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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1977

[Successes in the control of childhood droplet infections in the UkrSSR during the 60 years of Soviet government].

Marked achievements in reduction of morbidity and mortality from the main child infections were reached as a result of radical social changes during the years of Soviet power improvement of welfare of the population, science development, proper organization of antiepidemic measures, creation of effective prophylactic preparations and mass immunization. Poliomyelitis is practically wiped out in the Republic, diphtheria incidence fell sharply and whooping cough and measles incidence decreased considerably.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2026

Endothelial function in relation to low-level chronic residential air pollution in a general population: a cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Given the recently updated clean-air targets, this population study assessed endothelial function at low exposure to particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter of &#x2264;10&#xa0;&#xb5;m (PM10) and &#x2264;2.5&#x2009;&#xb5;m (PM2.5), nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and black carbon (BC). METHODS: In 453 Flemish participants (47.7% women; mean age, 52.8&#x2009;years), endothelial function was assessed by finger photoplethysmography after 5&#x2009;min of ischaemia. The outcome measures were the maximal ischaemic-to-control ratio (Rmax) and the maximal difference (Dmax) in pulse amplitude between the test and control fingers. The air pollutants were related to Rmax and Dmax using mixed models accounting for coresidence, to cardiovascular endpoints by proportional hazards regression, and to residential address by high-resolution spatiotemporal interpolation. RESULTS: From 2010 to 2015, PM10, PM2.5, NO2 and BC decreased (p&#x2009;<&#x2009;0.0001) with 6-year levels averaging 15.9, 12.8, 14.3 and 1.04&#xa0;&#xb5;g/m3. Irrespective of adjustment for risk factors, Dmax was inversely correlated with PM2.5, while associations of Rmax with PM2.5 and associations of both Dmax and Rmax with other pollutants were weaker (p values <0.10), but consistently inverse. Association sizes of Rmax and Dmax with PM10 and PM2.5 weakened over 6&#xa0;years, paralleling the decreasing air pollutants (p&#x2009;&#x2264;&#x2009;0.044). In adjusted analyses, the risk of a composite cardiovascular endpoint decreased (p&#x2009;&#x2264;&#x2009;0.043) with higher Rmax and Dmax with hazard ratios ranging from 0.31 to 0.49. Finally, in the geographical analysis, endothelial dysfunction followed the spatial gradients in PM2.5. CONCLUSIONS: Long-term low-level air pollution is associated with subclinical endothelial dysfunction, the initial and critical step leading to adverse cardiovascular outcomes.

Humans↗
PubMed2023

The phenotype-genotype reference map: Improving biobank data science through replication.

Population-scale biobanks linked to electronic health record data provide vast opportunities to extend our knowledge of human genetics and discover new phenotype-genotype associations. Given their dense phenotype data, biobanks can also facilitate replication studies on a phenome-wide scale. Here, we introduce the phenotype-genotype reference map (PGRM), a set of 5,879 genetic associations from 523 GWAS publications that can be used for high-throughput replication experiments. PGRM phenotypes are standardized as phecodes, ensuring interoperability between biobanks. We applied the PGRM to five ancestry-specific cohorts from four independent biobanks and found evidence of robust replications across a wide array of phenotypes. We show how the PGRM can be used to detect data corruption and to empirically assess parameters for phenome-wide studies. Finally, we use the PGRM to explore factors associated with replicability of GWAS results.

Humans↗
PubMed2026

Q&A with Mich&#xe8;le Ramsay.

Mich&#xe8;le Ramsay, PhD, is Director of the Sydney Brenner Institute for Molecular Bioscience, Professor in Human Genetics, and South African Research Chair in Genomics and Bioinformatics of African Populations at the University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg. While promoting research excellence in Africa and contributing to research that accurately represents African populations in global science, she supports capacity strengthening in the fields of genomics and precision medicine. Mich&#xe8;le is a founding member of the Human Heredity and Health in Africa Consortium, co-chair of the International Health Cohorts Consortium, member of the WHO Technical Advisory Group for Genomics (TAG-G), and co-chair of the Lancet Commission on Precision Health. She contributes low- and middle-income countries' perspectives to global genomics, promoting ethical, equitable and fair principles and practices.

Humans↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Portage guide to early intervention: cross-cultural aspects and intra-cultural variability.

The issues arising from implementing an early intervention service, developed in the rural United States in the late 1960s in a range of different cultural contexts over a period of a quarter of a century, are explained. Services from India, Bangladesh, Jamaica and the United Kingdom are compared. As well as considering cross-cultural aspects of Portage, variability within one country, the United Kingdom, is considered by comparing one service in an inner-city area and one in a rural area.

Acculturation↗
PubMed1992

Nutrition situation in metro Manila.

Summarizing the general characteristics of food consumption pattern and dietary status of the country's central urban region, the following are brought to focus: Metro Manila as compared to all urban and rural areas consumes less cereal grains but more sugars and fats and oils; consumes more of the high quality protein foods such as meat, poultry, eggs, milk and dried beans; and consumes less of fruits and vegetables. Availability and affordability of foods in the respective sectors could have affected to a large extent the magnitude of consumption differences. Although urban households had the advantage of a more varied and quantitatively higher food consumption, their nutrient intake was not really very different from rural households. Metro Manila still had a 13.7 percent calorie gap in its intake in 1987, and intake of ascorbic acid was notably lower than the rural sector. However, intake of thiamin and riboflavin as well as fat was appreciably higher in the metropolis. Briefly identifying the trends in food consumption with reference to six survey year periods from 1974 to 1987 (excluding 1984 and 1985), Metro Manila diet disclosed the following: increasing trend for sugars and syrups as well as dried beans, nuts and seeds and decreasing trend for cereal products, fruits and vegetables and condiments and others. There was a decrease in overall food consumption among Metro Manila households during the economic crisis that transpired in 1984 and 1985. However, there was a steady consumption of rice which was under price control, and a significant increase in the intake of some food items particularly green leafy and yellow vegetables which were among the cheapest food items available in Metro Manila markets. Some food adjustments were evidently resorted to during the period of economic dislocation showing the resiliency of the urban population. Metro Manila has been apparently drawing inordinately large amounts of the food supply from the rest of the country. There is therefore an "urban bias" of food supply to Metro Manila, that is, there is a much higher demand capacity for Metro Manila to draw food supply because of its higher income level and bigger population. The impact of this situation in terms of nutrition and food supply in the rural areas should be carefully examined so as not to put the rural areas in extreme disadvantage. FNRI nutrition surveys have shown that dietary energy inadequacy remains rampant in Metro Manila, while protein continues to be a marginal problem.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

The nutritional situation in metropolitan Kuala Lumpur, with focus on squatters.

Kuala Lumpur is the capital city of Malaysia with an estimated population of 1.55 million. Approximately 12% of the population live in squatter settlements occupying about 7% of the city total area. The squatter settlements generally are provided with basic amenities such as piped water, toilet facilities and electricity. Health indicators for the overall population of Kuala Lumpur are better off than for the rest of the country; however, intra-city differentials prevail along ethnic and socio-economic lines. Malays and Indians have higher rates for stillbirths, and neonatal, infant and toddler mortality than the Chinese. The wide disparity in the socio-economic status between the advantaged and the poor groups in the city is reflected in the dietary practices and nutritional status of young children from these communities. The percentage of preschool children from urban poor households with inadequate intakes of calories and nutrients is two to three times higher than those from the advantaged group. Compared to rural infants, a lower percentage of urban infants are breastfed. A lower percentage of Malays from the urban advantaged group breastfed, compared with the urban poor group. The reversed trend is found for the Chinese community. Growth attainment of young children from the urban poor is worse than the urban advantaged, though better than the rural poor. Health and nutritional practices implications related to both undernutrition and overnutrition are discussed, to illustrate the twin challenges of malnutrition in the city.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2026

Reporting and representation of population descriptors in public RNA-seq databases.

Diverse and globally representative datasets are essential to genomic science and medicine. Here, we analyzed population descriptor metadata from RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) studies in two major public repositories: the Sequence Read Archive (SRA) and the Database of Genotypes and Phenotypes. We examined geographic and economic characteristics of institutions depositing the data and compared SRA-deposited descriptors to empirical estimates of genetic ancestry and to those reported in publications, analyzing trends over time. We found that 55% of RNA-seq samples were deposited by United States (US) institutions and 90% by institutions in high-income countries. Only 3% of SRA samples were associated with population descriptors, and among those with US Census terms, 69% were labeled as White. Among samples with continental descriptors, 56% were labeled as European. Our analyses emphasize widespread bias in the composition of public RNA-seq datasets and, more generally, a lack of consistent and careful reporting of population descriptors needing urgent improvement.

Humans↗
PubMed1992

Demography of the Hadza, an increasing and high density population of Savanna foragers.

This is a report on the demography of the Hadza, a population of East African hunter-gatherers. In it, we describe the results of a census, and our estimation of age structure, survivorship, mean age of women at childbearing, number of live children, total population size and density, and rate of change since 1967. We show that relevant measures fit closely the stable population model North 6 chosen by Dyson to represent Hadza demography in the 1960s. We compare aspects of Hadza demography with surrounding non-Hadza and with the !Kung. Among other things, we find that the Hadza have a higher population density, higher fertility, and a faster population growth rate than do the !Kung. These demographic differences are consistent with our expectations, which were based on differences in the costs and benefits of foraging in the two regions. We also show that Hadza demographic parameters display remarkable consistency over the past 20 years. Since neighboring populations have been encroaching on the area used by the Hadza, and Hadza foragers have been subject to interludes of externally imposed settlement, this consistency is surprising. We discuss some of the implications.

Adolescent↗