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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2025

Biosynthesis and regulatory mechanism of tanshinones and phenolic acids in Salvia miltiorrhiza.

Salvia miltiorrhiza, a perennial plant of the genus Salvia in the family Lamiaceae, is one of the most important traditional Chinese medicinal herbs, renowned for its significant economic and medicinal value. Its application in China dates back to 200 BC, where it has been utilized clinically either as a monotherapy or in combination with other herbal medicines for treating cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, as well as various other ailments. The bioactive constituents of S. miltiorrhiza primarily include lipophilic tanshinones and hydrophilic phenolic acids. Over the past decades, the biosynthetic pathways of tanshinones and phenolic acids have been elucidated. Coupled with the sequencing of its genome, substantial progress has been made in deciphering the biosynthesis and regulatory mechanisms of bioactive compounds in S. miltiorrhiza, including tanshinones, phenolic acids, flavonoids, and prenylated quinones. This review summarizes recent advances in the regulatory mechanisms underlying the biosynthesis of phenolic acids and tanshinones in S. miltiorrhiza, focusing on transcriptional regulation, post-translational modifications, and epigenetic regulation. These insights provide a foundation for enhancing the production of bioactive compounds through biotechnological approaches and advancing pharmacological applications.

Salvia miltiorrhiza↗
PubMed2026

QTLs associated with phenolic acid accumulation and antioxidant activity in tropical maize.

Maize represents a significant source of phytochemicals, with phenolic acids standing out as one of the most extensively studied functional compound families. These bioactive molecules have gained attention for their potent antioxidant properties and potential contributions to human health improvement. To evaluate the segregation of phenolic compounds in maize and its genetic basis, this study was conducted to identify quantitative trait loci (QTLs) associated with major phenolic compounds and their antioxidant capacity. The mapping population comprised 100 recombinant inbred lines (RILs) derived from the cross between P84 and Kilima. Twelve traits were analyzed: free and cell wall-bound antioxidant capacity, total phenolic content, and contents of p-coumaric acid, ferulic acid, three isomers of di-ferulic acid, and three isomers of tri-ferulic acid. The RILs exhibited substantial diversity in phenolic compound profiles. In total, 19 QTLs were identified for nine traits, with the number of associated regions ranging from 1 to 5 and explaining between 2.95% and 37.48% of the phenotypic variation. This research provides substantial evidence for the co-localization of major QTLs for principal phenolic acids in maize with genomic regions harboring genes putatively related to their biosynthesis and biotic resistance. This is the first study to report QTLs associated with triferulic acids in maize. The identified regions co-localizing with biotic stress resistance genes represent targets for marker-assisted selection toward the improvement of phenolic acid accumulation in maize breeding programs.

QTLs↗
PubMed1979

Abnormal excretion of phenolic acids in rheumatic chorea.

Sydenham's chorea can be successfully treated with haloperidol, an agent that is known to interfere with the binding of dopamine to its receptors. This suggests that dopamine and its metabolic end product, homovanillic acid (HVA), might be elevated in Sydenham's chorea. To test this hypothesis, the urine of three patients with the clinical diagnosis of Sydenham's chorea was analyzed for HVA and vanillylmandelic acid (VMA). Urinary HVA and the HVA:VMA ratio were significantly higher in these three patients compared with seven control children. Urinary VMA was not different in these two groups. It is suggested that increased dopamine metabolism is involved in the pathogenesis of Sydenham's chorea and that the determination of urinary HVA and the HVA:VMA ratio may be helpful in establishing this diagnosis. We report a case that demonstrates the use of urinary HVA determination in the diagnosis of Sydenham's chorea.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1978

[High-performance liquid chromatography in the determination of organic acids in wine].

We shall distinguish the case of non aromatic organic acids from that one of phenolic acids. In the first one, we have applied to wines a method used for fruit-juices by Palmer and List, 1973. After contact of the wine with a strong acid resin, its is injected on anion exchange resin Aminex A 25 precolumn (formiate form) which retains all the organic acids. The precolumn is washed with water to eliminate neutral components, then connected with the chromatographic column which contains the same resin. The different acids are eluted with a solution of natrium formiate at 70 degrees C. They are detected by differential refractometry (galacturonic, lactic, malic, succinic, tartric acids) and by ultraviolet at 254 nm (shikimic acid). Beside these compounds which are identified by their retention volumes, others not yet attributed peaks are detected. The limits of detection are 2 mg/l for shikimic acid, 30 mg/l for tartric acid and 15 mg/l for the others. Analysis time is about one hour. In the case of phenolic acids, we extract them from wine by diethyl ether after saturation with NaCl or by demixtion. The determination of phenolic acids is done on the ether extract or on the organic layer of the demixtion. Chromatography is obtained on octadecylsilanised column (RP 18) with solvent gradient (from 10% methanol in KH2PO4O,1 M pH 2,1 to 60% methanol in the same buffer) and detection in ultraviolet at 254 nm. The knowledge of recovery of acids by diethyl ether or by demixtion permits to obtain their concentrations in wine. The different so determinated phenolic acids are: gallic, 4 hydroxybenzoic, cafeic, vanillic, syringic and para coumaric acids. We have applied these methods to 32 wines for phenolic acids and 80 wines for non aromatic acids. Some results are presented in the case of 24 wines issued from Gamay and 8 wines from Pinot and it appears that tartric and shikimic acids have more important average concentrations in the former than in the latter.

Acetates↗
PubMed1979

Inhibition of rat liver mevalonate pyrophosphate decarboxylase and mevalonate phosphate kinase by phenyl and phenolic compounds.

1. Mevalonate pyrophosphate decarboxylase of rat liver is inhibited by various phenyl and phenolic acids. 2. Some of the phenyl and phenolic acids also inhibited mevalonate phosphate kinase. 3. Compounds with the phenyl-vinyl structure were more effective. 4. Kinetic studies showed that some of the phenolic acids compete with the substrates, mevalonate 5-phosphate and mevalonate 5-pyrophosphate, whereas others inhibit umcompetitively. 5. Dihydroxyphenyl and trihydroxyphenyl compounds and p-chlorophenoxyisobutyrate, a hypocholesterolaemic drug, had no effect on these enzymes. 6. Of the three mevalonate-metabolizing enzymes, mevalonate pyrophosphate decarboxylase has the lowest specific activity and is probably the rate-determining step in this part of the pathway.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

Screening for metabolic disorders among high risk infants and children.

In a screening program in Cincinnati urine specimens from over 20,000 infants and children were tested for inherited metabolic disorders involving amino acids, carbohydrates, phenolic acids, organic acids, keto acids, mucopolysaccharides, and imidazoles. The subjects were selected on the basis of symptoms such as vomiting, diarrhea, acidosis, seizures, failure to thrive, delayed development, mental retardation, and others. The tests were based primarily on paper chromatographic techniques. Patients with 21 different metabolic disorders were found. The patterns of abnormal excretion of amino acids and other metabolites are often useful in making a diagnosis.

Amino Acid Metabolism, Inborn Errors↗
PubMed1978

[Rapid technic for preparation of thyroid ribonucleic acids without phenol].

Thyroid tissue was homogenized in 2 M LiCl. The homogenate was alloued to stand 1 h 30 min at 2 degrees C and then centrifuged. The pellet was suspended in 5% triisopropylnaphthalene sulfonic acid (the sodium salt), 0.05 M Tris--HCl, and 0.1 M NaCl (pH 8). After stirring and centrifuging, the supernatant containing the crude RNA was purified by filtration on Ultrogel AcA 22 (LKB, Sweden). Before adding the sample of crude RNA to the column, pronase was placed on the column. When pronase had entered the gel, we added the sample. The first peak contained pure RNA plus some DNA. The former was precipitated with 2 M LiCl. The RNA species obtained by this technique were undegraded and the yield was 30% better than that of the phenol technique.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

Colorimetric assay for guaiacol O-methyltransferase.

A relatively simple colorimetric assay was developed for guaiacol O-methyltransferase. Monomethylated phenolic acid substrates are enzymatically methylated to their corresponding dimethoxyl compounds; S-adenosylmethionine serves as the methyl donor. Enzymatic activity is measured by colorimetric assay of the monomethylated (nonreacted) substrate by coupling of the phenolic acid with a diazotized sulfanilic acid. The methoxyl and hydroxyl groups may be in the 3,4- or 4,3-positions on the substrate molecules; however, a side chain (COOH) or a substituted side chain is necessary for enzyme action. The radioactive demonstration of guaiacol O-methyltransferase as a separate entity from catechol O-methyl-transferase was confirmed.

Colorimetry↗
PubMed2026

Polyphenol-Rich Opuntia ficus-indica Cladodes: An Integrated Metabolomic, In Vivo and In Silico Study Supporting Their Hypolipidemic and Hepatoprotective Effects.

Background: Hyperlipidemia is a major risk factor for cardiometabolic disorders, including non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and is closely associated with oxidative stress. Opuntia ficus-indica (OFI) cladodes are recognized as a rich source of bioactive phytochemicals; however, the molecular mechanisms underlying their metabolic benefits remain incompletely understood. Objectives: This study aimed to comprehensively evaluate the hypolipidemic and hepatoprotective potential of a polyphenol-rich O. ficus-indica cladode extract (OCE) using an integrated approach combining in vivo evaluation, untargeted metabolomics (UHPLC-Orbitrap-MS/MS), molecular docking, and ADMET prediction. Methods: Hyperlipidemic mice fed a high-fat diet (HFD) were treated with OCE, while molecular docking was performed on ten major annotated phytochemicals against twelve key proteins involved in lipid metabolism and cholesterol homeostasis, including HMGCR, FAS, PPARα, PCSK9, and NPC1L1, using simvastatin as the reference compound. Results: OCE treatment significantly improved plasma and hepatic lipid profiles, improved glucose homeostasis, and markedly reduced hepatic malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, indicating attenuation of oxidative stress. Histopathological analysis further supported a pronounced hepatoprotective effect, with a substantial reduction in hepatic steatosis. Untargeted metabolomics enabled the annotation of 102 metabolites, putatively identifying piscidic acid as the predominant phenolic constituent together with a diverse profile of flavonoids and phenolic acids. Molecular docking supported the potential contribution of these phytochemicals to the regulation of lipid metabolism through favorable interactions with multiple therapeutic targets, while ADMET prediction suggested an overall favorable pharmacokinetic and toxicity profile despite the lower intestinal permeability predicted for glycosylated derivatives. Conclusions: Overall, these findings support O. ficus-indica cladodes as a promising source of dietary bioactive compounds with potential applications in the nutritional management and prevention of hyperlipidemia and related cardiometabolic disorders.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

Extraction of skin test activity from Coccidioides immitis mycelia by water, perchloric acid, and aqueous phenol extraction.

Water, perchloric acid extracts, and fractions of partially defatted whole mycelia of Coccidioides immitis contained delayed skin test activity when tested in C. immitis-infected guinea pits. Aqueous phenol extraction of these fractions resulted in partitioning of activity between aqueous-soluble and phenol-soluble fractions; activity was found to be water soluble after removal of phenol by extensive dialysis. Highest specific activity skin test antigen was invariably found in the phenol-soluble phase, water-soluble fraction. Material of equivalent activity could also be extracted directly from the defatted mycelia. Skin test active fractions contained glucose, mannose, 3-O-methylmannose, glucosamine, and amino acids.

Animals↗