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Secondary prevention and associated drug therapy.

In secondary prevention, the treatment of serious disorders is undoubtedly necessary. This applies to the treatment of latent or manifest heart failure with digitalis glycosides, the treatment of coronary insufficiency with suitably active medicaments, and the administration of antiarrhythmics to patients with cardiac arrhythmias, who could be particularly endangered under certain circumstances. Raised arterial blood pressure, one of the most important risk factors of coronary heart disease, requires suitable drug treatment. Similarly, the additional administration of medicaments that affect lipid metabolism and of substances that lower raised uric acid levels together with a suitable diet is often inevitable. It is patently obvious that diabetes mellitus must be optimally controlled. Whether the long-term administration of beta-sympatholytics has a protective effect on the onset of sudden deaths through cardiac arrhythmias or on the incidence of reinfarction is, in the present state of knowledge, quite possible, but still not definitely proven. Different indications and dosages of the medicament, and thus the absence of standardized conditions, scarcely permit an assessment of the success of associated drug therapy in secondary prevention.

Coronary Disease

Combination of school-based primary and secondary preventive dental programs in the United States and other countries.

School-based programs in the United States are very limited. Other countries in the world have established programs for many years which provide comprehensive services to school-age children. In this country philosophical and professional pressures have maintained school-based programs only in the area of primary prevention. Most treatment programs involving secondary prevention are not school-based and are targeted at specific population groups rather than all children. The basic questions of whether primary and secondary preventive school-based programs can be successful have been examined in this paper. The evidence based on the pilot program presented here is that these programs can be successful. They are well accepted by parents and children, they provide quality care at a reasonable cost, and, most importantly, they can reduce dental disease. It's time for a committment by the profession and the nation to establish school-based dental programs for the health and welfare of our children.

Child

[Secondary prevention of alcoholism in an urban area. An evaluation of 3 models: asylum, integration and incorporation into mental health].

Three models for the secondary prevention of alcoholism were considered: Asylum or Institution, Mental Health Unit and Comprehensive Program. All three were carried out using similar resources, at the same urban area, in succesion. Data were gathered from two sources: daily registers of Outpatient Services and clinical records, being the former of better quality. The Comprehensive Program, whose main characteristic is the integration of the community in the effort to solve its mental health problems, proved to have the greatest efficacity, according to the items selected for evaluation. The detection of new alcoholic patients was three or fourfold the two other models had; the detection was produced at much earlier stages, and the therapeutic performance and results were significantly higher. The costs, global as well as per capita, were much lower, and the use of institutional resources much more rational. The Mental Health Unit model meant a good professional performance at the specialized Psychiatric Services but showed rather poor results in detecting new cases, and costs much higher than those of the Comprehensive Program. The Asylum or Institution model showed the poorest levels of efficacity in all items, and the higher costs. The paper also analyzes some possible biases stemming from the general assumptions at the basis of the chosen evaluation system. It emphasizes the importance of general community leaders in primary prevention in reducing secondary prevention needs through education of the general population.

Alcoholism

[Platelet suppressant therapy and oral anticoagulants in the secondary prevention of acute myocardial infarction (authors transl)].

First positive results with platelet suppressant drugs in the secondary prevention of acute myocardial infarction have engendered optimism in the medical and lay community alike. A review of the subject therefore seems appropriate. In the same context a critical reappraisal of the value of long-term anticoagulant therapy after acute myocardial infarction appears also warranted. Results with platelet suppressant therapy reported so far are favorable; however, they fall short from establishing definite proof of the value of such therapy after myocardial infarction. Accordingly, limited clinical use of platelet suppressants may be justifiable by now; it should be borne in mind, however, that such use at the present time still has to be considered experimental. In contrast, there has been statistically well-founded evidence that long-term anticoagulant therapy lowers the mortality after myocardial infarction. It is true, however, that the profit is rather small and that it can be achieved only under rigid control of anticoagulant therapy. Therefore the pros and the cons have to be weighed very carefully for every individual patient, before long-term therapy with oral anticoagulants is started after an acute myocardial infarction. Several large clinical studies are close to completion. It is to be hoped that their outcome will decide, whether platelet suppressant drugs will entirely replace oral anticoagulants in the secondary prevention of acute myocardial infarction.

Anticoagulants

Primary and secondary prevention of alcoholism: emerging trends and research strategy.

1. The theoretical and empirical value of a "level conceptualization in prevention" as proposed by the classical 'public health' model is challenged. 2. Although prevention should be related only to reduction of incidence of the disease (new cases), for various reasons the authors also include secondary prevention in the prevention of alcoholism. 3. Two main strategies are proposed in the prevention of alcoholism: (a) the global prevention directed to the population at large, and (b) the oriented or selective prevention directed to specific target groups (high risk groups). 4. In primary prevention a theoretical model, based on system theory "the ecogenetic wheel model" is proposed which tries to integrate the multidimensional (dependent variables), multifactorial and family approaches (independent variables) involved in alcoholic-related problems. 5. The biological predictors (chromosomal and biochemical markers) and psychological predictors to be used in the early detection of alcoholism are discussed. 6. Two theories are suggested for detection of biochemical markers: direct detection in naive subjects and indirect detection (activating theory) in subjects exposed to ethanol. 7. Secondary prevention could presently benefit from a "constellation" of clearly identified biological markers which would allow for the early detection of initial alcoholics. Screening programs could be implemented for selected target groups such as (a) occupational alcoholism programs, (b) programs for alcoholics' families, (c) programs for specific hospitalized patients and (d) alcohol programs related to traffic accidents.

Alcoholism

Clinical trials in thrombosis: secondary prevention of myocardial infarction.

Numerous in vivo and in vitro experiments, investigating the inhibition of platelet aggregation and the prevention of experimentally-induced thrombosis, suggest that anti-platelet drugs, such as aspirin or the combination of aspirin, and dipyridamole or sulfinpyrazone, may be effective anti-thrombotic agents in man. Since 1971, seven randomized prospective trials and two case-control studies have been referenced in the literature or are currently being conducted, which evaluate the effects of aspirin, sulfinpyrazone, or dipyridamole in combination with aspirin in the secondary prevention of myocardial infarction. A critical review of these trials indicates a range of evidence from no difference to a favorable trend that anti-platelet drugs may serve as anti-thrombotic agents in man. To date, a definitive answer concerning the therapeutic effects of these drugs in the secondary prevention of coronary heart disease is not available.

Aspirin

Effectiveness of an early secondary prevention program in an inner-city elementary school.

The adaptation of an early secondary prevention program to an inner-city elementary school is described. The program utilizes nonprofessional workers as the primary helping agents with maladapting children in kindergarten through third grade classes. The program also involves consultation with classroom teachers and parents and an after-school activity group. A community advisory board helps provide accountability to the community and increased program impact in the community. Evaluation of the program provides support for program effectiveness in improving the adaptation of program children.

Achievement

Evaluation of two test-anxiety reduction treatments in a secondary prevention program.

The study evaluated the effectiveness of both a new anxiety management training program and a cognitive modification procedure as part of a secondary prevention effort to identify and treat test anxiety early in the academic career of college students. Subjects were 40 college freshmen who had been identified as high test-anxious in an initial mail-out survey of the Test Anxiety scale. Subjects were randomly assigned to three experimental conditions: anxiety management training, a cognitive modification procedure, and a no-treatment control group. Results indicated that both the cognitive modification and anxiety management training treatments were effective in reducing test anxiety on a posttreatment administration of the Test Anxiety scale. Especially interesting, a significant difference in academic performance emerged between treatment and control groups three semesters after treatment, underscoring the preventive value of the program.

Adaptation, Psychological

Secondary prevention of drug dependence through the transcendental meditation program in metropolitan Philadelphia.

Using mailed questionnaires, the Transcendental Meditation program was investigated as an approach to the secondary prevention of substance dependence. Significant differences were found between a random sample of meditators and matched control subjects in usage levels and percentage of users for almost all legal and illegal drugs. Meditators had used more prescribed psychoactive medications before learning meditation, but usage levels returned to normal soon after starting. Former users of alcohol, cigarettes, or illegal drugs achieved remarkable abstinence records. For most substances the amount of decrease was positively correlated with degree of participation in the program and the length of time meditating.

Adult

[Population surveillance and its importance in the study of the effectiveness of primary and secondary prevention of ischemic heart disease among the population].

The results of epidermiologic surveys conducted in the USSR and in other countries are briefly analysed. It is noted that study of the effectiveness of the elaborated measures for primary and secondary prevention of ischemic heart disease is the principal object of long-term surveys among the population. The author believes the term population surveys to be most justified. The general principles of the organization of population surveys are described. Approaches to the evaluation of the effectiveness of intervention among the population are briefly characterized.

Adult

Critical analysis of the effectiveness of secondary prevention of occupational hearing loss.

There is an unavoidable error margin associated with audiometric measurements. This error margin was used to set specificity and sensitivity criteria for repeated testing of hearing. The criteria were applied to the time growth function of occupational hearing loss for typical noise exposures. It is shown that monitoring audiometry can be an effective screening procedure only for the first five to ten years of exposure to a given noise environment. A strategy for effective secondary prevention of occupational hearing loss is outlined.

Audiometry

[The bicycle electrocardiographic test for secondary prevention of coronary insufficiency. Results of a screening on 11,362 Italian workers (author's transl)].

A series of multi-phase mass screenings has been carried out in a number of working communities for locating, in their early stage, some socially important disease. The bicycle electrocardiographic test has been used for diagnostical purposes in order to single out all subjects affected by latent coronary heart disease and to evaluate the method as a means of prevention for the population. In the whole case-history, consisting of subjects free from coronary disease and with normal blood-pressure, mostly young or middle aged, the prevalence of positive electrocardiographic tests has been of 0.96%. The incidence of ischemic heart disease in 39 subjects with positive exercise test controlled after two-five years has been of 19%. Since the percentage of subjects with positive exercise test is extremely low on account of the not high occurrence of ischemic heart disease in our country as well as of the limited sensitivity of this method, it is believed that the electrocardiographic exercise test is not a satisfactory tool for secondary prevention of coronary disease in the Italian population.

Adult

User Engagement and Feature Preferences in an AI-Powered mHealth Intervention for Diabetes Prevention: Secondary Analysis of a Randomized Controlled Trial.

BACKGROUND: Prediabetes is highly prevalent and increasing globally, yet lifestyle interventions remain underused. AI-driven mobile health (mHealth) tools can help scale diabetes prevention efforts, but the key factors driving their success are not well understood. OBJECTIVE: This post hoc secondary analysis of a randomized controlled trial (RCT) aimed to characterize the most valued features and the role of user engagement in outcomes of a fully automated mHealth intervention for diabetes prevention. METHODS: Data from 151 participants with prediabetes and overweight or obesity who were assigned to an AI-based diabetes prevention program (Sweetch) in a parent RCT (NCT05056376) were analyzed. Engagement (defined as the total number of days the app was used) was categorized into tertiles (low, medium, and high). Baseline characteristics were compared across engagement groups using ANOVA, Kruskal-Wallis, and chi-square tests, and regression models assessed the association between engagement and achievement of diabetes risk reduction outcomes (&#x2265;5% weight loss, &#x2265;4% weight loss with &#x2265;150 min/week of physical activity, or &#x2265;0.2 percentage point reduction in hemoglobin A1c [HbA1c] at 12 months). Perceived usefulness of intervention features was surveyed at 12 months. RESULTS: Median engagement was 98 (IQR 34-232) days. Older age (P<.001) and lower baseline BMI (P=.04) were significantly associated with higher engagement. Compared with low engagement, high engagement was associated with greater odds of achieving the composite diabetes risk reduction outcome (odds ratio [OR] 2.59, 95% CI 1.11-6.01; P=.03), &#x2265;5% weight loss (OR 3.31, 95% CI 1.16-9.42; P=.03), and &#x2265;0.2 percentage point reduction in HbA1c (OR 3.57, 95% CI 1.19-10.75; P=.02). Participants most frequently rated weight tracking, physical activity tracking, and the digital body weight scale as the features that were most helpful for achieving their health goals. CONCLUSIONS: Higher engagement with an AI-driven intervention requiring no human intervention was associated with improved diabetes risk reduction. Contrary to concerns about lower digital literacy, older adults engaged with the intervention more than younger adults. Features related to weight and physical activity tracking were most valued by patients in the program. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT05056376; https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT05056376.

Humans

Early secondary prevention with disadvantaged preschool children.

A body of research data is reviewed pointing to considerable intellectual lag and nonstandard linguistic abilities among the disadvantaged. While "difference" and "deficit" theorists interpret these findings differently, many observers agree that early educational intervention may be a useful approach to such problems. A series of early intervention programs is reviewed for three young disadvantaged groups: infants, toddlers, and preschoolers. Findings from these programs suggest that early intervention helps materially to reduce the intellectual and linguistic problems of the young disadvantaged.

Age Factors