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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2005

Final report of the safety assessment of Acacia catechu gum, Acacia concinna fruit extract, Acacia dealbata leaf extract, Acacia dealbata leaf wax, Acacia decurrens extract, Acacia farnesiana extract, Acacia farnesiana flower wax, Acacia farnesiana gum, Acacia senegal extract, Acacia senegal gum, and Acacia senegal gum extract.

These ingredients are derived from various species of the acacia plant. Only material derived from Acacia senegal are in current use according to industry data. The concentration at which these ingredients are reported to be used ranges from 9% in mascara to 0.0001% in tonics, dressings, and other hair-grooming aids. Gum arabic is a technical name for Acacia Senegal Gum. Gum arabic is comprised of various sugars and glucuronic acid residues in a long chain of galactosyl units with branched oligosaccharides. Gum arabic is generally recognized as safe as a direct food additive. Little information is available to characterize the extracts of other Acacia plant parts or material from other species. Acacia Concinna Fruit Extract was generally described as containing saponins, alkaloids, and malic acid with parabens and potassium sorbate added as preservatives. Cosmetic ingredient functions have been reported for Acacia Decurrens Extract (astringent; skin-conditioning agent--occlusive) and Acacia Farnesiana Extract (astringent), but not for the other Acacias included in this review. Toxicity data on gum arabic indicates little or no acute, short-term, or subchronic toxicity. Gum arabic is negative in several genotoxicity assays, is not a reproductive or developmental toxin, and is not carcinogenic when given intraperitoneally or orally. Clinical testing indicated some evidence of skin sensitization with gum arabic. The extensive safety test data on gum arabic supports the safety of Acacia Senegal Gum and Acacia Senegal Gum Extract, and it was concluded that these two ingredients are safe as used in cosmetic formulations. It was not possible, however, to relate the data on gum arabic to the crude Acacias and their extracts from species other than Acacia senegal. Therefore, the available data were considered insufficient to support the safety of Acacia Catechu Gum, Acacia Concinna Fruit Extract, Acacia Dealbata Leaf Extract, Acacia Dealbata Leaf Wax, Acacia Decurrens Extract, Acacia Farnesiana Extract, Acacia Farnesiana Flower Wax, Acacia Farnesiana Gum, and Acacia Senegal Extract in cosmetic products. The additional data needed to complete the safety assessment for these ingredients include (1) concentration of use; (2) identify the specific chemical constituents, and clarify the relationship between crude Acacias and their extracts and the Acacias and their extracts that are used as cosmetic ingredients; (3) data on contaminants, particularly relating to the presence of pesticide residues, and a determination of whether Acacia melanoxylon is used in cosmetics and whether acamelin (a quinone) and melacacidin (a flavin) are present in the Acacias that are being used; (4) skin sensitization study (i.e., dose response to be determined); (5) contact urticaria study at use concentration; and (6) ultraviolet (UV) absorption spectrum; if there is significant absorbance in the UVA or UVB range, then a photosensitization study may be needed. It was also noted that other data may be needed after clarification of the chemical constituents of the Acacia-derived ingredients.

Acacia↗
PubMed2005

Rhizobial populations in soils from natural Acacia senegal and Acacia nilotica forests in Mauritania and the Senegal river valley.

Eighty-two strains of rhizobia were isolated from soils taken from several sites in Mauritania and Senegal. These soil samples were collected from natural stands of Acacia nilotica and Acacia senegal. The soils from Mauritania were less rich in native rhizobia than the soils from Senegal. The strains were characterized using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism and by sequencing the rDNA 16S-23S intergenic spacer region (IGS). They were sorted into seven IGS groups. These groups were not associated with the geographical origin of the strains or with the host-plant species at the site where the soils were collected. Most of the strains were in three of the IGS groups (I, IV, and V). One representative strain from each IGS group was sequenced and showed that the strains were from the genus Mesorhizobium. IGS groups I, IV, and VI were close to the species M. plurifarium (AF34563), IGS groups IIand III were close to the species Mesorhizobium sp. (AF510360), IGS group V was close to the species Mesorhizobium sp. (AF510366), and IGS group VII was close to Mesorhizobium sp. (AF510346).

Acacia↗
PubMed1997

Schistosomiasis in the Senegal River Basin: before and after the construction of the dams at Diama, Senegal and Manantali, Mali and future prospects.

Ecological changes in the Senegal River Basin (SRB) resulting from the construction of a barrage at Diama, Senegal on the Senegal River to prevent the intrusion of sea water into the river, and a dam at Manantali, Mali on the Bafing River to control the flow of water and to generate electricity, have been responsible for changes in the epidemiology of human schistosomiasis. The introduction of Schistosoma mansoni into the Lower and Middle Valleys of the SRB and subsequent spread of the parasite in the human population is recorded with regard to prevalence and intensity. New foci of S. haematobium are described. The reduction in salinity and change from an acidic to an alkaline environment in the water are beneficial to both the fecundity and growth of freshwater snails and transmission of the parasite. The creation of new irrigation canals and expansion of the rice fields have provided new habitats for intermediate hosts to colonize. The evidence for praziquantel resistance/tolerance by populations of S. mansoni and the possibilities of the development, production and testing of a vaccine against human schistosomiasis are discussed. Future studies will monitor the spread of human urinary and mesenteric schistosomiasis in the SRB, will evaluate further the presence of praziquantel resistance/tolerance in S. mansoni, will examine the heavily infected human population for pathological symptoms and determine the most appropriate methods to control this severe outbreak of human schistosomiasis.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Preliminary study of urinary schistosomiasis in a village in the delta of the Senegal river basin, Senegal.

Three years after the first cases of urinary schistosomiasis infection were reported in the village of Mbodiene, Senegal, Schistosoma haematobium eggs were found in 87% of the inhabitants of this village; 30% were heavily infected (> 50 eggs per 10 mL urine). The prevalence of infection was very high in all age groups, but children showed more intense infections. No difference between sexes was found. In the special situation of a very high prevalence, test strips for proteinuria and haematuria are not very useful for the individual diagnosis of S. haematobium infection. Six and 12 weeks after treatment with a single dose of praziquantel (40 mg/kg), S. haematobium eggs were found in 25% and 30% of the treated subjects, respectively. Bulinus globosus was identified as intermediate host, but other snail vectors may also play a role. S. mansoni eggs were found in 1% of the population. Both S. haematobium and S. mansoni are spreading in the delta of the Senegal river.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

Epidemic schistosomiasis in the delta of the Senegal River Basin, Senegal: responses of the health care system.

Since 1988, the delta of the Senegal River Basin has experienced an exceptional epidemic of intestinal schistosomiasis, following the development of large irrigation projects. Urinary schistosomiasis was also rapidly spreading. The response of the health care system to the epidemics is described. Control was integrated in the existing health care system, according to the general health policy of Senegal. Control was based on passive detection, treatment, health education and information. The availability of praziquantel was assured. Priority was given to the development of health services in general. Initial reports have also attracted different research groups to the area. The variety of epidemiological situations made this area unique for research. Researchers would like to observe untreated communities to study the development of immune mechanisms. Inevitably such approach must lead to confrontation with local health services which should offer ethically and medically correct management of infected individuals and affected communities.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

[Malaria and rice growing in the Senegal River delta (Senegal)].

An epidemiological survey of malaria was carried out from September 1992 to November 1994 in three villages located in the Senegal river delta, two villages growing rice in irrigated fields and one practicing traditional rain water agriculture. Entomological observations showed that Anopheles pharoensis is the main anopheline species caught in the area with a high population density in the rice growing villages. The population density of species of the An. gambiae complex, represented by An. gambiae s.s., An. arabiensis and An. melas is low. Agressivity rates and anthropophlic indexes of An. pharoensis females are high but their parity rates are low. The malaria transmission is weak and was not perceptible in the area as shown by the negative results obtained with the ELISA tests and the examination of salivary glands. Parasitological indexes, malaria morbidity and incidence rates are low and are in agreement with the entomological data. In the Senegal river delta, irrigation has, on the whole, increased the An. pharoensis density but both malaria transmission and incidence rates did not rise.

Agriculture↗
PubMed1997

[The role of Hühner's direct post-coital test in the evaluation of conjugal sterility in the African environment in Senegal. (Apropos of 2593 post-coital tests performed by the clinical cytology, cytogenetic and reproduction biology laboratory at the University Hospital Center in Dakar, Senegal) 1983-1993].

About 2593 post-coïtal tests (PCT) or Hühner direct tests were realised in the laboratory of clinical cytology, cytogenetics and reproductive biology of the University medical Centre of Dakar, Senegal from 1983 to 1993. Analysing the results, the authors showed the importance of the infectious factor in women and also the role of male deficiency in conjugal sterility in black African environment. These realities have been confirmed cytospermiologic test deficient results. These sperm exams have shown among other things, the prevailing number of azoospermia (25%) and of oligo-asthénotératozoospermia (44%) in husbands of sterile women in the black African environment of Senegal. Pap's Tests have been jointly realised at the same time as 1902 PCT. The results have enabled us to track down 120 cervix with precancerous and cancerous cell alterations; 81 condylomas (HPV), 25 CIN1, 11 CIN2 and 3 CIN3 (CIN: cervical intra-epithelial Neoplasia). These facts suggest a cautious technics, and a prudent interpretation of the results and taking into account the competence and the subjectivity of the practitioner. We have learnt from the study that we must give as much as possible to biologists of Reproduction in southern countries, where conjugal sterility and cervix precancerous and cancerous cell alterations are high, a polyvalent training so that they can practise jointly the post-coïtal or Hühner direct test (PCT) and the Papanicolaou Colpocytologic Test (TP), provided that one owes a microscope.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The effect of different treatment regimens on the epidemiology of seasonally transmitted Schistosoma haematobium infections in four villages in the Senegal River Basin, Senegal.

This paper describes the present epidemiological situation of Schistosoma haematobium in 4 villages in the middle valley of the Senegal River Basin, in terms of level and intensity of infection, seasonality of transmission, and intermediate hosts, and the effect of different treatment schedules with praziquantel on the overall infection levels and re-infection rates. The longitudinal study involving 7 surveys was carried out between June 1995 and March 1997 in Diatar, Guia, Donaye and Niandane. The prevalence and intensity of infection remained low throughout the survey (< 55% and < 12 eggs/10 mL urine), and there were no systematic differences in the prevalence or intensity of infection between men and women. Before treatment, infections were highly aggregated in individuals and were concentrated in children (aged < 15 years) with 85% of the potential contamination; no individual aged > 24 years produced > 50 eggs/10 mL urine. Using WHO guidelines mass treatment was given to all Diatar and Guia villagers in December 1995, whereas in Donaye and Niandane only individuals positive for eggs were treated. Six weeks post-treatment cure rates in all villages were > 80%, with marked declines in levels of infection (< 20% and < 4.5 eggs/10 mL). By March 1997 infection levels in Donaye and Niandane had returned to pre-treatment levels, whereas in the 2 mass-treated villages (Diatar and Guia) infection levels were still markedly reduced compared to pre-treatment levels. Rates of conversion were very low between all surveys; however, there was an apparent high level of reversion (> 20%), due to the alternation of individuals apparently positive and negative between surveys. Water and infected snails were present from June to March. Therefore, owing to the high aggregation of infections in children, the low overall infection levels and the transmission period, it is suggested that in this area the best treatment schedule would be selective treatment of school-aged children in March/April, probably on an annual basis.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

The epidemiology of a recent focus of mixed Schistosoma haematobium and Schistosoma mansoni infections around the 'Lac de Guiers' in the Senegal River Basin, Senegal.

A village with mixed Schistosoma mansoni and S. haematobium infections (probably in a early endemic phase) was identified around the Lac de Guiers in the Senegal River Basin. In documenting the epidemiology of both schistosomes, we focused on prevalence and intensity of infection, transmission patterns and the impact of treatment. S. mansoni prevalences (near 100%) and egg counts (overall geometric mean eggs per gram of faeces (epg) of 589 were high in all age groups, with 35% of individuals excreting > 1000 epg, and showing a slow decline in egg output only after the age of 30 years. The overall prevalence (28%) and egg counts (2% > 50 eggs/10 ml) of S. haematobium were low, with mean counts of 6.3 eggs/10 ml. Maximal mean S. mansoni egg counts were found in 5-9 year-old boys and in 15-19 year-old girls; S. haematobium maximal counts in 1-4 year-old boys and in girls aged 5-9. Extremely high Biomphalaria pfeifferi infection ratios were recorded over the whole year. Following a single treatment, re-infection was rapid with prevalences and mean egg counts of both Schistosoma species reaching pretreatment levels within 7 months.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

[Decompensated post-schistosomiasis portal hypertension in Richard-Toll, Senegal: first case treated by splenorenal anastomosis in Dakar].

UNLABELLED: Since the Diama dam on the Senegal river became operative in 1986, an exceptional outbreak of intestinal schistosomiasis occurred in northern Senegal. This is the first case report from this region of a splenorenal derivation performed in Dakar to cure decompensated portal hypertension due to Schistosoma mansoni. CASE REPORT: In June 1998, a 16-year old boy, native from Richard-Toll in the Senegal River Basin, was admitted to the paediatric department of Hôpital Principal, Dakar, Senegal, with a 3 years of recurrent hematemesis. Blood transfusions were required despite propranolol and multiple oesophageal varices sclerotherapies. On admission he weighed 33 kg and was noted to have pallor and moderate hepatosplenomegaly. Lab work included normal liver function tests, a Hgb of 58 mg/L, negative HBs antigen, and high titers of schistosomiasis antibodies (> 1/2000 by the hemagglutination method). Ultrasound revealed an homogeneously enlarged liver, periportal fibrosis and spleen with a grade 2 portal hypertension (WHO score). Endoscopy showed stage 3 oesophageal varices with red spots but no active haemorrhage. After transfusions, a Warren distal splenorenal anastomosis was performed. During the operation, a liver biopsy was obtained, showing periportal fibrosis and schistosomiasis granulomas. The patient was discharged without complication. After 4 years he remains free of any recurrence of his upper gastrointestinal haemorrhage and haemoglobin rate is normal. COMMENTS: Before the inauguration of the dam in 1986, S. mansoni infection was never reported from the Senegal River Basin. But as early as 1988, the first cases of intestinal schistosomiasis began to show up. A few years later, this focus had dramatically extended and in 1991 the first cases of hepatic fibrosis were detected in ultrasonography surveys. The present case involves the first patient from northern Senegal who required surgery for haemorrhagic complications of schistosomiasis induced by liver disease. Considering the high prevalence in this area, and the difficulties of medical management, the need for porto-systemic derivations is likely to rise. These operations are difficult and require specially trained surgeons. They have been largely unavailable in Senegal until now. This case report, involving a child only 10 years after the beginning of the epidemic, underlines the acute need for improving both prevention and medical treatment in order to avoid progression to clinical stages of hepatic schistosomiasis where surgery is unavoidable. In addition, the training of local surgical teams able to deal with these complications is urgently needed in Senegal.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Cross-cultural comparison of growth, maturation and adiposity indices of two contrasting adolescent populations in rural Senegal (West Africa) and Martinique (Caribbean).

OBJECTIVES: To stress the importance of social and environment (nutritional) factors in determining the growth spurt during puberty and the risk of excessive adiposity, two contrasting adolescent populations, one from a rural area of Senegal (West Africa) and the other from Martinique (French West Indies), were compared. DESIGN: Cross-cultural comparison of contrasting populations. Adolescents from Senegal belonged to a cohort followed up since 1995. Adolescents from Martinique participated in a cross-sectional nutritional survey that covered the entire island. SUBJECTS: A total of 507 adolescents (mean age: 14.3+/-0.7 years) from Senegal (319 girls and 188 boys) and 703 adolescents from Martinique (351 boys and 352 girls) were surveyed. RESULTS: Differences in growth and maturation were striking: boys in Martinique were 22.7 kg heavier and 20.1 cm taller than boys in Senegal. Differences were less important for girls but still evident: 12.6 kg in weight and 10.5 cm in stature. In Senegal, there were virtually no overweight adolescents, but 18% of girls and 50% of boys could be considered as malnourished. In Martinique, 19% of girls and 23% of boys were overweight or obese. Adolescent girls from Martinique were also sexually more mature than adolescent girls from Senegal. When comparisons were repeated after Senegalese girls reached menarche, differences in weight and body mass index disappeared, but Senegalese girls were still shorter than girls from Martinique. CONCLUSIONS: Adolescents are extremely susceptible to nutritional changes and their particular situation needs to be incorporated into nutritional prevention programmes.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1981

Seroepidemiologic studies of acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis virus (enterovirus type 70) in West Africa. III. Studies with animal sera from Ghana and Senegal.

One hundred and thirty-nine bovine sera collected in Senegal in 1968 and 1969, before the human pandemic of acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis (AHC), and 145 sera collected in 1977, seven years after the introduction of AHC, were tested for virus neutralizing (VN) titers against enterovirus 70 (EV70) in neutralization tests. Positive rates of VN titers (1:16) were fairly constant (about 40%) in 1968 and 1969 but the proportion of positives from the 1977 collection was significantly higher (61%). The proportion of Ghanaian bovine sera positive in 1977 (39%) was comparable with those collected earlier in Senegal but the proportion was lower in sera of calves (7%). Similar studies were performed on sheep sera collected in 1966, 1967, 1968, and 1969 in Senegal. The proportions positive and the geometric mean titers (GMTs) peaked in alternate years: the proportions were 43% and 54% in 1966 and 1968 but dropped to 12% and 5% in 1967 and 1969, respectively. The prevalence rate for Ghanaian sheep sera in 1977 was comparable to the earlier figures in Senegal. The prevalence of VN (83%) and the GMT (1:27.28) in swine sera in Ghana in 1977 were much higher than those seen in chickens and dogs. However, 87 sera of wild monkeys caught in Senegal after 1970 were negative in neutralization tests. The VN substance detected in these domestic animals was found to be 2-mercaptoethanol sensitive; hence it is considered to belong to IgM. The results seem to favor the hypothesis that enterovirus type 70 (EV70) evolved from an animal enterovirus which shares a common antigen with EV70.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Low and stable HIV infection rates in Senegal: natural course of the epidemic or evidence for success of prevention?

OBJECTIVES: To document the level of HIV infection in Senegal and also to review evidence of the impact of efforts in prevention, developed by the National AIDS Control Programme and the Civil Society, on the level of the HIV epidemic. METHODS: Research, compilation and critical review of all relevant data on HIV and sexually transmission diseases (STDs) epidemiology, sexual behaviour, and the efforts in prevention developed in Senegal. RESULTS: From 1989 to 1996, the levels of HIV infection estimated in four sentinel urban regions remained stable at around 1.2% in the population of pregnant women, and at 3% in male STD patients. It had increased to 19% in female sex workers. A strong political and community commitment led to an early response to the HIV/AIDS epidemic that has been extended since 1986. Blood transfusion safety was established at the start of the HIV epidemic. The level of knowledge of preventive practices relating to HIV/AIDS among the general population exceeded 90% in the early 1990s. From 1991 to 1996, a 30% to 66% decrease of the STD prevalence rates was observed in pregnant women and sex workers in Dakar. In 1997, 33% of men aged 15-49 years in Dakar reported having had sex with non-regular partners. Among them 67% reported condom use. CONCLUSIONS: It is not possible to know what the course of the HIV epidemic in Senegal would have taken in the absence of efforts at prevention. Certainly, several factors that pre-dated the occurrence of AIDS in Senegal laid the groundwork for a positive response. However, data from a number of sources do reveal the successfulness of efforts in prevention. From available data, Senegal can rightfully claim to have contained the spread of HIV by intervening early and comprehensively to increase knowledge and awareness of HIV/AIDS and to promote safe sexual behaviour.

Condoms↗