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Towards a unified theory for immunogenetic systems. I. Probing the serologic field--a meta-serologic approach.

A serologic field (SEF) is produced by the in vitro studies of antibody-antigen interactions and usually includes serologic information processing (SIF). SIF can be regarded as the process whereby essentially "meaningless" raw data or experimental observables emanating from an input reality are structuralized and hence falsified into a "meaningful" pattern, Gestalt or output image. According to this "black box model", different "fact categories" (FC) can be identified in SEF. Traditional serology generally confounds its FC whereby fact category mistakes (FCM) are produced. Some FCM are structurally similar to the description of "mice" as four-letter animals or as a four-legged word--i.e. facts about "thing-properties" (animals, legs) are confounded with facts about "language-properties" (letters, words). In SEF, antibody and antigen molecules (thing-properties) are similarly endowed with "empty symbols" (language-properties). Due to such FCM, radically new meanings are assigned to experimental observables if the serologic language and/or theory is changed. The present meta-serologic approach consists of the design of a meta-serologic symbol language (SL-2) which includes the contemporary (simple-complex) conceptual framework (language and theory) as a limiting case. Consequently, some truly radical and revolutionary Gestalt switches will be generated when a specified SEF is mapped onto SL-2.

Antigen-Antibody Reactions↗
PubMed2026

Widespread circulation of Alongshan virus in Austria and serological evidence for infection in humans: a nationwide molecular and serological observational study.

BACKGROUND: Alongshan virus, a segmented RNA virus in the Jingmenvirus group of flaviviruses, was first identified in 2017 in China in patients with tick-borne encephalitis-like illness. Alongshan virus has since been detected in ticks and mammals in several European countries. In this study, we aimed to characterise the temporal and geographical distribution of Alongshan virus in Austria through nationwide tick surveillance combined with serological and molecular screening in individuals with suspected tick-borne encephalitis or tick exposure. METHODS: In this nationwide molecular and serological observational study, we conducted a PCR-based screening of ticks collected across Austria in 2024, using flagging, animal hosts, and citizen submissions. We also collated genomic data from stored nucleic acid extracts from ticks collected in Austria in 2005 and 2013 in previous surveillance studies and stored extracts of paired tick-human samples collected between 2015 and 2018. Alongshan virus-positive tick samples were subjected to whole-genome sequencing and phylogenetic analysis. In addition to tick samples, blood samples from Austrian patients with reported tick bite or suspected tick-borne encephalitis, submitted to the National Reference Center for Human Arbovirus Infections, Austria, were screened for Alongshan virus infection and subjected to serological and molecular testing. FINDINGS: 2952 ticks were collected between Feb 1, 2024, and Dec 6, 2024, from 29 (83%) of 35 NUTS-3 regions in Austria; the median detection rate for Alongshan virus was 1·2% (IQR 0·4-3·5). In addition, 1816 archived tick samples were analysed, with three testing positive for Alongshan virus. For the virus-positive samples, phylogenetic analysis showed that sequences from Austria grouped within the European clade, with Austrian sequences from the same region showing high sequence similarity. 1361 human serum samples collected between March 1, 2023, and May 16, 2025, were assessed for anti-Alongshan virus IgG antibodies. Two individuals had high antibody titres against Alongshan virus proteins VP1a and VP2. INTERPRETATION: Our study shows detection of Alongshan virus in archived tick samples dating back to 2005, representing the earliest documented occurrence of the virus to date and suggesting that Alongshan virus has been circulating in Austria for at least two decades. The detection of Alongshan virus-specific antibody titres in two individuals suggests past infection and previously unrecognised exposure. These results highlight the need for continued molecular surveillance of tick populations and serological monitoring in humans to define the epidemiology and public health relevance of Alongshan virus in Europe. FUNDING: One Health surveillance and Vector monitoring for cross-border pathogens (OH SURVector) and UNITED4Surveillance.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1978

[Biochemical and serological characteristics of Escherichia belonging to the serological group 01].

A circulation at the territory of the country of various biochemical and serological variants of escherichia belonging to serological group O1, isolated in acute intestinal diseases of children and adults, was revealed. Nonhomogeneousness of the partial composition of the O-antigen was demonstrated; K-antigens were determined; new H-antigens were described. Of the 10 serological types of escherichia there proved to prevail O1 : K? : Hp and O1 : K1 : Hp; in group and sporadic acute intestinal diseases there were for the first time isolated O1 : K1 : H34, O1 : K1 : H20, O1 : K1 : Hp, O1 : K51 : H7, and O1 : K? : H20.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1979

Serologically active clinically quiescent systemic lupus erythematosus: a discordance between clinical and serologic features.

The significance of abnormal serologic tests in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) in the absence of active clinical disease is unclear. In this report we describe a group of 14 patients with SLE in whom a discordance between clinical and serologic features was apparent. These patients had persistently positive lupus erythematosus preparations and antinuclear antibody tests, low serum complement levels and high levels of DNA binding. Their lymphocyte response to concanavalin A (Con A) mitogen was suppressed. They have been asymptomatic and have remained untreated for a mean of four and a quarter years.

Adult↗
PubMed1979

Rapid identification of yeasts by serological methods: a combined serological and biological method.

A total of 387 yeasts from the contents of the digestive tracts of domestic animals and poultry were identified by slide agglutination tests using factor antisera and urease tests. The results of this serological test were very satisfactory with respect to accuracy and rapidity, particularly when performed in combination with concomitant physiological tests only for assimilation of inositol and potassium nitrate. It may be concluded that such a combination of serological and biological tests is very useful for identifying yeast strains from various sources.

Agglutination Tests↗
PubMed1976

Nucleoprotein-coated latex particles in the serologic diagnosis of systemic lupus erythematosus. A comparative clinical and serologic study.

A commercially available test for systemic lupus erythematosus employing nucleoprotein-coated latex particles has been evaluated both clinically and serologically. The sera from all 40 subjects with active SLE had positive latex tests, while all 28 sera from healthy adults had negative latex tests. False-positive latex tests were observed in five of 13 antinuclear factor-positive patients with other chronic inflammatory diseases. Specific DNAase and RNAase digestion of the latex particles suggested the false-positive results were due to DNA moieties, other than native DNA, coating the latex particles.

Antibodies↗
PubMed1975

The serology of Bordetella bronchiseptica isolated from pigs compared with strains from other animal species.

The serology of freshly isolated strains of Bordetella bronchiseptica from pigs and some other animal species was studied by the agglutination and agglutinin absorption tests. Differentiation was made between heat stable O-antigens and heat labile K-antigens. All the strains examined contained a common O-antigen (1). In addition, three heat stable antigens were detected. The heat labile antigens of freshly isolated strains were found to be very different. The major antigens 2 and 3 were not found in combination. A common weak K-antigen (1) was found in all strains. The pig strains were found to be serologically identical (0, 1, 2; K 1, 2). The same serotype was isolated from a rabbit. Another rabbit strain was found to be similar to a strain isolated from an SPF-rat (O, 1, 3; K 1, 3, 4). The antigenic pattern found in two cat strains was O 1, 3; K 1, 3. Typing of freshly isolated strains from pigs with monospecific factor sera confirmed that all the strains so far examined were serologically identical. This uniform serology hampers epidemiological studies of porcine bordetellosis by antigenic analysis. The occurrence of serologically different serotypes of B. bronchiseptica is of significance in the diagnostic bacteriology since the final diagnosis must be confirmed by a serological test.

Agglutination Tests↗
PubMed1975

[Characteristics of serological group O144:K? Escherichia isolated in acute intestinal diseases].

A study of 14 strains of E. coli belonging to serological group O144: K? isolated in clinical dysentery (bacteriologically unconfirmed), from contacts in the foci of clinical dysentery and acute enteric disease of unknown etiology, and also in prophylactic examination, was made. Among these cultures there were strains with shigella characteristics. Along with the serological type O144: K?: H--described earlier there was determined serological type O144: K?: H4 differing in the enzymatic activity and the absence of the capacity to produce shigellae keratoconjunctivitis. The cultures of the given serological type were isolated in the focus of bacteriologically-undeciphered acute intestinal disease, this pointing to their possible etiological role. In the light of the aforesaid escherichia of the O144: K? serologically groups could be referred to the enteropathogenic ones; in this connection it is necessary to prepare preparations for their serological identification.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1979

Amebic liver abscess. Report of a case presenting with nonreactive serologic tests for Entamoeba histolytica.

We present a patient with an acute amebic liver abscess with nonreactive serologic tests. Motile hematophagous trophozoites of Entamoeba histolytica were seen microscopically in scrapings from the wall of the abscess. Postoperative serologies revealed rapidly rising then falling titers by SAFA and IHA antibody assays. Serologic tests for amebiasis may be reative in greater than 95% of patients with invasive amebiasis. Nevertheless, a reactive serologic test should not be relied upon exclusively to establish the diagnosis. Sequential serologic testing and surgical intervention to obtain material for microscopic examination, gram stain and bacteriologic culture are warranted in patients with hepatic abscess and nonreactive serologic tests for antibodies to E. histolytica.

Adult↗