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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1978

The nutritive value of silages. Energy metabolism in sheep receiving diets of grass silage or grass silage and barley.

1. Two calorimetric experiments were conducted to study the utilization of energy in sheep given diets of grass silage or grass silage and barley. Three silages were investigated. One was made from first-harvest grass in the spring (S) and the others from regrowth cut either early or late in the autumn (E and L respectively). All were of perennial ryegress (Lolium perenne) and preserved with formic acid. Each silage was given at two levels of feeding, the lower providing approximately a maintenance energy intake. The S and L silages were also given supplemented with barley. 2. The digestibilities of organic matter, cellulose and energy in the silages were high. Measured at maintenance, digestible energy (DE) contents (MJ/kg dry matter (DM))were 11.83, 14.67 and 12.90 for S, E and L respectively. The DE contents of the S and E silages were depressed at the higher level of feeding but the effect was offset by changes in the energy losses as methane and urine. Metabolizable energy (ME) contents (MJ/kg DM) for the three silages, S, E and L were respectively 9.88, 12.54 and 10.73 at the low level of feeding and 9.91, 11.99 and 11.08 at the high level of feeding. The mean ME content of barley calculated by difference was 13.76 MJ/kg DM. 3. The mean efficiencies of utilization of ME for maintenance (km) for the S, E and L silages were 0.69, 0.71 and 0.68 respectively. Corresponding values for fattening (kf) were 0.21, 0.57 and 0.59. Excepting the kf for the S silage which was low, observed efficiencies were in broad agreement with those predicted by the equations of the Agricultural Research Council (1965). Similar agreement was obtained with all diets consisting of silage and barley.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1979

Factors affecting the microbial and chemical composition of silage. IV. Effect of wilting on maize silage.

The effect of wilting on the microbial and chemical composition of ensiled maize plants was studied. Wilting stimulated high densities of lactic acid bacteria, with the decrease in counts of undesirable flora, i.e., yeasts, moulds, proteolytic and saccharolytic anaerobes, causing spoilage of silage. Moreover, wilting decreased the losses of dry matter, total acidity, and butyric acid content of silage. Accordingly, wilting proved to be a favourable treatment for the production of good quality silage from maize plants.

Acids↗
PubMed1978

Factors affecting the microbial and chemical composition of silage. III. Effect of urea additions on maize silage.

The effect of urea additions on the microbiological and chemical properties of silage, produced from young maize plants (Darawa stage), was studied. Urea treatments, i.e., 0.25%, 0.50%, 0.75%, and 1.00%, stimulated higher densities of the desired microorganisms than the control, while undesired organisms showed lower counts (proteolytic and saccharolytic anaerobes). Addition of 0.25 to 0.50% or urea resulted in the production of high quality silage with pleasant small and high nutritive value, as confirmed by the various microbiological and chemical analyses conducted. Higher levels (0.75 and 1.00%) of urea decreased the quality of the product.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1975

[Toxinogenic moulds of silage. III. -- Patulin and byssochlamic acid production by Byssochlamys nivea Westling on a laboratory silage model (author's transl)].

Growth of Byssochlamys nivea in anaerobiosis and in pure culture on sterilized standing forage, or in ecological conditions very similar to ensilaging, is accompanied by the production of patulin and byssochlamic acid. In pure culture and in anaerobiosis (Trial E.ana), Byssochlamys nivea produces 42.5 p.p.m. of patulin on day 40 of storage and 34.25 p.p.m. of byssochlamic acid on day 82. In competition with other moulds (Trial E.ster.) or in presence of the complex microflora of silages (Trial E.f.), Byssochlamys nivea toxin production is irregular and less than found in Trial E.ana. A maximum of patulin is obtained on day 45 and day 82 of culture, respectively. Irregularity of the curves may express random competition between various micro-organisms or fixation of patulin on sulfhydryl radicals. Production kinetics of the two mycotoxins indicate that silage pollution risks will be high after three months of storage.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1979

[Improvement in the quality of rape seed by combining silage with fodder sugar beets. 1. Quality evaluation of the silages].

Industrial-scale studies showed that the addition of rape-seed flakes to half sugar mangels improves the feeding value and the quality of the silages. Furthermore, it was found that the development of yeasts was inhibited and that the propagation of acidifiers was retarded as the proportion of rape-seed increased. The microbiological analysis indicates that the amount of rape-seed added to the half sugar mangels should not exceed 10%.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1975

[Toxinogenic moulds of silage. IV. - Patulin production in liquid medium using fungus species isolated in silages (author's transl)].

The toxinogenesis of 18 strains of Byssochlamys nivea, 4 of Byssochlamys fulva, 7 of Paecilomyces varioti, 2 of Aspergillus clavatus, I of Aspergillus terreus, and I of Penicillium urticae, isolated in ensilaged forages, is tested at 26 degrees C in Czapek's enriched liquid medium (8 p. 1000 glucose + 2 p. 1000 yeast extract). 100 p. 100 of Byssochlamys nivea strains, 75 p. 100 of Byssochlamys fulva and 12 p. 100 of Paecilomyces varioti strains produce patulin after 9 days of culture. Mycotoxin concentrations recovered range from 0.5 to 1 120 p.p.m. Only highly toxinogenic strains when they invade silage cutting fronts, would be able to develop detectable amounts of patulin.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1976

Nutritive value of potato-based silages for dairy bulls.

Diet acceptability, nutrient digestibility, and nitrogen and energy partition were measured in growing Holstein bulls to compare corn silage with three potato-based silages which consisted of (fresh basis): 1) 50% potatoes, 20% hay; 2) 60% potatoes, 20% hay, 20% whole oats; 3) 50% potatoes, 25% hay, 25% whole oats. The 50% potato 50% hay silage dry matter was consumed at 3.0% of body weight per day which was greater than for any of the other three silages. Consequently, daily consumption of each nutrient was generally higher for this silage even though it was lower in content of many nutritional components. Except for ether extract, the digestion coefficients for the 50% potato 50% hay silage were higher than for the other three silages. The addition of whole oats to the potato-based silage tended to depress apparent digestibility of the nutritional components below those for corn silage. Both nitrogen and energy utilization were higher for the 50% potato 50% hay silage than for any of the other three experimental silages. Efficiency of use of absorbed nitrogen was higher for the oat-containing potato-based silages than for corn silage while the oat-containing silages were comparable to corn silage in energy efficiency. The 50% potato 50% hay silage was equal or superior to corn silage in dry matter intake, overall overall digestibility, nitrogen and energy balance for growing Holstein bulls.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1976

[Coffee pulp and hulls. XI. Chemical characteristics of silaged coffee pulp with Napier grass (Pennisetum purpurem) and corn plant (Zea mays)].

Various physical and chemical changes that occur during the process of preparation of coffee pulp silage with the addition of molasses and forage, were identified and measured quantitatively. Three types of silage were prepared in duplicate in laboratory concrete silos, 45 cm wide and 50 cm high. The silages contained the following components: coffee pulp (EPC), pulp and Napier grass (EPCN), and pulp with corn fodder (EPCM). On a fresh basis, the last two contained equal proportions of coffee pulp and forage. Around 16% molasses were aded to all silages. Time of ensiling was 132 to 141 days. In order to determine the physical changes, the silage was weighed at the start and end of the ensiling period; the pH was determined at the end of same, and the drained liquids were measured during the experimental period. To determine the chemical changes, analyses were carried out on the various components used and on the mixtures ensiled at the start and at the end of the experimental period. The pH of the silage was 4.5, 4.3, and 3.8, and the losses of dry matter 10.6, 25.2, and 33.3% for the three types of silages, respectively. These percentages suggest that a better fermentation took place in those silages containing forages. The better fermentation of EPCN over EPC was due to the Napier grass which provided greater amounts of chemical components susceptible of fermentation than those found in coffee pulp. The quality of EPCM was superior due not only to the presence of corn fodder, which produced an effect similar to that of Napier grass, but also due to the fact that the coffee pulp used in this case contained the greater concentrations of soluble carbohydrates and lower levels of lignin than the coffee pulp used alone or with Napier grass. As a result of the fermentation process, in all three types of silage a decrease in dry matter content, of cellular contents and soluble carbohydrates was observed, as well as an increase in cellular walls and its components, and of protein. The magnitude of these changes was found to be directly related to the losses in dry matter. From the results of this research, it was concluded that the addition of forage improves the chemical characteristics of silage prepared from coffee pulp.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1975

Plasma adrenocorticoid response to corticotropin in dairy cattle fed high silage diets.

Responses of plasma corticoids to adrenocorticotropic hormone (.32 U/kg body weight) administered during early lactation were measured in dairy cattle consuming large amounts of concentrate feeds and one of the following forage diets: alfalfa-timothy hay plus corn silage, alfalfa-timothy hay crop silage plus corn silage, or corn silage. Concentrations of plasma corticoids increased to maximum in all groups within 60 to 90 min. Concentrations remained at near maximum for 4 to 5 h and then declined to baseline. Maximum corticoid concentrations following adrenocorticotropic hormone injection differed among forage treatment groups. Responses of corn silage and hay crop silage groups (46.7 +/- 1.1 and 50.1 +/- 2.4 ng/ml) did not differ but were less than those in the hay group (65.5 +/- 2.9 ng/ml). Response measured as area under the curve of plasma corticoid response also differed among forage treatments: hay 443 +/- 17 h (ng/ml) is greater than hay crop silage 334 +/- 34 is greater than corn silage 245 +/- 36. Results are discussed in terms of stress susceptibility in dairy cattle consuming diets containing large amounts of silage.

Adrenal Cortex Hormones↗
PubMed1979

The effect of formaldehyde treatment before ensiling on the digestion of wilted grass silage by sheep.

1. Wilted perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L. cv. Endura) was ensiled without additive or after addition of a mixture of equal volumes of formic acid (850 g/kg) and formalin (380 g formaldehyde/kg) applied at a rate of 35 g formaldehyde/kg herbage crude protein (nitrogen x 6.25). The digestion of the two silages and the effect of supplemental N as urea or urea plus soya-bean meal on the digestion of the treated silage was studied using sheep fitted with a rumen cannula and re-entrant cannulas in the proximal duodenum and distal ileum. 2. The additive markedly reduced carbohydrate fermentation and protein degradation in the silo. 3. There were no significant differences between diets in rumen pH, dilution rate, volatile fatty acid production and the molar proportions of acetate, propionate and butyrate. However, rumen ammonia levels and the apparent digestibility of organic matter (OM), gross energy (GE) and cellulose in the stomach were significantly depressed (P less than 0.05) by the additive. It also reduced (P less than 0.05) the extent to which the N of the silage was degraded in the rumen and, with the treated silage, more microbial N was synthesized in the rumen than food N degraded, resulting in a net grain of N between mouth and duodenum, as compared to a net loss with the untreated silage. 4. Supplementation of the treated silage with urea or urea plus soya-bean meal significantly increased (P less than 0.05) the amount of food N degraded in the rumen and rumen ammonia levels but had no effect on the apparent digestibility of OM, GE and cellulose in the stomach or on the amount of microbial N reaching the duodenum. 5. The quantity of microbial amino acids entering the small intestine and the apparent digestibility of amino acids in the small intestine were similar for all four diets. However, the quantity of food amino acids reaching the small intestine was significantly higher with the three diets containing the treated silage and consequently the apparent absorption of amino acids from the small intestine was substantially higher with these diets than with the untreated silage.

Amino Acids↗
PubMed1975

Effects of silage diets on health, reproduction, and blood metabolites of dairy cattle.

Forty-eight Hostein dairy cows were assigned uniformly by parity and calving date to three forage treatments for three lactations. Forage treatments were corn silage (F-I), corn silage plus Hay-crop silage (-f-II), and corn silage plus hay (F-III). Records of health and reproductive data were kept to evaluate dietary effects. During the third lactation six animals in each treatment were blood-sampled on a 4-day interval from 24 days prepartum to 60 days postpartum to determine metabolites. Reproductive traits were similar among the treatment groups as were occurrences of mastitis. Corn silage and hay-crop silage cows had more ketosis than hay cows. Corn silage cows had more parturient paresis than the other two groups, and abomasal displacement occurred only in the corn silage group. There were differences in concentrations of plasma metabolites among treatments; however, they appeared to be within normal ranges, and no pathological implications were obvious. Blood pH, blood packed cell volume, blood alkaline reserve, and pH values were similar among treatment groups. Histological evaluation of hepatic and endocrine tissues revealed no treatment effects.

Abomasum↗
PubMed1977

Influences of barley and oat silages for beef cows on occurrence of myopathy in their calves.

Sixteen pregnant Shorthorn cows were winter-fed either oat or barley silage, both of which were low in selenium (less than .1 ppm). Two months before calving, as well as at calving and a month later, four cows on each diet were given intramuscularly a preparation containing 1360 IU of vitamin E and 30 mg selenium as sodium selenite. Barley silage lipids contained higher linoleic (33.2 versus 22.3%) and palmitic acids (32.3 versus 23.1%), and lower oleic (6.3 versus 22.1%) and linolenic acids (20.9 versus 30.9%) than oat silage. Three calves born from the untreated dams on barley silage died from nutritional muscular dystrophy by 50 days of age whereas none of the calves either from the untreated cows on oat silage or from any of the selenium/vitamin E treated cows. Milk from untreated cows fed barley silage contained a higher proportion of linoleic acid than that from treated cows or from those on oat silage. The incidence of nutritional muscular dystrophy was associated closely with ingestion by the calves of an increased amount of dietary dienoic acid. It appears an advantage to include oat silage in winter feeding programs for beef cows to reduce the risk of development of nutritional muscular dystrophy in the offspring.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1975

[Studies on the quantification of air in the process of silage making].

On the basis of model concepts on physical gas exchange a technique was developed for studying the complex interrelationships existing between the characteristics indicating the suitability of a particular material for ensilage and the specific local conditions for silage making at the farm and in a silo. (degree of anaerobic conditions). Conclusions were drawn as to quantitative relations existing between the thickness of the marginal layers of a silage stack that are subject to losses and the compaction of the silage material and the sealing of the silage top during the periods of filling and storage. On the basis of these considerations limits are given for minimum filling of a silo per day of ensilage as depending on the compactness of the consolidated fresh or wilted silage material. Data are given for silage losses at the edged of the silage stack.

Agriculture↗
PubMed1976

Rumen volatile fatty acids and milk composition from cows fed hay, haylage, or urea-treated corn silage.

Alfalfa-brome hay, haylage, .5% urea-treated corn silage, or .5% urea plus 1% dried whey-treated corn silage was fed as the only forage to one of four groups of 10 lactating cows per group for a lactation trial of 10 wk. Rumen samples were collected via stomach tube 3 to 4 h after the morning feeding. The pH of the rumen samples from cows fed hay was higher than for cows fed haylage, urea-treated corn silage, and urea-whey corn silage, 6.69 versus 6.36, 6.40, and 6.50. Total volatile fatty acids and propionate were highest from cows fed urea-whey corn silage and were higher on all three fermented forages than cows fed hay. Acetate/propionate ratio was highest from cows fed hay and lowest from cows fed corn silages. Butyrate was highest from cows fed haylage or hay. Milk protein composition was not affected by ration although nonprotein nitrogen of milk was highest from cows fed the urea-treated corn silages. Oleic acid and total unsaturated fatty acids were lowest in milk fat from cows fed hay while palmitic acid was highest from cows fed hay and haylage. These results suggest that type of forage fed may cause small changes in rumen fermentation and in milk composition. The importance of these changes is unknown but may affect properties of dairy products produced from this milk.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1976

Plasma growth hormone and insulin during early lactation in cows fed silage based diets.

Peripheral plasma insulin, growth hormone, and blood glucose were determined in 24 dairy cows during early lactation. Blood samples were obtained at 4-day intervals during the first 56 days of experimental lactations 1 and 3 of a 3-lactation experiment. The cows were divided equally among three groups and fed one of the following forage rations for three consecutive lactations: corn silage (18.2 kg/day) plus alfalfa-timothy hay ad libitum; corn silage (18.2 kg/day) plus alfalfa-timothy silage ad libitum; or corn silage ad libitum. These diets were continued throughout the intervening dry periods except in the latter group where corn silage intake was limited if individual animals exhibited excessive body weight gain. Four animals in each group received prepartum supplemental concentrates. The remaining four animals received no prepartum concentrate supplementation. Following parturition, concentrates were fed in increasing amounts to a maximum of 14.6 kg/day during the first 56 days of lactation. Plasma insulin, growth hormone, and blood glucose were not affected by forage diet or prepartum supplemental concentrate feeding. Plasma insulin and blood glucose increased and plasma growth hormone decreased with time after parturition. These changes were correlated with nutrient intake which increased during the experiment. Changes in plasma insulin and growth hormone are related to metabolic adjustments during early lactation.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1975

Fungal growth and acid production during fermentation and refermentation of organic acid treated corn silages.

Chopped corn (35% dry matter) treated with either propionic, formic, 60% propionic plus 40% formic, or 80% propionic plus 20% acetic acids at 0, .5, 1, and 2%, was placed in polyethylene bags inside metal drums, and evacuated. During fermentation silages were sampled and temperatures determined. On day 40 of fermentation silages were placed in open containers at 25 C and were sampled during refermentation. All samples were analyzed for volatile and lactic acids, pH, and number and type of fungi. Lactate fermentation was totally inhibited at 2% addition of all acids, but formic acid was more effective than propionic acid at .5 and 1%. Acerate production was equally depressed by both propionic and formic additions. Heating, growth of fungi, and days until spoilage were delayed by all acid additions during refermentation, with propionic more effectivethan formic. The large increases in lactate and acetate of treated silages during refermentation reflect a protection of soluble sugars during fermentation and subsequent use by microbes after exposure to air. Silages treated with more than 1%propionic (as propionic or a mixture) did not increase in fungal colonies during refermentation. At initiation of fermentation yeasts werehigher than other fungi but decreases by day 40. During refermentation, yeasts again grew. Geotrichum comprised 35% on day 40 of refermentation but was lower at other times. Aspergillus proliferated during refermentation and few Penicillium were detected.

Acetates↗
PubMed1975

The effect of storage on the estrogenic effect of red clover silage.

Pure red clover was selected for plant estrogen analyses from the fresh fodder crops of 1972 and 1973. The investigations were made on fresh red clover and on the same red clover after periods of storage of varying length. The red clover was stored in manilla bags in a silo among the ordinary silge fodder, use being of the "green solution method" (Farmos Oy). In the studies the estrogenic effect of the fodder was ascertained by means of bioassay, the criterion being the increase in murine uterine weight. The known plant estrogens were determined by thin layer chromatography and by liquid chromatography. The estrogenic effect of the red clover silage fodder of 1972 was greater in all the silage fodder samples than it was in the fresh red clover. The quantity of individual isoflavones and "transformed" estrogen too, was greater in many of the silage fodder samples than it was in the respective fresh red clover. The estrogenic effect of the silage fodder made from the red clover of 1973 varied considerably; in some samples it was greater but in most it was smaller than the estrogen effect of the fresh red clover. However, apart from a few exceptions, the quantity of individual isoflavones and of transformed estrogens was smaller than it was the fresh red clover.

Animal Feed↗