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Results for “pulse pressure”

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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources

PubMed1992

[Analysis of intracranial pressure pulse wave in experimental hydrocephalus].

PURPOSE: Much has been written about the relationship between the pulse pressure (PP) of the intracranial pressure pulse wave (ICPPW) and ventricular dilatation. Some data suggest that high PP is the cause of ventricular dilatation, and other authors have reported that high amplitude of PP results from decreased intracranial compliance. In order to clarify these points, the amplitude of PP and Pressure-Volume Response (PVR: an indicator of intracranial compliance) were measured in bilateral ventricles using Howchwald's hydrocephalic model (right-left difference in ventricle size is clear, due to hemicraniectomy). METHODS: Hydrocephalus was developed by means of intracisternal injection of a Kaolin powder solution using dogs. The mean ICP, amplitude of the PP, PVR and ventricular size (studied by MR image) were evaluated under pathological conditions induced by the following procedures. Group A: control. Kolin induced hydrocephalus without craniectomy. Group B: Kaolin induced hydrocephalus with right side craniectomy. Group C: Kaolin induced hydrocephalus with right side craniectomy and dural resection. Group D: Kaolin induced hydrocephalus with right side craniectomy, dural resection and temporal muscle resection. RESULTS: Using MR imaging, the same degree of symmetrical ventricle dilatation were identified in all groups except Group D. Group D alone demonstrated the difference of ventricular size (craniectomy side > non craniectomy side). There was no appreciable difference in mean ICP between each group. However the amplitude of PP and the PVR decreased stepwise from Group A to Group D. The difference of the amplitude of the PP and PVR between the right and left ventricles in each group was not significant. Even in the larger ventricle side (right) of Group D, the amplitude of PP was same as that of the left ventricle, and much smaller than that of other groups. CONCLUSION: The results of our research suggest that: 1) There was no relation between the ventricular dilatation and the amplitude of PP. This means that the increased amplitude of PP was not the cause of the ventricular dilatation in this model. 2) These evidences suggest that a high degree of correlation exists between the amplitude of PP and the PVR. This means that PP can be a good parameter of the intracranial compliance in this model.

Animals↗

PubMed1979

Cerebrospinal fluid pulse pressure and intracranial volume-pressure relationships.

In six anaesthetised and ventilated dogs the CSF pulse pressure was compared with the volume-pressure response (VPR) during continuous inflation of an extradural balloon. Both pulse pressure and VPR increased linearly with the ventricular fluid pressure (VFP) up to a mean VFP of 60 mmHg. At this pressure a breakpoint occurred above which the CSF pulse pressure showed a steeper linear increase, while the VPR remained constant. It is suggested that the breakpoint is related to failure of autoregulation, and that in non-autoregulating patients the CSF pulse pressure is a better parameter of the clinical state than the VPR.

Animals↗

PubMed1979

Renin secretion in the chronically perfused pulseless calf. Evidence for failure of stimulation by decreased pulse pressure.

To study the influence of arterial pulse pressure on renin release, a chronic pulseless calf preparation was developed using a centrifugal left ventricular bypass blood pump. After pump implantation and recovery, control measurements of renal vein and arterial plasma renin activity, arterial pressure, and renal artery flow were obtained. The centrifugal bypass pump rate then was increased to capture cardiac output completely, and nine conscious calves were perfused in a nonpulsatile manner (pulse pressure less than 5-10 mm Hg) for 48 hours. Nonpulsatile perfusion was well tolerated and serum sodium, potassium, creatinine, and blood urea nitrogen were unchanged during bypass. Mean arterial pressure remained relatively constant [114 +/- 3 (SE) mm Hg] during bypass, and was not significantly changed from control. Although renal blood flow decreased slightly from control (667 +/- 84 ml/min) during the nonpulsatile perfusion period (555 +/- 73 ml/min), renin secretion did not increase significantly from control (482 +/- 81 ng angiotensin I/ml per hr per min) during the bypass period (531 +/- 99). A diurnal cycle of renin secretin was observed during the pulseless perfusions. These data document the lack of any significant stimulatory influence of decreased pulse pressure on renin secretion in a chronic awake calf model.

Animals↗

PubMed1975

Cerebrospinal fluid pulse pressure and brain compliance in adult cats.

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) pulse pressure was inversely proportional to a brain compliance determined from artificial CSF pulsations generated by an external pump. Brain compliance was 0.71 cu mm/mm H2O at steady-state CSF mean pressure and decreased 50 percent for each 240 mm H2O increase in CSF mean pressure (mean results of duplicate experiments on 10 adult cats). Both CSF pulse pressure and the time course of transient changes in CSF mean pressure could be described in terms of a model of the CSF circulation consisting of a constant resistance to CSF absorption in parallel with a pressure-dependent brain compliance.

Animals↗

PubMed1992

Short-term reproducibility over time of right ventricular pulse pressure as a potential hemodynamic sensor for ventricular tachyarrhythmias.

The implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) has been shown to effectively terminate episodes of ventricular tachyarrhythmias. Multiple investigators have suggested that the incorporation of hemodynamic sensors may allow ICDs to differentiate between hemodynamically unstable and stable ventricular tachyarrhythmias (VT), as well as differentiate ventricular from supraventricular tachycardias. Right ventricular (RV) pulse pressure has been shown to possess acceptable characteristics as a sensor for incorporation in ICDs. We sought to determine the short-term reproducibility of RV pulse pressure measurements by comparing RV pulse pressure measured during two separate episodes of VT in each of ten study patients. The mean VT cycle length for VT episode 1 was 293 +/- 15 msec, and was 298 +/- 15 msec for VT episode 2 (P = NS). The decrease in mean arterial pressure was 40 +/- 7 mmHg in episode 1 and 37 +/- 7 mmHg in episode 2 (P = NS). The decrease in RV pulse pressure during episode 1 was -13 +/- 2 mmHg, and -12 +/- 2 during episode 2 (P = NS). The decrease in RV pulse pressure during episodes of VT at two different times during a single electrophysiology study is highly reproducible, suggesting that RV pulse pressure may be a reliable sensor over time.

Aged↗

PubMed1978

Effect of arterial pulse pressure and hypoxia on myogenic responses in the gut.

In intestine, raising venous pressure (PV) elicits a precapillary vasconstriction that has been ascribed to a myogenic mechanism through which passive stretch elicits active contraction of vascular smooth muscle. A previous report from this laboratory indicated that myogenic responses in the gut were largely dependent on control conditions. The purpose of the present study was to determine whether control blood flow rates or the arterial pulse pressure affects the magnitude of myogenic responses. In isolated perfused canine small bowel arterial hypoxia was used to increase blood flow. Myogenic responses to elevated PV were not significantly different in the normoxic and hypoxic periods, indicating that blood flow per se does not greatly alter myogenic responses. When gut loops were perfused with pulsatile arterial pressure, myogenic responses occurred more than twice as frequently as during nonpulsatile pefusion and they had a greater magnitude. The results are consistent with the observation that vascular smooth muscle is stimulated not only by steady stretch but also by the rate of stretch. The results also suggest that the arterial pressure pulse should be considered in the design and interpretation of future studies of local circulatory control.

Animals↗

PubMed1977

Experimental hydrocephalus following mechanical increment of intraventricular pulse pressure.

Experimental hydrocephalus has been induced in lambs by artificial increase of the amplitude of intraventricular cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) oscillations related to arterial pulsations, without concomitant changes of the mean CSF-pressure. The characteristics of this hydrocephalus demonstrate that the intraventricular CSF-pulsations can play a role in the genesis of ventricular dilation. Such a method may be used to produce an original model of hydrocephalus independent of changes of CSF-circulation or absorption.

Animals↗

PubMed1979

Opening of tight junctions in cerebral endothelium. II. Effect of pressure-pulse induced acute arterial hypertension.

Acute arterial hypertension was produced in male Wistar rats by pressure pulse through the right internal carotid artery. The pressure pulse was induced by infusion of physiological saline as a bolus, at a rate of 0.63 ml per second by syringe pump. Evans blue (Eb) was used to visualize the areas of blood-brain barrier opening. Intravenously injected horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was used to study the ultrastructural basis of permeability changes in cerebral endothelium. Eb outlined circumscribed areas of blood-brain barrier opening. HRP extravasation was found mainly around small arteries. The capillary network was affected to a much lesser extent. Electron microscopy showed that HRP crossed the endothelial cell layer by intercellular routes. Glutaraldehyde fixed brain samples permeated with colloidal lanthanum supported these observations.

Animals↗

PubMed1976

Continuous determination of beat to beat stroke volume from aortic pressure pulses in the dog.

Present methods for measurement of stroke volume from the aortic pressure pulse are not suitable for beat-to-beat determinations during non-steady state conditions because these methods assume that each systolic ejection is equal to the peripheral runoff during the same beat. We have tested a new method which allows determination of an aortic pressure-volume conversion factor over a wide range of pressures during transient changes in stroke volume and infusions of vasoactive drugs in 6 dogs with chronically implanted aortic electromagnetic flowmeters. Each aortic diastolic pressure decay is approximated by an exponential the time constant of which is used to calculate the pressure loss during systole due to blood flow into the periphery. The total increment in aortic pressure due to systolic ejection, if there were no flow from the aorta during systole, then is calculated. The total systolic increment (delta PSV) is assumed to describe the pressure-volume characteristics during systole and is related to stroke volume by a constant multiplier that is derived from the indicator-dilution measurements of cardiac output. The values for beat-to-beat variations that were determined by use of the aortic electromagnetic flowmeter and by this aortic pressure pulse method were found to be within the range of measurement errors of stroke volume determined from individual aortic electromagnetic flow pulses.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Diminished pulse pressure response to psychological stress: early precursor of essential hypertension?

An excessive blood pressure response to mental stress is a widely reported characteristic of young normotensive offspring of hypertensive parents. At odds with these reports are data from a large biracial study showing that high risk adolescent offspring had diminished pulse pressure under mental stress and no evidence of greater blood pressure reactivity. We examined this apparent contradiction in a similar but larger sample of 213 normotensive adolescents, comparing blood pressure and heart rate responses to video game, mirror drawing, mental arithmetic, interview, and physical exercise in high- and low-risk offspring. Results replicated the diminished pulse pressure finding, suggesting it is characteristic of African Americans and is evoked by behavioral tasks that entail skeletal-motor inhibition. Submaximal physical exercise failed to discriminate between offspring groups. Possible biologic correlates of diminished pulse pressure in black adolescents with "high normal" blood pressure warrant further investigation.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1992

Effects of abnormal activation on the time course of the left ventricular pressure pulse in dilated cardiomyopathy.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of QRS duration on characteristics of the left ventricular pressure pulse derived from the time course of functional mitral regurgitation by continuous wave Doppler. DESIGN: Retrospective and prospective study of 50 patients with dilated cardiomyopathy, by electrocardiography, echocardiography, and Doppler cardiography. SETTING: Tertiary cardiac referral centre. PATIENTS: 50 patients (mean age (SD) 58 (16)) with dilated cardiomyopathy, all with functional mitral regurgitation. RESULTS: The values of QRS duration ranged widely, from 70 to 190 ms with a mean value of 110 ms, and were unimodally distributed. The overall duration of mitral regurgitation correlated positively with QRS time (r = 0.65) over the entire range of values. When the duration of mitral regurgitation was divided into contraction, aortic ejection, and relaxation times, increased QRS duration prolonged contraction (r = 0.51) and relaxation (r = 0.52) times. Aortic ejection time was affected by RR interval (r = 0.74). Duration of QRS correlated negatively with peak rate of rise in left ventricular pressure (+dP/dt) (r = -0.48), and positively with the time intervals from Q to peak pressure (r = 0.49) and to peak +dP/dt (r = 0.72), and also with those from the start of mitral regurgitation to peak pressure (r = 0.49) and to peak +dP/dt (r = 0.76). Duration of QRS did not directly affect the peak rate of left ventricular pressure fall (-dP/dt), or the isovolumic relaxation period. CONCLUSIONS: Values of QRS duration are unimodally distributed in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy, without evidence of a discrete group of patients with left bundle branch block. Prolonged QRS duration reduces peak +dP/dt, prolongs overall duration of the pressure pulse, the time to peak +dP/dt, and relaxation time. Duration of QRS must therefore be taken into account in assessing standard measurements of myocardial function in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1975

Relationship between pulse pressure, arteriosclerosis, and a visual reversal phenomenon.

Varying numbers of Ss were studied on a task producing a perceived reversal in the direction of rotating objects. Ss were required to indicate when reversal in the direction of rotation of the percept occurred for the first time. Low initial reversal time coincided with high pulse pressure which is an indicator or arteriosclerotic processes. The relationship of initial reversal time and pulse pressure existed for all Ss with histories of cerebro-vascular accident, amputees secondary to diabetes mellitus, and many control Ss (a nonpatient group of higher socio-economic and intellectual levels) who had a poor health history regarding high blood pressure and/or diabetes mellitus. In contrast, control Ss with no cardio-vascular or diabetic problems had high initial reversal times or no reversal at all. Initial reversal time was stable over a short as well as longer periods of time. Initial reversal time may be useful as an adjunct in the prognosis of arteriosclerotic pathology.

Adult↗

PubMed1992

Pulse pressure assessment in the human fetal descending aorta.

Pulsatile vessel diameter recordings were obtained at two different levels of the fetal descending aorta in ten third-trimester human fetuses using an echo-tracking system. A derivation of the Moens-Korteweg equation was used to estimate the pulse pressure amplitude in this vessel. The positive phase of the first derivative of the diameter curves was cross correlated to assess the propagation time of the pulse wave. It is postulated that this method minimises the measuring errors resulting from diameter pulse wave changes during propagation along the longitudinal axis of the descending aorta. It was estimated from repeated measurements that approximately 13 recordings of 5.2 s each are required to assess the mean pulse pressure amplitude for an individual fetus with an estimated random error of 10%.

Aorta, Thoracic↗

PubMed2026

Association between pulse pressure and markers of cognitive function: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Our aim was to systematically review and meta-analyse evidence on the association between pulse pressure (PP) and cognitive function using PubMed, PsycInfo, Embase and Scopus (inception-July 2025) publication databases. Studies were included if they reported an association between PP and cognitive function and summarized narratively and by performing fixed-effects meta-analysis. The search identified 4171 publications with 43 studies meeting inclusion criteria. Domains assessed included global cognition, memory, language, attention, executive function, processing speed and visuospatial ability. Meta-analysis suggests a positive association between PP and global cognition, and a negative association with memory in both cross-sectional and longitudinal studies with inconsistent findings from narratively summarized studies. Processing speed, executive function and language negatively associated with PP in cross-sectional studies with limited evidence provided by longitudinal studies or narratively summarized studies. There was limited evidence of an association with attention and visuospatial ability.

Humans↗

PubMed1975

The effects of althesin on arterial pressure, pulse rate preganglionic sympathetic activity and barostatic reflexes in cats.

We have studied the effects of Althesin on preganglionic cervical sympathetic nervous activity, arterial pressure, pulse rate and barostatic reflexes in cats. Normal, baroreceptor denervated and decerebrate animals were studied. On the basis of our finding it is concluded that Althesin severely depresses sympathetic nervous activity by action on the vasomotor centre. The depression of arterial pressure however was only moderate due to two compensatory mechanisms: a vagolytic action of Althesin and a peripheral vascular effect believed to be caused by an enhanced action of catecholamines caused by Althesin. Barostatic reflexes were found active under conditions where Althesin did not totally abolish sympathetic tone.

Alfaxalone Alfadolone Mixture↗

PubMed1977

The effects of propanidid on arterial pressure, pulse rate, preganglionic sympathetic activity and barostatic reflexes in the cat.

We have studied the effects of propanidid on preganglionic cervical sympathetic nervous activity, arterial pressure, pulse rate and barostatic reflexes of the cat. Normal, hypertensive, baroreceptor denervated and decerebrate animals with sectioned vagal nerves were studied. On the basis of our findings it is concluded that propanidid exerts its depressant action on the cardiovascular system directly. Central circulatory control mechanisms are essentially unaffected. The depression of arterial pressure caused by propanidid is moderated by two compensatory mechanisms: normal barostatic reflexes causing an increased sympathetic tone in response to hypotension and a vagolytic action of propanidid.

Animals↗

PubMed1979

The effects of inbreeding and of some genetic polymorphisms on blood pressures, pulse rate and hematocrit in Northeastern Brazil.

The possible role of genetic mechanisms, as revealed by inbreeding depression and pleiotropic effects of the ABO, Es D and CA II loci, on blood pressures, pulse rate and hematocrit, was studied in a sample of 7,642 migrant Brazilian individuals of rural origin. It was not possible to confirm previous claims of the effects of ABO blood groups system and inbreeding on diastolic blood pressure. On the other hand, a significant inbreeding depression on pulse rate of about 1.23 bmp/10% F, among adult individuals, was revealed. The observed significant effects of several markers on hemodynamic variables, due to its number, were attributed to chance.

Blood Pressure↗

PubMed1992

Pulse pressure, mean blood pressure and impaired glucose tolerance--a study in middle-aged subjects.

In a study of 695 middle-aged subjects, without antihypertensive agents, and without more pronounced obesity, both pulse pressure (PP) and mean blood pressure (MBP) were strongly related to 2-h blood glucose in 75 g OGTTs (p < 0.001). All hypertensives (DBP > or = 90 mm Hg) were separated into 39 with higher PP (> or = 60 mm Hg) and 137 with lower PP (< 60 mm Hg). The high PP hypertensives, compared with the low PP hypertensives and all 519 normotensives, had higher frequency of impaired glucose tolerance (IGT; WHO-criteria), 33%, 6%, and 4%, respectively (p < 0.001), and also higher mean 2-h blood glucose, 5.9, 4.5, and 4.2 mmol.l-1, respectively (p < 0.001). These differences were independent of MBP levels. Similarly, all 54 hypertensives with higher MBP (> or = 110 mm Hg) had more IGT and higher 2-h glucose than the 122 hypertensives with lower MBP (< 110 mm Hg) or the normotensives, 30%, 5% and 4%, respectively (p < 0.001), and 5.8, 4.4, 4.2 mmol.l-1, respectively (p < 0.001), independently of PP. Thus, both high PP and high MBP were related to IGT, independently of each other.

Analysis of Variance↗