[Movement, rhythmical movement, dance and music; ways of influencing psychomotor development in children].
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Results for “rhythmic movement”
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Chaos in Human Rhythmic Movement.
Rhythmic movements typical of locomotory actions are usually modeled as limit cycle dynamics, and their deviations from pure periodicity are attributed to stochastic physiological noise. In the present study, the dynamics of human rhythmic movements were found to contain more than the 2 dynamically active variables expected from limit cycle dynamics; the number depended upon the size of the limb oscillator. Observed positive Lyapunov exponents and fractal attractor dimensions indicated that the gross variability of human rhythmic movements may stem largely from low-dimensional chaotic motion on strange attractors.
degrees of freedom↗
Contribution of proprioceptive information to preferred versus constrained space-time behavior in rhythmical movements.
Rhythmical movements are well-known to exhibit spontaneous and well-defined relationships between frequency and amplitude (preferred behavior). However, if required, these relationships can be modified (constrained behavior). This flexibility constitutes a fundamental basis for adapting motor functions to the subject's intentions in a given environment. In order to assess the role of proprioceptive information in the stabilization of preferred versus constrained rhythmical movements, we compared both cases in a deafferented patient and in a control group. Initially, the subjects were given as much time as they needed to adopt different, steady rhythmical movements in the presence of external feedback. Afterwards, the feedback was suppressed and the subjects had to maintain the same oscillating regimes for one additional minute. In the absence of feedback, the deafferented patient was able to stabilize the timing of both the preferred and the constrained movements. The spatial properties remained stationary for the preferred movements; however, large effects were observed in the constrained movements. By contrast, the control subjects were able to keep both the preferred and the constrained behaviors stationary. Our results show that, when reaching preferred regimes, the behavior remains stationary even in the absence of proprioceptive information. By contrast, proprioceptive feedbacks were shown to be necessary in order to maintain non-preferred regimes. In this case, error-correction mechanisms based on proprioceptive information allows for compensation of the natural tendency of the system to return to its preferred behavior.
Adult↗
Linear and nonlinear stiffness and friction in biological rhythmic movements.
Biological rhythmic movements can be viewed as instances of self-sustained oscillators. Auto-oscillatory phenomena must involve a nonlinear friction function, and usually involve a nonlinear elastic function. With respect to rhythmic movements, the question is: What kinds of nonlinear friction and elastic functions are involved? The nonlinear friction functions of the kind identified by Rayleigh (involving terms such as theta3) and van der Pol (involving terms such as theta2theta), and the nonlinear elastic functions identified by Duffing (involving terms such as theta3), constitute elementary nonlinear components for the assembling of self-sustained oscillators, Recently, additional elementary nonlinear friction and stiffness functions expressed, respectively, through terms such as theta2theta3 and thetatheta2, and a methodology for evaluating the contribution of the elementary components to any given cyclic activity have been identified. The methodology uses a quantification of the continuous deviation of oscillatory motion from ideal (harmonic) motion. Multiple regression of this quantity on the elementary linear and nonlinear terms reveals the individual contribution of each term to the oscillator's non-harmonic behavior. In the present article the methodology was applied to the data from three experiments in which human subjects produced pendular rhythmic movements under manipulations of rotational inertia (experiment 1), rotational inertia and frequency (experiment 2), and rotational inertia and amplitude (experiment 3). The analysis revealed that the pendular oscillators assembled in the three experiments were compositionally rich, braiding linear and nonlinear friction and elastic functions in a manner that depended on the nature of the task.
Adult↗
Controlled sleep restriction for rhythmic movement disorder.
Rhythmic movement disorder is a parasomnia that is difficult to treat. In our study, 3 weeks of controlled sleep restriction with hypnotic administration in the first week resulted in almost complete resolution of the movements in 6 children. This therapeutic success suggests that rhythmic movement disorder results from a voluntary self-soothing behavior.
Child↗
An unusual case of rhythmic movement disorder.
Rhythmic movement disorder is one of the sleep-wake transition disorders listed in the International Classification of Sleep Disorders. According to this classification, the condition commonly occurs in infants and toddlers, and persistence beyond 4 years of age is unusual. Recently, we encountered a case in which rhythmic movement disorder persisted up until the age of 12 years with spikes registering on the sleep electroencephalogram. Epileptic seizure was ruled out because of the characteristic rolling movement, absence of any other epileptic symptoms (e.g. vocalization and tonic-clonic seizure) and cessation as a result of removal of the blanket.
Child↗
Dynamical substructure of coordinated rhythmic movements.
A coordinated rhythmic movement pattern is a dynamical activity involving many hidden layers of rhythmic subtasks. To investigate this dynamical substructure, spectroscopic concepts and methods were applied to an interlimb rhythmic movement task requiring 1:1 frequency locking of two hand-held pendulums in 180 degrees phase relation. The pendulums could be of identical or very different dimensions, thereby providing different values of the ratio omega of uncoupled frequencies. Analyses focused on the power spectrum of continuous relative phase as a function of variation in omega. Predictions were derived from the theories of mode locking and fractal time. Experimental results were in agreement with theoretical expectations and were discussed in terms of the possible recruiting of rhythmic subtasks in the assembling of interlimb absolute coordination, the interdependence of these subtasks, and the general dynamical principles that relate coordinative processes occurring at different length and time scales.
Adult↗
Rhythmic movement disorder in sleep persisting into childhood and adulthood.
STUDY OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the type, duration, and distribution of rhythmic movements in sleep stages in school-aged children and young adults; to find out if cases of rhythmic movement disorder persisting beyond infancy are associated with any daytime symptoms or psychopathology. DESIGN: All participants underwent neurologic examination, biochemical screening, electroencephalography, neuroimaging, overnight videopolysomnography, and psychologic examination. SETTING: Department of Neurology and Sleep Laboratory, 1st Medical Faculty, Charles University, Prague. PATIENTS OR PARTICIPANTS: Ten subjects referred to the sleep disorders center because of rhythmic movement disorder. Five males, 5 females; age range, 7-24 years; mean age 14.7 +/- 5.69 years. INTERVENTIONS: None. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS: Biochemical screening, electroencephalogram, and neuroimaging were unremarkable in all cases. According to duration, 2 types of rhythmic movements were observed on polysomnography: longer episodes appeared in wakefulness and in non-rapid eye movement stage 1 sleep, while shorter episodes (2-80 seconds) occurred during non-rapid eye movement stage 2, non-rapid eye movement stage 3-4, and rapid eye movement sleep. According to sleep-stage distribution, we defined (a) rhythmic movements prevailing in the first half of the night and in the morning hours, usually associated with wakefulness or superficial sleep; (b) rhythmic movements occurring throughout the night in all sleep stages; (c) rhythmic movements prevailing in the second half of the night and mainly associated with rapid eye movement sleep. Psychologic examination showed symptoms of the attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in 6 cases. CONCLUSIONS: According to our study, rhythmic movement disorder persisting beyond infancy may be connected with various daytime symptoms; a strong association between rhythmic movement disorder and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder was found in school-aged children. We speculate that pathogenetic mechanisms similar to those in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder are involved in rhythmic movement disorder or that symptoms of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder may be secondary to rhythmic movement disorder.
Adolescent↗
Rhythmic movement disorder (head banging) in an adult during rapid eye movement sleep.
Sleep-related rhythmic movements (head banging or body rocking) are extremely common in normal infants and young children, but less than 5% of children over the age of 5 years old exhibit these stereotyped motor behaviors. They characteristically occur during drowsiness or sleep onset rather than in deep sleep or rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. We present a 27-year-old man with typical rhythmic movement disorder that had persisted into adult life and was restricted to REM sleep. This man is the oldest subject with this presentation reported to date and highlights the importance of recognizing this nocturnal movement disorder when it does occur in adults.
Adult↗
Perceptual coupling in rhythmic movement coordination: stable perception leads to stable action.
Rhythmic movement coordination exhibits characteristic patterns of stability, specifically that movements at 0 degrees mean relative phase are maximally stable, 180 degrees is stable but less so than 0 degrees, and other coordinations are unstable without training. Recent research has demonstrated a role for perception in creating this pattern; perceptual variability judgments covary with movement variability results. This suggests that the movement results could be due in part to differential perceptual resolution of the target movement coordinations. The current study used a paradigm that enabled simultaneous access to both perception (between-trial) and movement (within-trial) stability measures. A visually specified 0 degrees target mean relative phase enabled participants to produce stable movements when the movements were at a non-0 degrees relationship to the target being tracked. Strong relationships were found between within-trial stability (the traditional movement measure) and between-trial stability (the traditional perceptual judgment measure), suggestive of a role for perception in producing coordination stability phenomena. The stabilization was incomplete, however, indicating that visual perception was not the sole determinant of movement stability. Rhythmic movement coordination is intrinsically a perception/action system.
Adolescent↗
Rhythmic movement disorder: polysomnographic study and summary of reported cases.
Rhythmic movement disorder (RMD) is classified as a sleep-wake transition disorder. However, some RMD patients show rhythmic movements during rapid-eye-movement (REM) sleep, during which muscle activity is completely absent. In order to determine the sleep stages in which episodes of RMD occur, we investigated two children with RMD by means of polysomnography, and also summarized the polysomnographic reports on patients with RMD. We also quantified the REM sleep atonia in our patients using the tonic and phasic inhibition indices (TII and PII). In addition, to examine the involvement of the basal ganglia in RMD patients, we studied the frequency of gross movements (GMs) during sleep in each sleep stage. Both patients showed rhythmic movements in all sleep stages, i.e. including REM sleep. Few rhythmic movements occurred during sleep-wake transition periods. Both patients showed normal TII and PII scores as well as a normal pattern for the sleep stage-dependent modulation of GMs during sleep. Eighteen of the 33 reported RMD patients, including ours, experienced episodes during REM sleep, while the other 15 patients had no episodes during REM sleep. Among the 18 patients who had episodes during REM sleep, eight experienced the episodes exclusively during REM sleep. It is unlikely that the neuronal mechanisms that underlie RMD episodes were the same in the 15 patients who had no RMD episodes during REM sleep and the eight who had them only during REM sleep. We propose that RMD can be divided into several subgroups according to the differences in the underlying neuronal mechanisms.
Adolescent↗
Potassium flux and leaf movement in Samanea saman. I. Rhythmic movement.
Samanea leaflets usually open in white light and fold together when darkened, but also open and dose with a circadian rhythm during prolonged darkness. Leaflet movement results from differential changes in the turgor and shape of motor cells on opposite sides of the pulvinus; extensor cells expand during opening and shrink during closure, while flexor cells shrink during opening and expand during closure but change shape more than size. Potassium in both open and closed pulvini is about 0.4 N. Flame photometric and electron microprobe analyses reveal that rhythmic and light-regulated postassium flux is the basis for pulvinar turgor movements. Rhythmic potassium flux during darkness in motor cells in the extensor region involves alternating predominance of inwardly directed ion pumps and leakage outward through diffusion channels, each lasting ca 12 h. White light affects the system by activating outwardly directed K(+) pumps in motor cells in the flexor region.
Biological Transport, Active↗
Interaction between discrete and rhythmic movements: reaction time and phase of discrete movement initiation during oscillatory movements.
This study investigates a task in which discrete and rhythmic movements are combined in a single-joint elbow rotation. Previous studies reported a tendency for the EMG burst associated with the discrete movement to occur around the expected burst associated with the rhythmic movement (e.g., [Exp. Brain Res. 99 (1994) 325; J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 40 (1977) 1129; Hum. Mov. Sci. 19 (2000) 627]). We document this interaction between discrete and rhythmic movements in different task variations and suggest a model consisting of rhythmic and discrete pattern generators that reproduces the major results. In the experiment, subjects performed single-joint elbow oscillatory movements (2 Hz). Upon a signal, they initiated a movement that consisted of a shift in the midpoint of the oscillation (MID), a shift in the amplitude of the oscillation (AMP), or a combination of both (MID + AMP). These shifting movements were performed either in a reaction time or in a self-paced fashion. The tendency for the EMG bursts associated with the discrete and rhythmic movements to synchronize was found similarly in all three tasks and instruction conditions, but the synchronization was most pronounced in the self-initiated discrete movement. Reaction time was increased for the combined task (MID + AMP), indicating higher control demands due to a combination of discrete and rhythmic components. This EMG burst synchronization was reproduced in a model based on a half-center oscillator with activation signals that produce either rhythmic or discrete activity. This activity was interpreted as torques driving a simple limb model. Summation of discrete and rhythmic activation signals of the pattern generators was sufficient to simulate the EMG burst synchronization. Further, simulation data reproduced the modulation of the reaction time as a function of the phase of the discrete movement.
Adult↗
Relation between synchronized and self-paced response in preschoolers' rhythmic movement.
Regulation of the rhythmic movement of 29 preschoolers ages 3 to 6 years was studied in connection with self-paced response. An Auditory Pulse condition presented the pulse audibly, a Visual Pulse condition presented the pulse visibly, and a Moving Visual Target condition presented the repetitive movement of a visual target. We used a Quick Tempo condition in which the interstimulus interval was slightly different from the average self-paced tapping rate at which each subject felt comfortable, and a Slow Tempo in which the interval was considerably different. The error in the interresponse interval of tapping, i.e., the time gap between the mean interresponse and interstimulus intervals, was calculated as an indicator of regulation. The error in the former decreased across age groups only in the Slow Tempo condition. In the Slow-Tempo Visual-Pulse condition in which the error in the interresponse interval was particularly large, the younger subjects tended to respond at a rate near the self-paced response. In both tempos, the error in the interresponse interval in the Moving Visual Target condition was much the same as in the Auditory Pulse condition and was statistically smaller than in the Visual Pulse condition. These results may suggest that one of the important factors in the development of preschoolers' synchronization with physical rhythm is an ability to modify or restrain the self-paced response and that additional information from movement of the visual target could assist them externally in regulating movement.
Acoustic Stimulation↗
Rhythmic movements during sleep: a physiological and pathological profile.
Rhythmic movement disorder (RMD) consists of rhythmic movements (RMs) that occur on falling asleep or during sleep, can involve any part of the body and have a reported frequency ranging from 0.5 to 2 Hz. RMs have been reported to occur in a high proportion of normal children as a self-limiting phenomenon starting and remitting within early infancy. However, there have also been descriptions of forms of RMD occurring against a background of mental retardation or persisting beyond childhood, or having onset in adulthood. So, the occurrence of RMs can be regarded as both a physiological and a pathological phenomenon. The few polysomnographic studies conducted in this field have shown that, in some forms of RMD, RMs are highly linked to arousal fluctuations. However, the mechanisms that underlie the genesis of RMs and are capable of leading to both physiological and pathological patterns of RMs are not fully understood. Here we emphasise the possibility that the central motor pattern generator, recently hypothesised to play a role in the genesis of motor phenomena during sleep in the cases of parasomnia and epileptic seizures, might account for the occurrence of RMs in both physiological and pathological conditions.
Adolescent↗
The discontinuous nature of motor execution II. Merging discrete and rhythmic movements in a single-joint system -- the phase entrainment effect.
Initiation of rapid discrete flexion movements is significantly altered when a secondary rhythmic movement is performed simultaneously with the same limb; the onset of a stimulus-evoked discrete movement tends to occur time-locked to the oscillation: i.e., the rhythmic movement entrains the discrete response. This nonlinear interaction may reflect a specific principle of coordination of motor tasks which are simultaneously executed with the same effector. This part II of a tripartite research report on such single-muscle multiple-task coordination investigates the contribution of the dynamic properties of the muscle and its reflex circuitry to phase entrainment. Assuming a simple threshold-linear relationship between the control signals generated by the central nervous system and the observable kinematic and electromyographic signals, a secondary rhythmic movement will cause an additional phase-dependent delay between the central "go" command and the first observable change in actual kinematics of the compound movement. Several indicators for such threshold-linear interaction are derived and tested on real data obtained in psychophysical experiments. Four healthy subjects performed rapid lateral abductions of the index finger in response to a visual "go" signal. During a portion of the experiments, subjects produced additional low-amplitude oscillatory movements before stimulus presentation with either the same finger (one-handed task), or with the index finger of the other hand (two-handed task). Results showed phase entrainment and modulation of reaction times when the cyclic and the discrete movements were simultaneously executed by the same finger. But there was no entrainment in the bimanual execution of the tasks. The model was capable of reproducing the observed effects. It is concluded that coordination of voluntary movements which are concurrently performed by the same effector involves specific discontinuous operations, which represents an essential part of the mechanism of motor coordination. Phase entrainment reflects this characteristic discontinuous behavior of the lower stages of motor execution and does not necessarily require nonlinear interaction of motor commands at higher levels of motor processing.
Electromyography↗
Rhythmic movement disorder in children.
How should sleep-related rhythmic movements in children be assessed and treated? Rhythmic movement disorder (RMD) represents an unusual variety of childhood parasomnia characterized by repetitive motion of the head, trunk, or extremities, which usually occurs during the transition from wakefulness to sleep or arises during sustained sleep. Although the condition most often affects infants and toddlers in a transient and self-limited fashion, the condition occasionally persists in a problematic fashion, which may nevertheless be amenable to treatment. Since RMD may occasionally cause injury or resemble nocturnal seizure, prompt recognition, and appropriate management on the part of the clinician is essential. This article will examine the spectrum of RMD in children, including their common clinical manifestations; data regarding their epidemiology and natural history; the role of polysomnography, electroencephalography; and other diagnostic testing. Potential causes of the condition and available methods of treatment are also examined.
Child↗
Neural circuits for generating rhythmic movements.
Inasmuch as the identified neural circuits discussed in this review pertain only to the nervous systems of two invertebrate species, one may ask whether or not these findings are generally applicable to central nervous oscillators that generate rhythmic movements in animals of other species and phyla, particularly in the vertebrates. This question is not easy to answer at this time, because detailed cellular network analyses thus far have been possible only in a very few neurophysiologically favorable preparations, such as those presented by the cardiac and stomatogastric ganglia of the lobster and the segmental ganglion of the leech. Nevertheless it is significant that the mechanisms according to which these invertebrate circuits are now thought to generate their oscillations--endogenous rhythmic polarization, reciprocal inhibition, and recurrent cyclic inhibition--were all first proposed to account for generation of rhythmic movements in vertebrate animals (7-9, 51, 71, 79). Moreover, the pattern of motor neuron activity in rhythmic movements of vertebrates is not necessarily more complex than the corresponding pattern in analogous movements of invertebrates. Therefore, the very much greater number of neurons in the central nervous system of vertebrates does not necessarily imply a greater complexity of the central oscillators that generate their rhythmic movements; it may only place greater obstacles in the way of identifying the underlying neuronal circuitry. In any case, it is worthy of note that the current list of fundamentally different and theoretically plausible types of neuronal oscillators is not only quite short but also of long standing. Thus, on these grounds, it seems reasonable to expect that the identified circuits discussed here will prove to be of general applicability to the generation of rhythmic movements in the whole animal kingdom.
Animals↗