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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2026

Benzoic acid inhibits peach root growth and lateral root emergence by disrupting auxin homeostasis through salicylic acid accumulation.

We established a non-sterile root transformation system in peach seedlings. Using this system, we demonstrated that BA treatment inhibits plant growth and lateral root emergence by SA-mediated disruption of auxin distribution. Allelopathic autotoxins, particularly benzoic acid (BA), are recognized as primary contributors to peach (Prunus persica) replant disease; however, the molecular mechanisms by which BA disrupts root development remain poorly understood. BA treatment significantly reduced stem and root length and inhibited lateral root emergence without affecting lateral root initiation. To investigate the underlying mechanism at cellular resolution, we established a non-sterile Agrobacterium rhizogenes-based root transformation system achieving 27.11% transformation efficiency. Auxin biosynthesis (PpYUC10), influx transport (PpAUX1), and response (PpARF19) genes were markedly downregulated following BA treatment. Transgenic roots expressing the DR5::GUS auxin reporter exhibited reduced DR5 activity in root tips and suppressed expression in tissues surrounding lateral root primordia, indicating impaired auxin signaling at both developmental sites. Hormone profiling revealed a non-significant trend toward reduced auxin metabolites alongside significant accumulation of salicylic acid (SA), an auxin-antagonistic hormone, and its storage conjugate SA 2-O-β-glucoside. Supporting a causal role for SA, exogenous SA phenocopied BA-induced root growth inhibition, whereas co-treatment with IAA or the SA-biosynthesis inhibitor aminoindan-1-phosphonic acid (AIP) significantly rescued lateral root number and root fresh weight. Multi-treatment RNA-seq identified "response to auxin" and "response to salicylic acid" as the most enriched GO terms in BA-treated roots, and AIP treatment restored the expression of key auxin-related genes while reversing BA-induced SA-pathway changes. Together, these findings suggest that BA-induced SA accumulation suppresses auxin biosynthesis, transport, and signaling, thereby inhibiting peach root growth and lateral root emergence. This study elucidates the molecular basis of BA autotoxicity and establishes a transformation platform for functional genomic studies in Prunus.

Indoleacetic Acids↗
PubMed2026

Genome-Wide Analysis of Triticum aestivum Root Meristem Growth Factor (RGF) Gene Family Highlights TaRGF5 as a Putative Component of Root-Associated Signaling.

Wheat (Triticum aestivum), a key global crop, faces rising drought stress that limits root growth and water uptake. Root meristem growth factors (RGFs) are small peptides that regulate root stem cell maintenance, meristem activity, and lateral root formation in model plants, yet the RGF gene family remains unexplored in wheat. Here, we performed a comprehensive genome-wide analysis of the TaRGF gene family, identifying 15 genes distributed across the A, B, and D subgenomes and classified into five homeologous groups (TaRGF1-TaRGF5), predominantly located on chromosomes 2 and 6. All TaRGFs contained a characteristic RGF motif, with dibasic cleavage sites and Asp-Tyr motifs indicating conserved maturation mechanisms. Based on the phylogenetic analysis, the TaRGF5 homeologs showed the highest similarity to Arabidopsis thaliana RGF5. Tested RNA-seq data revealed predominantly root-enriched expression for all TaRGF genes, with TaRGF5 exhibiting the most root-preferential and downregulation under drought stress. Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) confirmed that drought stress suppressed the expression of TaRGF5A, TaRGF5B, and TaRGF5D in roots of wheat cultivar Sids-13 across all time points, unlike the higher accumulation seen in controls. Promoter analysis predicted a unique BES1 transcription factor binding site exclusively in TaRGF5B, linking brassinosteroid signaling to peptide-mediated root regulation. Structural modeling and molecular docking predicted an interaction between wheat TaRGF5 homeologs and root growth factor-insensitive receptor kinase (TaRGI3), characterized by conserved sulfotyrosine-mediated binding and favorable interaction energetics. Based on this characterization of the wheat RGF gene family, particularly the potential role of TaRGF5 in root development and drought-adaptation signaling, we propose targeting this gene for functional analysis to improve wheat resilience under water-limited conditions.

Triticum↗
PubMed1977

Mechanosensitivity of dorsal root ganglia and chronically injured axons: a physiological basis for the radicular pain of nerve root compression.

The radicular pain of sciatica was ascribed by Mixter and Barr to compression of the spinal root by a herniated intervertebral disc. It was assumed that root compression produced prolonged firing in the injured sensory fibers and led to pain perceived in the peripheral distribution of those fibers. This concept has been challenged on the basis that acute peripheral nerve compression neuropathies are usually painless. Furthermore, animal experiments have rarely shown more than several seconds of repetitive firing in acutely compressed nerves or nerve roots. It has been suggested that "radicular pain" is actually pain referred to the extremity through activation of deep spinal and paraspinal nociceptors. Our experiments on cat lumbar dorsal roots and rabbit sural nerves have confirmed that acute compression of the root or nerve does not produce more than several seconds of repetitive firing. However, long periods of repetitive firing (5-25 min) follow minimal acute compression of the normal dorsal root ganglion. Chronic injury of dorsal roots or sural nerve produces a marked increase in mechanical sensitivity; several minutes of repetitive firing may follow acute compression of such chronically injured sites. Such prolonged responses could be evoked repeatedly in a population of both rapidly and slowly conducting fibers. Since mechanical compression of either the dorsal root ganglion or of chronically injured roots can induce prolonged repetitive firing in sensory axons, we conclude that radicular pain is due to activity in the fibers appropriate to the area of perceived pain.

Action Potentials↗
PubMed2026

Domestication-associated reduction of methyl salicylate in tomato root and its significance for resistance to root-knot nematode.

Methyl salicylate (MeSA) plays diverse roles in the aerial parts of plants. By contrast, its biosynthesis and function in roots remain poorly understood. Here, we investigated root MeSA biosynthesis and function in tomato. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) were performed using root MeSA levels as the phenotype in a diversity panel of 167 accessions to identify associated loci. Candidate genes were biochemically characterized, and the role of MeSA in defense against root-knot nematode (RKN, Meloidogyne incognita) was evaluated using transgenic plants. MeSA was identified as a major root volatile in tomato and showed a domestication-associated reduction. GWAS revealed multiple loci associated with natural variation in root MeSA, including a major locus on Chromosome 9 encoding the salicylic acid methyltransferase (SlSAMT). SlSAMT-overexpressing plants showed reduced resistance to RKNs, whereas SlSAMT-knockdown plants exhibited enhanced resistance. Our results suggest complex roles of MeSA and the salicylic acid (SA) signaling pathway in belowground plant defense. The SA signaling pathway likely plays critical roles in protecting roots against diverse natural enemies, including RKNs. Nevertheless, RKNs appear to have co-opted MeSA as a host-location signal, and the domestication-associated reduction of root MeSA in tomato has likely contributed to enhanced resistance against RKNs.

Solanum lycopersicum↗
PubMed1978

Root formation in ectopically transplanted teeth of the frog rana pipiens. II. Comparative aspects of the root tissues.

In the second part of an experimental study of the behavior and fate of the roots of ectopically transplanted frog teeth the comparative aspects of the tooth root and its tissue composition were examined. Experimental results showed that the root or pedicel area of the frog tooth was an intrinsic part of the tooth. The tooth was capable of growth to normal size and shape with or without the presence of underlying bone. When compared with existing descriptive exidence and analysis it was determined that the best terminology for the amphibian root tissues would be dentin right up to the point of attachment where cellular basal bone is seen. This is because it is an intrinsic part of the tooth, if formed on the pulpal side of the root sheath, and is formed by odontoblasts. Because of the above observations, the original Hertwig's epithelial root sheath appeared both homologous and analogous with the mammalian sheath, but since all the root tissues were under this sheath, no tissues homologous to any of the paradental tissues of cementum, periodontal ligament, or alveolar bone could be found except when the root sheath injury resulted in induction of an acellular tissue upon the outer surface of dentin.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

The effectiveness of in vivo root planing in removing bacterial endotoxin from the roots of periodontally involved teeth.

In this study, scaling alone resulted in endotoxin values considerably greater than the values for healthy root surfaces. However, the root-planed Samples contained only about 1 ng more of endotoxin than did the healthy root surfaces. This small difference can be accounted for by the presence of small flecks of calculus left after root planing. Considering that out of a total sample size of 48 surfaces there was only 1 ng difference in the amount of endotoxin between planed teeth and uninvolved teeth, the basic conclusion must be that root planing, as performed in this study, was able to render diseased root surfaces approximately as free of detectable endotoxin as were uninvolved, healthy root surfaces of unerupted teeth.

Adult↗
PubMed1978

Tissue formation in the root canal after total pulpectomy and partial root filling.

In twenty human teeth, total removal of the pulp was attempted, and the root canal was filled 2 to 4 mm. short of the foramen in the same sitting. The root filling consisted of gutta-percha points and Kloroperka N-ö as a sealer. The teeth were extracted after observation periods of 2, 6, and 10 months and committed to histologic examination. Microscopic evaluation demonstrated that after 2 months, the space in the canal between the root filling and the foramen was occupied by connective tissue slightly inflamed in the area adjacent to the root filling. After 6 and 10 months the entire space contained a fully developed cell-rich fibrous tissue, and only a few lymphocytes were observed adjacent to the root filling material.

Adult↗
PubMed1978

Routing of transported materials in the dorsal root and nerve fiber branches of the dorsal root ganglion.

After injection of the L7 dorsal root ganglion with 3H-leucine, fast axoplasmic transport carries some 3--5 x more labeled materials down the sensory fibers branches entering the sciatic nerve as compared to the dorsal root fiber branches of the neurons. Freeze-substitution preparations taken from the two sides of the lumbar seventh dorsal root ganglia of cats and monkeys showed little difference in the histograms of nerve fiber diameters of the sensory nerve fiber branch of these neurons as compared to the dorsal root fiber branches. A similar density of microtubules and of neurofilaments in the dorsal root and sensory nerve fiber branches over a wide range of fiber diameters was found in electron micrograph preparations. In the absence of an anatomical difference in the fibers to account for the asymmetrical outflow, a functional explanation based on the transport filament model was advanced.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

Studies of human and bovine spinal nerve roots and the outgrowth of CNS tissues into the nerve root entry zone.

The outpouching of CNS tissues into the entering spinal nerve roots was documented by light and electron microscopy of human and bovine tissues. Astrocytic processes containing large bundles of glial filaments were very prominent in the nerve entry zone and extended for short distances into the adjacent endoneurium of the spinal nerve roots. Antiserum raised to glial acidic fibrillary (GFA) protein stained these glial elements, thereby characterizing the dome-shaped evaginations of CNS tissues into the nerve root entry zones. Antisera to CNS basic protein showed enhanced staining in the nerve entry zone. Analyses of nerve proteins by SDS gel electrophoresis disclosed a prominent 49,000 MW protein in the bovine and human nerve root entry zone. This protein was also prominent in spinal cord white matter, but was not seen in nerve roots which were not admixed with glial tissues. This finding supported the view that a 49,000 MW protein is a glial filaments but is not a component of bovine or human neurofilaments.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

Submergence of roots for alveolar bone preservation. II. Reimplanted endodontically treated roots.

Root canal therapy was accomplished on the mandibular premolars of four dogs. These premolars were then extracted, contoured, reimplanted, and submerged. Resorption occurred up to 60 days; healing progressed satisfactorily, with some evidence of coronal osseous regeneration. Root canal sealer was expressed out the coronal orifice after the roots were submerged. This sealer appeared to affect normal healing over the coronal surface of the roots.

Alveolar Process↗
PubMed1977

Electron microscopic identification of postsynaptic dorsal root terminals: a possible substrate of dorsal root potentials in the frog spinal cord.

Dorsal root fibers were labeled with cobaltous chloride iontophoresis for electron microscopic investigations. In the base of the dorsal horn, where most of the coarser collaterals of dorsal root fibers terminate, many dorsal root terminals were found in postsynaptic relation to synapsing profiles. According to their morphological characteristics, three kinds of presynaptic terminals could be discerned in these complex synapses: axon terminals with spheric vesicles, axon terminals with flattered vesicles and presynaptic dendrites. These latter terminals contained relatively few flattened vesicles accumulated adjacent to a short synaptic articulation surface, and they were rich in cytoplasmic organelles. The functional significance of these structural specializations in the mediation of dorsal root potentials and recurrent inhibition is discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

Regional distribution of substance P in the spinal cord and nerve roots of the cat and the effect of dorsal root section.

Chemical properties of substance P in the spinal cord and dorsal roots of the cat were examined by gel chromatography and paper electrophoresis. The results suggest that the substance is identical with the undecapeptide, hypothalamic substance P, recently isolated from bovine hypothalamus. Distribution of substance P in the cat spinal cord (L5-S1) was investigated. Substance P was highly concentrated in the dorsal horn, where the highest level was found in the dorsal part. After the unilateral ligation and/or section of the dorsal roots, the level of substance P in the dorsal horn, particularly in its dorsal part, was markedly lowered. In the ligated and sectioned dorsal root, substance P was highly accumulated on the ganglion side, whereas its level was lowered on the central side of the ligature. These results suggest that hypothalamic substance P synthesized in the spinal ganglia is transported in the dorsal root toward their intraspinal axon terminals, where the substance is concentrated and serves as a neurotransmitter.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Studies on the frequencies of PGM1, PGM3 and Es-D types from hair roots in Japanese subjects and the determination of these types from old hair roots.

The frequencies in Japanese subjects are reported of hair roots type PGM1, PGM3, and Es-D, and the determination of these types from old hair roots. The gene frequencies were: PGM11, 0.762; PGM21, 0.230; PGM 71, 0.008; PGM13, 0.621; PGM23, 0.379; Es-D1, 0.625; and Es-D2, 0.375. The old hair roots were analysed after storage at 25 degrees C, 4 degrees C and -80 degrees C; the enzyme activities were detected and typed at 25 degrees C within PGM1 10 days, PGM3 4 days, and Es-D 4 days.

Carboxylic Ester Hydrolases↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Process of infection of the root system of the pea by root nodule bacteria in the presence of straw.

The application of straw enhances the process of formation of specifically distorted root hairs with a primary focus of infection in 8--9 day old pea plants inoculated with bacteria, but somewhat retards the process of formation of infective filaments in such root hairs. On the 13th to 15th day the number of these and other root hairs in the variant in which straw has been applied is considerably higher than in the absence of straw. This is correlated with the number and weight of nodules formed.

Fabaceae↗
PubMed1977

Ventral root elicited depression of the dorsal root evoked response in frog motoneurons.

Recurrent inhibition of the dorsal root (DR) evoked responses of frog motoneurons was studied by intracellular recording. Monosynaptic and early polysynaptic action potentials, as well as compound EPSPs initiated by a DR volley in motoneurons were depressed by an antidromic volley in motor axons. The depression had about 10 msec latency, reached maximum at 20-30 msec, and was maintained for 80 msec. The depression was associated with a slow, negative dorsal root potential (VR-DRP) of similar time course. No sign of recurrent postsynaptic inhibition of the motoneuron somata was found. Decrease in excitability of the motoneurons was also observed during the afterhyperpolarization (AHP) associated with either antidromic or direct spikes in the motoneurons. This excitability decrease was detectable at the time of recurrent depression of the DR-evoked responses. The data are explained by the assumption that two mechanisms are involved in the recurrent depression of the DR-evoked responses: the excitability decrease during the AHP in the motoneurons themselves, and the inhibition transmitted by a recurrent pathway which may depress the DR inputs to motoneurons presynaptically.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

Local tetanus in rats; concentration of amino acids as studied in spinal cord segments, spinal roots, and dorsal root ganglia.

1. The effect of tetanus toxin injected into one gastrocnemius muscle on the steady state concentration of several amino acids was investigated in spinal cord half segments, spinal roots and dorsal root ganglia of rats. Care was taken to ensure a symmetrical afferent input to the spinal cord and to localize the segment with the highest concentration of tetanus toxin. 2. In the spinal cord segments containing the highest concentration of tetanus toxin the steady state concentration of glycine was higher on the side of the tetanus than on the contralateral control side. Results obtained after intravenous injection of 14C-glycine do not indicate that the higher concentration of glycine on the side of the tetanus was due to a higher uptake of glycine. 3. The results obtained in the spinal cord contradict previous findings of other authors but lend support to the prevailing concept about the action of tetanus toxin in local and general tetanus.

Amino Acids↗
PubMed1979

[Root canal filling materials (electron scanning microscope comparison of root canal adaptation to 3 endodontic filling products)].

The main characteristics required of a good endodontic fillingsmaterial are its perfectly hermetic sealing of the root canal, the eventual secondary canals, and the dentine canals, against bacteria. 48 root canals, sealed respectively with A H 26, Endomethazone and N 2, have been checked by means of the Scanning Electron Microscope in order to discover to what extent these products conform to the qualifications mentioned. 842 photographs have been taken. The results of the investigation are discussed judging from some photographs chosen at random.

Dental Pulp Cavity↗