Towards good human relations in our hospitals. Non-verbal communication as related to good human relations in our society.
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Facial Expression↗
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Parental longevity and polygenic longevity scores in relation to ageing-related factors in a population of 70-year-olds followed over six years: The Gothenburg H70 Birth Cohort Study.
As societies age, a deeper understanding of ageing-related factors that contribute to longevity is needed. We therefore investigated possible longevity factors (social, medical, and biological) in relation to parental longevity (PL) and polygenic longevity scores (PGLSs). We examined 1126 70-year-olds from the Swedish population-based Gothenburg H70 Birth Cohort study in 2014-2016 (response rate 72%), with follow-up in 2019-2022 (response rate 77.6%). Comprehensive examinations included self-reported information on parents' ages, socioeconomic factors, mental, cardiovascular, and neurological health, anthropometry, laboratory data, and genotyping to construct two continuous PGLSs variables (with and without the APOE locus). PL groups were categorised as high if both parents survived to age 85 (17.2%); medium if one parent had survived (43.3%), and low if neither parent had survived to age 85 (39.4%). Higher PL and higher PGLSs were related to less hypertension, higher educational level, better childhood, and current socioeconomic status. In addition, higher PL was associated with higher MMSE score, total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol (HDL-c) and LDL-cholesterol (LDL-c), lower BMI, homocysteine and inflammatory markers (IL-6, CRP) levels, and less smoking, whereas higher PGLSs was related to less myocardial infarction. At follow-up, high-PL was associated with less increase in plasma pTau217. PGLSs were mainly related to socioeconomic and cardiovascular factors, while individuals with long-lived parents, in addition, had several other characteristics of longevity, such as less inflammation, homocysteine, and markers of dementia. PL may be a proxy for biological ageing and used as a screening for ageing-related disorders in the context of prevention.
APOE↗
Studies on factor VIII-related protein. I. Ultrastructural and electrophoretic heterogeneity of human factor VIII-related protein.
Human factor VIII-related protein precipitates with specific heterologous anti-bodies directed against purified factor VIII and supports ristocetin-induced aggregation of washed platelets. We purified human factor VIII from cryoprecipitate by subsequent gel filtration on crosslinked large-pore agarose. Factor VIII-related protein appeared as a large aggregate following electrophoresis on 3% polyacrylamide gels in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). The same material was separated into multiple bands (molecular weight in excess of several millions) following electrophoresis on SDS-1% agarose gels. After complete disulfide reduction of factor VIII-related protein and electrophoresis on SDS-5% polyacrylamide gels a single subunit chain (Mr approximately equal to 200 000) was revealed. Analysis of this protein, in its non-reduced state, by negative contrast electron microscopy showed filaments of markedly variable size. The calculated molecular weight of such filaments ranged from about 0.6.10(6) to 20.10(6). We conclude that size heterogeneity is an essential feature of human factor VIII-related protein.
Disulfides↗
The Tromso heart study: risk factors for coronary heart disease related to the occurrence of myocardial infarction in first degree relatives.
In a population survey for risk factors associated with coronary heart disease among 6595 men aged 20-49 years of age, a family history of myocardial infarction (MI) was obtained by interview. A high degree of concurrence (78%) was found between the reported and confirmed diagnoses. Subjects who had evidence of a previous MI had a significantly higher frequency of first degree relatives with MI compared to healthy men of the same age. In subjects with first degree relatives of either sex suffering from MI before age 50, the mean serum cholesterol concentration was found to be slightly but not significantly elevated. However, when the relatives were females below age 50, the subjects had significantly elevated mean systolic blood pressure (0.05 greater than p greater than 0.01). The differences between subjects with a positive and negative family history of MI were surprisingly small. Correspondingly, there was no difference in the frequency of MI relatives in subjects belonging to the upper and lower quintiles of the serum cholesterol and blood pressure distribution. The slight elevations in serum cholesterol and blood pressure contribute only to a very small extent to the increased risk to subjects with a positive family history.
Adult↗
Studies on the prevalence of renal disease and hypertension in relation to schistosomiasis. IV. Systemic blood pressure hypertension and related features.
Two comparable rural communities but with varying endemicity of urinary schistosomiasis in environs of Ibadan, Nigeria, have been studied by a total cross-sectional population survey. It has been found that:- (i) schistosomiasis does not predispose to raised blood pressure (ii) both diastolic and systolic blood pressure increase with age. (iii) prevalence of systemic hypertension is higher in females than males (iv) body weight and height are related to hypertension in both males and females (v) parity would seem to be related to hypertension in the females (vi) except in the younger female group (1--19 years) where polyuria, frontal headache, palpitations appear related to systolic hypertension, raised blood pressure would appear to have no symptoms. In particular headache in any part of the head bears no clear relationship. (vii) The majority of hypertensives would appear to belong to the primary variety but proteinuria among females has been found to be significantly related to hypertension.
Adolescent↗
Studies on bilharzial dysentery: the relation among the egg count, the number of bowel motion and the antibody titre and the relation between the schistosomal antibody titre as detected by indirect haemagglutination test and the size of the wheal area of the intradermal test.
The authors studied the relation among the egg count, the number of motions and the antibody titer in 185 patients suffering from bilharzial dysentery. They found that no significant relation between the level of antibody titre and the number of ova and also no relation between egg count and number of motions but a significant relation between the number of bowel motions and the level of antibody titre was recorded. An auto-immune mechanism in Schistosoma mansoni has also been shown in this work but it needs further proof. On the other hand two diagnostic tests were performed namely the intradermal test and the indirect haemagglutination test. The former gave 84% positivity while the latter gave 94% positivity. In comparing the wheal size of the intradermal test and the titre of haemagglutination, it has been found that the wheal increases in size with rise of the titre. Therefore the wheal size can roughly suggest the level of immunity of the patient.
Adult↗
Experience of father and later relations to men. A systematic study of women's relations to their father, their partner and their son.
Using data from a longitudinal, prospective study of 69 women, their partners and first-born children, the woman's description of her parents was compared with her report about her relationships to her partner and child. Information was independently collected from partner and child. The woman's way of relating both to her partner and to her son was more strongly connected with her report about her early paternal than with her report about her early maternal contact. The woman's experience of her father was related to her way of interacting with her child in the case of a son but not in the case of a daughter. Thus, the specific importance of a woman's image of her father for her way of relating to other significant males was emphasized.
Father-Child Relations↗
The doctor-relative relationship: an exercise in interview techniques in the "relatives' clinic".
The importance of the physician's relationship with the patient's relative is discussed, and the content of a series of interviews with relatives is analyzed. Their significance in adding to the doctor's knowledge of the patient is delineated.
Aged↗
Discriminative stimulus properties of benzodiazepines, barbiturates and pharmacologically related drugs; relation to some intrinsic and anticonvulsant effects.
Using a food-reinforced two-lever operant method, rats (n = 12) were trained to discriminate chlordiazepoxide (5 mg/kg, p.o.) from solvent (p.o.). With rats trained thus as subjects, generalization experiments were done with various benzodiazepines, barbiturates and related compounds, and with two neuroleptic drugs. The ability of these drugs to induce a discriminative stimulus complex similar to that induced by chlordiazepoxide, was then compared with some intrinsic and anticonvulsant effects of the same drugs. It was found that the discriminative stimulus properties of benzodiazepines, barbiturates, and related compounds correlate with the ability of these drugs to induce ataxia, as well as with part of their anticonvulsant activity. However, the stimulus properties of these drugs, as defined by the procedure described, are based neither on their ataxia-inducing effect, nor on their general depressant or sedative action. It is concluded that these properties constitute a pharmacologically highly specific phenomenon.
Animals↗
Age-dependent relaxation of gene repression: increase of endogenous murine leukemia virus-related and globin-related RNA in brain and liver of mice.
A progressive loss in the ability of cells to maintain their normal specialized states of differentiation could be the common denominator underlying much of the physiology and pathology associated with the mammalian aging process. We investigated this possibility by searching for an age-dependent derepression of endogenous genes in tissues in which they are not normally expected to be expressed. Complementary DNA (cDNA) probes to globin genes and to the murine leukemia type C RNA virus (MuLV) genome were used to detect the presence of RNA complementary to these genes in RNA extracted from brain and liver in young and old mice. Significant amounts of globin RNA were found in brain nuclei and cytoplasm. No age difference was found in the globin RNA sequences present, but the number of globin RNA molecules increased from about 15 in 6-month to 34 in 27-month-old animals for nuclei and 280 in 6-month to 500 in 27-month-old animals for cytoplasm. Similar results were found for liver. RNA complementary to the MuLV cDNA probe was also found but, in contrast to globin, the different RNA sequences increased in both brain and liver nuclei from about 45% of the MuLV genome in 6-month to 72% in 27-month-old animals. The number of MuLV-related RNA molecules remained constant at about 22 and 38 per nuclei for brain and liver, respectively. Derepression of genes of this magnitude could result in a time-dependent increase in virus-related diseases and a general deterioration of the organism.
Aging↗
Burkitt's lymphoma: its clinical course in relation to immunologic reactivities to Epstein-Barr virus and tumor-related antigens.
In 141 patients with African Burkitt's lymphoma, the relationship between Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-related antibody titers and the clinical course of this disease was presented. Antiviral capsid antigen tests gave positive results in all patients, siblings, and control neighbors; but the geometric mean antibody titers to viral capsid antigen were significantly higher in patients than in siblings or neighbors (P less than 0.001). No control neighbors or siblings had antibodies to restricted (EA-R) or diffuse (EA-D) early antigen. Mean geometric anti-EA-R titers at admssion and at last visit were significantly lower in patients with stage (I and II) than in those with stage (III and IV) disease; this most likely reflected the degree of tumor burden. Patients who relapsed after 1 year of sustained remission had significantly higher anti-EA-R titers than did those who did not. The increase in the probability of relapse was sixfold for those patients with an anti-EA-R titer of greater than 160 after 1 year of sustained remission. Survivors and nonsurvivors differed significantly in the final EA-R and Epstein-Barr virus nuclear antigen (EBNA) titers (P less than 0.05 and P less than 0.001, respectively). Anti-EA-D titers were particularly likely to be positive in patients with multiple relapses. When skin reactivity to an antigen from RAJI cells was compared to EBV-related serologic reactions in the same patient, a significant inverse correlation (P less than 0.001) between skin reactivity and EBNA titers appeared. Pretreatment sera from patients with high EBNA titers did not block skin reactivity to the RAJI antigen.
Antibodies, Viral↗
Electron microscopic heteroduplex studies of sequence relations among plasmids of Escherichia coli: structure of F13 and related F-primes.
The structure of F13, a plasmid containing lac, purE, and proC, has been determined by heteroduplex analysis. As expected for an F-prime formed by a type II excision event, it contains all the sequences of F plus a large segment of Escherichia coli chromosomal deoxyribonucleic acid. There is a sequence of F with coordinates 16.3-17.6F which has been shown in other studies to be the insertion sequence IS2. This IS2 occurs twice on F13, once at each of the two junctions of F deoxyribonucleic acid with chromosomal deoxyribonucleic acid. The sequence alpha beta which occurs twice on F with coordinates 93.2-94.5/OF and 13.7-15.0F occurs an additional three times, twice in an inverted order relative to the alpha beta sequences of F, on the chromosomal sequences of F13. The structures of the plasmids F13-4 and F210 have been determined. The common sequences of F13 with F152-1 (a derivative of F152, the classical F2gal) and with F13-4 and F210 have been mapped. These results partially map lac, proC, tsx, and purE on F13. On the basis of all of these results, it is proposed that Hfr 13 (the parent of F13) was formed by recirpocal recombination between IS2 on F and an IS2 resident at a point between lac and proC on the chromosome of the F+ parent of Hfr 13. It is proposed that this IS2 and the several alpha beta sequences on the chromosomal part of F13 are hot spots for recombination with F, i.e., for Hfr formation. The point of origin and direction of transfer of many Hfr's can be explained by this hypothesis. In particular, the sequence relations of F42-1 (Flac) and of F152-1 (F 2gal) with F13 are completely consistent with this model.
Base Sequence↗
Measurement of unsaturated ""granulocyte-related'' (TC I and TC III) and ""liver-related'' (TC II) B12 binders by instant batch separation using a microfine precipitate of silica (QUSO G32).
A microfine precipitate of silica (Quso G32) almost instantly quantitatively adsorbs the polypeptide transcobalamin II from serum without adsorbing the glycoproteins transcobalamins I and III. This provides a simple, rapid, and reproducible method for the measurement of the granulocyte-related transcobalamins I and III and the liver-related transcobalamin II in serum, and is also applicable to their purification, and the separation and purification of other polypeptide-glycoprotein mixtures.
Blood Proteins↗
[The centric relation. IV. Variations in condylar positions according to the methods of measuring centric relation and to the patient's clinical type].
When recording and transferring centric relation onto an articulator errors can be minimized by proper use of dental materials. Remaining errors may be due to either the patient or the clinician. 3 recording techniques (Lucia, Dawson, Ramfjord) are being tested by 2 operators on 12 patients. In order to get a proper centric relation one must not rely upon a technique of taking it but rather on an adequate clinical evaluation of the TMJ at that moment. The role of inadequate intermaxillary relationship upon painful TMJ syndroms cannot be underestimate.
Adult↗
Carbon 13 magnetic resonance studies of DL-2-(alpha-hydroxyethyl) thiamin and related compounds. Relation of kinetic acidity to electronic factors in thiamin catalysis.
Carbon 13 NMR spectra have been obtained for aqueous solutions of DL-2-(alpha-hydroxyethyl)thiamin, DL-2-(alpha-hydroxybenzyl)thiamin, DL-2-(alpha-hydroxybenzyl)oxythiamin, and related N-3 methyl and N-3 benzyl analogs. The unusually large downfield shift of the 13C resonance of C-2 of hydroxyethylthiamin suggests that this carbon bears a partial positive charge. This result stands in contrast to results of x-ray crystallographic studies of hydroxyethylthiamin, which place a partial negative charge on C-2 (Pletcher, J., and Sax, M. (1974) J. Am. Chem. Soc. 96, 155-165). A partial positive charge on C-2 helps to explain the facility of carbanion formation at the alpha carbon both enzymatically and in model systems. The rates of proton-deuteron exchange of (C-alpha)-H with solvent deuterium, and of release of aldehyde to regenerate thiamin have been measured for hydroxyethylthiamin and analogs. The differences in kinetic acidity of (C-alpha)-H and of rates of aldehyde release are rationalized in terms of differing electron-withdrawing abilities of the substituents attached to N-3, and appear not to be related to intramolecular basic catalysis of these processes by the C-4' amino group.
Carbon Isotopes↗
Time-related changes in the Q-T interval in acute myocardial infarction: possible relation to local hypocalcemia.
In 63 patients with either acute transmural or nontransmural myocardial infarction, the Q-T interval was prolonged beyond normal limits on at least 1 of the 5 days after infarction in 27 patients (8 with transmural and 19 with nontransmural infarction). The time-related changes in the corrected Q-T (Q-Tc) interval were defined for the entire sample and showed significant expansion, maximal on day 2, from a preinfarction control value. By day 5, the Q-Tc interval was no longer significantly prolonged and was not expanded beyond normal limits in any patient. Various possible causes of Q-T prolongation in myocardial infarction are local hypothermia, local conduction delay, neurogenic effect and local hypocalcemia. Collateral evidence suggests that the letter may contribute significantly to prolongation.
Action Potentials↗
The relation between stimulus frequency and the relative size of the components of the biphasic response of the vas deferens to electrical stimulation at different temperatures.
1. Electrical stimulation of the guinea-pig or rat vas deferens (pre- or post-ganglionically) at frequencies from 2-5 to 40 Hz with trains of stimuli of 30 sec duration induced a biphasic response. A rapid contraction (component A) was followed after a brief relaxation by a slower contraction (component B); the two phases were seen most clearly with stimulation frequencies of less than 10 Hz. 2. The responses to post-ganglionic stimulation were always larger than those to preganglionic stimulation. In general, at low frequencies component A exceeded component B whilst at high frequencies component B was the larger. Separation of the two components on the basis of their frequency response characteristics was better for rat than for guinea-pig vasa. 3. Log. frequency-response curves to transmural (post-ganglionic) electrical stimulation and log dose-response curves to noradrenaline were recorded for guinea-pig and rat vasa deferentia at 32 degrees, 22 degrees and 12 degrees C. For the guinea-pig reduction of bath temperature to 12 degrees C increased the amplitude of component A at 2-5 and 5 Hz; component B could not confidently be distinguished at this temperature. At 22 degrees C there was potentiation of B at lower frequencies and depression of B at higher frequencies. There was no response to noradrenaline at 12 degrees C. At 22 degrees C the response to noradrenaline was increased except to doses at or near the maximum to which the response was reduced. 4. For the rat was deferens component A was little changed by reduction of temperature. Component B at 12 degrees C was greatly depressed at higher frequencies. The response to noradreanaline was increased to lower doses and decreased to higher doses as the temperature was lowered. 5. The B component of the response of guinea-pig vasa at 22 degrees C and rat vasa at 32 degrees C was more sensitive than the A component to inhibition by thymoxamine. 6. Further analysis of the mechanisms underlying the A and B components of the biphasic response may be facilitated by relative isolation of each component by the appropriate selection of parameters of electrical stimulation and of temperature for the species being investigated. The contractions of the B component are similar to, if not identical with, those produced by exogenously applied noradrenaline.
Animals↗
Temperature relations of aerial and aquatic respiration in six littoral snails in respiration in six littoral snails in relation to their vertical zonation.
Aerial and aquatic rates of oxygen consumption were determined over a range of 5 degrees to 45 degrees C at 5 degrees C intervals for six species of marine littoral snails: including the sublittoral species, Acmaea testudinalis, Mitrella lunata, and Lacuna vincta; and the truly intertidal species, Littorina obtusata, L. littorea, and L. saxatilis. Polarographic oxygen electrodes were used with normally active snails collected from populations on Nobska and Manomet Points, Massachusetts. Three subtidal species, A. testudinalis, Lacuna vincta, and M. lunata, do not display any metabolic adjustment to increasing temperature, with thermal limits reached at 30 degrees to 35 degrees C. Aerial respiration in A. testudinalis is similar to aquatic O2 uptake, but rates average only 36.4% of aquatic rates. The intertidal congeners, Littorina obtusata, L. littorea and L. saxatilis, have varying degrees of aerial and aquatic metabolic regulation with increasing temperature. L. obtusata, a low intertidal snail exposed to air for 15% to 45% of the tidal cycle, displays a respiratory pattern of "passive endurance" to high temperatures both in air and in water. L. littorea, the dominant snail of the midlittoral region, remains active when exposed to air (30% to 75% of the tidal cycle) and has a zone of metabolic regulation between 20 degrees C and 30 degrees C. Over this, the normal ambient temperature range, the Q10 closely approximates one, and nearly equivalent O2 uptake rates occur in air and in water. L. saxatilis from the upper littoral region is exposed to air for 70% to 95% of the tidal cycle and is characterized by reduced aerial and aquatic O2 uptake rates above 25 degrees C, representing a reversible torpor up to its thermal maximum at 44 degrees C. For these six snail species, respiratory responses to increasing temperature are thus directly related to the pattern of vertical distribution in the intertidal environment. Discussion of this relationship stresses that the evolution of other nearterrestrial structures and functions in littoral snails has proceeded in a discontinuous fashion. Despite this, the temperature responses in respiration parallel the functional morphology of the pallial structures and the physiological patterns of response to low oxygen stress, as well as adaptive features of reproduction, larval development, water-control, and nitrogenous excretion.
Acclimatization↗