Evidence for calcium channels in brine shrimp: diltiazem protects shrimp against cadmium.
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Animals↗
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Nutritional evaluation of protein from shrimp cannery effluent (shrimp waste protein).
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Amino Acids↗
Involvement of the central nervous system in neuroendocrine mediation of osmotic and ionic regulation in the freshwater shrimp Macrobrachium olfersii (Crustacea, Decapoda).
The presence of putative neurofactors within the central nervous system, i.e., the eyestalks (ES), ventral nerve cord (VNC), and supra-esophageal (SEG) and thoracic ganglia (TG), which are involved in osmotic and ionic regulation, was investigated in the euryhaline, freshwater shrimp, Macrobrachium olfersii. Homogenates were prepared from shrimps exposed for 6 hr to a high salinity medium (HSM, 21/1000 S) and were injected into shrimps subsequently maintained for 1, 3, or 6 hr in freshwater (FW, 0/1000 S) or HSM. Osmolality and sodium, chloride, and calcium concentrations were determined in single hemolymph samples removed at each time interval. Heart rates and wet weights were measured before and after experimental treatments. Exposure to HSM increased [Na+] and [Cl-] and heart rate. Injection of ES homogenate increased osmolality, [Na+] and [Cl-], and wet weight in shrimps maintained in FW; VNC homogenate also increased hemolymph [Cl-] in shrimps maintained in FW after injection, but reduced heart rate in shrimps subsequently exposed to HSM. Injection of TG homogenate reduced heart rate to a lesser extent in shrimps maintained in FW. Hemolymph [Ca2+] was not altered by homogenate injection. The exposure period of 6 hr to HSM appears to result in the accumulation of factors within the central nervous system that regulate the osmotic and ionic concentrations of the hemolymph, in addition to exerting antidiuretic and cardio-depressor actions. The coordinated action of these factors is intimately involved in the hyporegulatory processes that permit the survival of M. olfersii in media of elevated salinity.
Animals↗
The effects of a simulated refinery effluent on the grass shrimp, Palaemonetes pugio.
Duplicate static bioassays were conducted using a simulated refinery effluent on the grass shrimp (Palaemonetes pugio, Hippolyte sp.) with the LC-50 values recorded at 4-, 8-, 24-, 48-, and 96-hr intervals. The stimulated refinery effluent contained phenol (0.10 mg/L), sulfide (0.17 mg/L), chromium (0.25 mg/L), ammonia (10 mg/L), No. 2 fuel oil (10 mg/L), and kaolinite (20 mg/L). This arbitrary reference mixture (ARM) contains approximately the concentration of compounds recommended by EPA for 1977. Of the six ARM components, No. 2 fuel oil was the most toxic followed in decreasing order by sulfide, ammonia, phenol, chromium, and kaolinite. Temperature was the most important environmental variable affecting short term toxicity of the ARM to the grass shrimp. Light intensity, photo-period, and salinity had no significant effect. There was no difference in sensitivity of grass shrimp collected from five locations along the gulf and eastern coasts of the United States. Similarly, there was no difference in the response of two grass shrimp genera, Palaemonetes and Hippolyte to the ARM and there was no differences among the three species of Palaemonetes tested. In comparing the sensitivities of the two genera of grass shrimp and the pinfish (Lagodon rhombroides) to the ARM, the grass shrimp were more sensitive.
Animals↗
Estimation of the dietary riboflavin required to maximize tissue riboflavin concentration in juvenile shrimp (Penaeus monodon).
The riboflavin requirements of marine shrimp (Penaeus monodon) were evaluated in a 15-wk feeding trial. Juvenile shrimp (initial mean weight, 0.13 +/- 0.05 g) were fed purified diets containing seven levels (0, 8, 12, 16, 20, 40 and 80 mg/kg diet) of supplemental riboflavin. There were no significant differences in weight gains, feed efficiency ratios and survival of shrimp over the dietary riboflavin range. The riboflavin concentrations in shrimp bodies increased with the increasing vitamin supplementation. Hemolymph (blood) glutathione reductase activity coefficient was not a sensitive and specific indicator of riboflavin status of the shrimp. The dietary riboflavin level required for P. monodon was found to be 22.3 mg/kg diet, based on the broken-line model analysis of body riboflavin concentrations. Shrimp fed unsupplemented diet (riboflavin concentration of 0.48 mg/kg diet) for 15 wk showed signs of deficiency: light coloration, irritability, protuberant cuticle at intersomites and short-head dwarfism.
Animals↗
Microdroplet-based high-throughput screening for antagonistic bacteria targeting penaeid shrimp pathogenic Vibrio harveyi.
Antagonistic bacteria that suppress the growth of specific bacteria have attracted attention as an antibiotics-independent strategy for infectious disease control in aquaculture. Microfluidics-based water-in-oil droplets (microdroplets) enable high-throughput screening of antagonistic bacteria in the field of medicine or agriculture. However, the use of this screening system in aquaculture has not yet been reported. In particular, penaeid shrimp aquaculture, one of the largest sectors of global aquaculture, has a strong demand for alternative disease control strategies because vaccination is ineffective. Here, we demonstrated a proof-of-concept study of microdroplet-based high-throughput screening system for antagonistic bacteria targeting penaeid shrimp pathogenic Vibrio harveyi. Using this screening system, we successfully isolated 18 bacterial candidates with potential growth-inhibitory activity, representing three genera (Pseudoalteromonas, Shewanella, and Tenacibaculum), from the bacterial community of kuruma shrimp Penaeus japonicus rearing water. 16S rRNA gene-based bacterial community analysis revealed that these isolates included several low-abundance, rare taxa. Although these isolates showed no inhibitory activity on agar plates, one out of four tested strains showed a trend toward improved survival during co-infection tests using kuruma shrimp. Overall, our study highlights both the potential and limitation of microdroplet-based antagonistic bacterial screening to accelerate the development of biological control strategies in shrimp aquaculture.
Animals↗
Characterization of some fish and shrimp spoiling bacteria.
The classification of some important groups of bacteria involved in fish and shrimp spoilage was studied. Trimethylamine is produced by Pseudomonas putrefaciens, a "non-defined" group resembling Ps. putrefaciens, Photobacterium spp. and some Moraxella-like bacteria. Hypoxanthine is produced by the same groups of bacteria except the last named and also by the "typical shrimp spoilers" (presumptive Alteromonas). Strong off-odours are produced on fresh fish by Ps. putrefaciens, dextrose-oxidative Pseudomonas spp. (Groups I and II according to Shewan, Hobbs and Hodgkiss, 1960), the above mentioned "non-defined" group and by only some of the "typical shrimp spoilers", whereas Moraxella-like bacteria and Photobacterium spp. failed to produce strong odours. Strong off-odours are produced on boiled shrimp by the "typical shrimp spoilers" (presumptive Altermonas). Ps. putrefaciens, the dextrose-oxidative Pseudomonas spp. and the "non-defined" group; Moraxella-like bacteria produced less offensive odours or none, nor did Photobacterium.
Alcaligenes↗
Preparation and evaluation of two microbiological media from shrimp heads and hulls.
Two peptones were extracted from raw shrimp waste after autolytic digestion. Digests were derived from shrimp heads and shrimp hulls, both of which are by-products of the shrimp processing industry. Digests were evaluated for suitability in supporting growth of microorganisms by measuring the total cell mass produced by five genera of bacteria and five genera of fungi in broths formulated from the peptones. Comparison was made to five commercially available medium preparations and a catfish peptone. A 0.5% solution of the lyophilized shrimp head digest, heated at 121 C for 15 min, resulted in a cloudy suspension. However, the digest supported excellent growth of fungi and good growth of bacteria. A heated 0.5% solution of the hull digest was clear and supported good growth of both bacteria and fungi.
Autolysis↗
Microbiological characteristics of Pacific shrimp (Pandalus jordani).
Microorganisms associated with Pacific shrimp (Pandalus jordani) were isolated and identified. Those on the iced raw shrimp, which yielded an average count of 1.6 x 10(6), were predominantly Moraxella, Pseudomonas, Acinetobacter, Arthrobacter, and Flavobacterium-Cytophaga spp. The blanching and peeling reduced the microbial level to 3.3 x 10(4) and also selectively eliminated Moraxella spp. The microbial flora changed after each processing sequence, and the heat sensitivity and growth characteristics of the representative microbial groups suggested that the presence of Arthrobacter and Acinetobacter spp. in peeled shrimp may indicate inadequate cleaning of raw shrimp or a shorter blanching time. The presence of Moraxella and Flavobacterium-Cytophaga spp. would indicate the degree of secondary contamination, and the presence of Pseudomonas spp. would indicate the shelf-age of the processed shrimp.
Animals↗
Precisely designed keystone metabolites boost shrimp disease resistance by recruiting symbionts via the lipoxin A4-AP-1 pathway.
BACKGROUND: Gut metabolites and symbionts are indispensable for host health, yet the precise identification of keystone metabolites and construction of synthetic microbial communities (SynComs) to enhance disease resistance remains limited. RESULTS: Using Litopenaeus vannamei as a model, we identified pyruvic acid and DL-glutamine (1:2) as keystone metabolites by borrowing the microbial ecology principles of bio-indicators and driver taxa. Dietary supplementation with these metabolites sufficiently protected shrimp from white feces syndrome (WFS). Multi-omics analyses demonstrated that keystone metabolites exerted positive effects by enriching beneficial Ruegeria lacuscaerulensis, Bacillus subtilis and Nioella nitratireducens, strengthening the gut network stability, and enhancing shrimp immunity, which collectively potentiated WFS resistance. The recruited three strains were consumers and producers of the two keystone metabolites, and discriminative strains between healthy and diseased shrimp across global datasets. A SynCom constructed from the three strains (4:3:2) replicated the efficacy of keystone metabolites. Both keystone metabolites and SynCom elevated shrimp gut and hepatopancreas lipoxin A4 (LXA4) levels, which suppressed the pro-inflammatory transcription factor AP-1, as validated by in vivo inhibition assay. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings demonstrate that precisely designed keystone metabolites enhance shrimp disease resistance through the recruitment of key symbionts-LXA4-AP-1 axis. The rationally designed keystone metabolites and SynCom are compelling biocontrol solutions in improving host disease resistance. Video Abstract.
Animals↗
Intestinal content accelerates muscle protein degradation in red shrimp (Solenocera crassicornis) during refrigeration: Insights from metagenomics and metabolomics.
This study systematically explored the effects of intestinal components on muscle quality deterioration and protein degradation of red shrimp during refrigerated storage. The results demonstrated that refrigeration induced continuous quality degradation and muscle protein breakdown in red shrimp, whereas eliminating intestinal tissues effectively retarded muscle spoilage and protein degradation, and optimized muscle texture. The intestinal microorganisms could secrete extracellular proteases to promote muscle protein degradation were primarily Vibrio, Bacillus, Pseudomonas, Photobacterium, and Shewanella. These microorganisms promote protein degradation by secreting zinc proteases, serine proteases, and aspartyl proteases. This study elucidates the molecular mechanisms of intestinal microbial metabolism influences the muscle protein degradation of red shrimp during refrigeration. The findings provide a theoretical foundation for precise regulation of intestinal-targeted microorganisms, thereby maintaining optimal quality of shrimps during refrigeration.
Animals↗
Microscopic and ultrastructural studies of necrotizing hepatopancreatitis in Pacific white shrimp (Penaeus vannamei) cultured in Texas.
Granulomatous hepatopancreatitis of unknown etiology has been considered an important disease of Texas shrimp mariculture since 1985. Samples of Pacific white shrimp (Penaeus vannamei) were collected during 1986, 1987, and 1990 from three farms and an experimental mariculture facility with histories of production loss and increased mortality rates. Histologic and ultrastructural examination of shrimp from the four sites demonstrated two morphologically distinct, Gram-negative, double-enveloped, intracytoplasmic bacteria in necrotic hepatopancreatic epithelium. The more numerous small, pleomorphic rod as well as the helical organism are both taxonomically unclassifiable. The helical organism lacked ultrastructural characteristics of previously described helical or spiral bacteria. The relationship between the two organisms is unknown, but the pleomorphic rod is thought to play a major role in the disease. The role of a bacterial agent(s) in subsequent disease episodes is suggested by the observation that the use of oxytetracycline-medicated feed resulted in increased production and survival. Hepatopancreatic tubular epithelial necrosis and shrimp mortality correlated directly with the extent of infection by the small pleomorphic rod. Individual discrete bacteria were identified microscopically by Steiner and Steiner's method. Three major developmental stages of the disease were characterized based on the extent and number of hepatopancreatic tubular epithelial cells containing bacteria, the degree of tubular interstitial inflammation, and the extent and chronicity of tubular necrosis. Additional studies are needed to clarify the roles of the different bacteria identified and the potential role of environmental factors on the disease process.
Animals↗
Population stratification in Northern shrimp (Pandalus borealis) off Iceland evident from RADseq analysis.
The northern shrimp Pandalus borealis (ice. Stóri kampalampi) is a North Atlantic crustacean of significant commercial interest which has been harvested consistently in Icelandic waters since 1936. In Icelandic waters, the length at which this protandrous species transitions from male to female differs between the inshore and offshore populations, suggesting a biologically meaningful stratification which may or may not be plastic. Using reduced representative genomes assembled from RADseq data, sampled from 96 individuals collected at two time points (2018 and 2021), we compare the level of genetic structure across a gradient extending out of Skjálfandi bay, north Iceland. These data are compared to samples from a far offshore site, some 65 km out from the bay, as well as another inshore fjord in Arnarfjörður, in northwestern Iceland. Since 1999, no harvesting of inshore populations of P. borealis in Skjálfandi has been allowed due to stock decline, but harvesting of offshore stocks has continued. Uncertainty surrounding the extent of structure between the in- and offshore aggregations has remained. Here we report distinct genetic structure defining the inshore and offshore populations of northern shrimp, but find significant admixture between the two. Most importantly, we see that genetically inshore populations of northern shrimp extend far outside the harvest boundaries of inshore shrimp, and offshore individuals may exhibit punctuated migration into the inshore areas.
Animals↗
[Diet influence on growth-characteristics of the shrimp Crangon Crangon L., estimated by the evolution of nucleic acid content (author's transl)].
1. Young sand-shrimps having an initial weight of 63 mg were reared for 4 months with a natural diet (A) and a compounded diet (B). 2. Growth is studied, both by the evolution of the fresh weight and the variation of cell-number and cell-size; these are estimated from total DNA and fresh-weight/DNA ratio evolution. 3. With diet A, the mean weight increment is a linear function of time, the daily weight-gain being equal to 2.8 mg/day. The increase in total DNA content per shrimp is a linear function of fresh weight; its value goes up from 187 to 1020 micromoles. The fresh-weight/DNA ratio, initially equal to 337.9 (mg/micromoles) ,remains constant. For the whole experiment, growth is only a result of cellular multiplication. 4. With diet B, the weight gain is inferior to that observed with diet A. The fresh weight gain curves show two visibly homogenous steps, each with a distinct growth-rate; the mean daily weight gain is equal to 1.7 mg/day during the first two months, and equal to 2.6 mg/day for the two following months (fig. 1). In reality, from the total DNA and fresh-weight/DNA ratio evolution, 3 successive steps can be discerned (fig. 2, fig. 3). During the first month, total DNA increases from 187 to 418 micromoles and fresh-weight/DNA ratio falls down to 273.9, a-19% decrease. For this period, growth is only the result of cellular multiplication, and the decrease of the weight-gain in comparison with diet A is attributed to a decrease in cellular size. During the second month, as the fresh weight increases from 114.5 to 161.2 mg, total DNA increases from 418 to 519 micromoles and the fresh-weight/DNA ratio returns to its initial value. Two thirds of the growth is the result of cellular multiplication, and the rest being due to cell-size enlarging. For the last two months, as the mean fresh weight increases from 161.2 to 296.7 mg, the DNA per shrimp, hence the cell-number, remains constant; but the fresh weight/DNA ratio, or the cell-size, is multiplied by 1.93. 5. By the method used for this study, it is possible to evidence influence of diet on the growth mechanisms themselves (cellular multiplication and cell enlarging). 6. The influence of diet on the growth of the shrimp could be explained by, either a diet qualitative deficiency, or a food-intake decrease. The possibility of a hormonal control has been suggested.
Aging↗
Decomposition in foods (chemical methods). Fluorometric determination of indole in shrimp.
A fluorometric method is described for determining indole in shrimp. The indole is extracted with n-hexane, partitioned into a methanol-saturated sodium chloride solution (9+1), and determined fluorometrically. The detection limit of the method is 0.04 microgram indole/g shrimp. Quantitative analytical data are presented for indole in samples of shrimp determined by the fluorometric method and the AOAC official colorimetric and gas-liquid chromatographic procedures. The correlation coefficient between the data of the fluorometric and colorimetric methods was 0.96. Indole recovered from 25 g samples of fresh shrimp spiked with 6 and 12 microgram indole/25 g ranged from 97 to 106%. The fluorescence response is linear in the range of 1 to 25 microgram indole/100 ml methanol solution and no significant change is noted in solutions kept in the dark 18 hr.
Decapoda↗
From dysbiosis to resilience: Microbiome engineering for sustainable shrimp aquaculture.
The intensification of shrimp aquaculture has increased exposure to disease, environmental perturbations, and antimicrobial pressure, making microbial stability increasingly relevant to sustainable production. Microbiome stability-encompassing resistance to disturbance and resilience of functional recovery-provides an ecological framework for understanding how shrimp and culture-environment microbial communities respond to intensive farming. This review examines the transition from microbial homeostasis to dysbiosis and evaluates how microbiome engineering could redirect disrupted communities towards resilient states. Evidence is integrated across the intestine, hepatopancreas, rearing water, sediment and biofloc to assess how host genetics, ontogeny, diet, culture conditions, antibiotics and pollutants shape microbiome assembly and destabilization. Disease-associated changes in acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease, white faeces syndrome, Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei infection, and white spot syndrome virus infection are critically evaluated, with explicit separation of associations, pathogen-induced dysbiosis, and community-level causality. Established and emerging interventions-including probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics, functional diets, biofloc management, phages, postbiotics, microbiota transplantation and synthetic microbial communities-are assessed according to their capacity to modify microbial function, persistence and recovery rather than taxonomic change alone. We further examine how multi-omics, microbiome-informed breeding, and environmental monitoring could support biomarker development, predictive decision support and context-specific intervention. We argue that progress requires a shift from taxonomic description to function-guided engineering, from endpoint comparisons to direct measurement of resilience, and from laboratory efficacy to reproducible farm-scale validation. Overall, microbiome management may contribute to more disease-resilient and sustainable shrimp production, provided that its effectiveness can be validated under commercial farming conditions.
Dysbiosis↗
Microbial decomposer diversity and metabolic function during the decomposition of brine shrimp carcasses in a saline lake.
BACKGROUND: Decomposition of brine shrimp carcasses has a crucial role in carbon cycling of saline lakes, yet the microbial dynamics remain poorly understood. RESULTS: Here we integrated metagenomics, metatranscriptomics, culturomics, metabolomics, and microcosm experiments to investigate microbial community succession and function during brine shrimp (Artemia sp.) carcass decomposition in Barkol Lake, a hypersaline lake in China. A total of 149 metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs) and 77 pure culture genomes were recovered across 33 phyla, with 72.12% genomes representing species-level novel lineages. Our results reveal diverse bacterial and archaeal taxa, including novel lineages from CG03, T1Sed10-126 and rare archaeal taxa (Asgardarchaeota, Thermoplasmatota, Nanoarchaeota, and Halobacteriota), involved in degradation of biomacromolecules-proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids-via extracellular hydrolysis, nutrient transport, and intracellular catabolism. These taxa exhibit substrate preferences, rapidly responding to the breakdown of polysaccharides and proteins, followed by lipids and nucleic acids. Hydrolyzed oligomers are further oxidized by various microbes through fermentation, sulfate reduction, and methanogenesis via metabolic handoffs. Additionally, viral auxiliary metabolic genes (AMGs) further enhance microbial host functions, contributing to key ecological processes such as carbon cycling and stress response. A temporally structured microbial decomposer network (MDN) was observed, driving mineralization cascades from fermentation to sulfate reduction and methanogenesis. CONCLUSIONS: This study reveals microbial metabolic handoffs and virus-mediated modulation as critical mechanisms for organic matter turnover, expanding the known diversity and function of decomposers in saline ecosystems. Our findings offer new insights into biogeochemical processes in saline lakes and highlight a synergistic microbial decomposer network involving bacteria, archaea, and viruses that collectively drive nutrient cycling during brine shrimp carcass decomposition. Video Abstract.
Animals↗
Ascorbic acid-dependent collagen formation in penaeid shrimp.
1. This study tested the hypothesis that black death, the ascorbic acid (AsA) related disease of penaeid shrimp, is related to collagen underhydroxylation. 2. Collagen measured as hydroxyproline (HYP) in healthy Penaeus californiensis (Holmes) and P. stylirostris (Stimpson) of a wide range of masses were determined. The results revealed a logarithmic relationship between total body collagen HYP and body weight fitting the equation y = 90x1.18 where y = total collagenous HYP (microgram) and x = body weight (g). 3. Shrimp tissues most subject to mechanical trauma (subcutis, hindgut and gills) had the highest collagenous HYP levels and were most consistently and severely affected by an ascorbic acid (AsA) deficiency disease. 4. Prolyl hydroxylase (PH) activity was demonstrated in tissues of P. californiensis and P. stylirostris by hydroxylation of [3,4-3H]proline. 5. AsA was required for shrimp PH activity using a chicken embryo substrate. 6. Nutritional trials revealed that dietary AsA was required for proline hydroxylation in collagen formation in P. californiensis.
Animals↗