency of personality judgments, but the motives had. In particular, persons who were apt to disclose based on mostly the emotional motive had the minimum congruencies on their personality judgment by disclosers and recipients.

Adult↗