Speech. Report of a seminar. C. What is the orthodontic relationship to speech and speech defects? a. Speech and the teeth.
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Cleft Lip↗
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Comparing Traditional Motor Speech Practice to Contextualized Speech Practice in Preschoolers With Childhood Apraxia of Speech.
PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to compare retention of real-word targets across practice conditions (contextualized vs. motor-only) within a modified integral stimulation treatment for preschoolers with childhood apraxia of speech (CAS). METHOD: A single-subject experimental design with alternating treatments was used with matched target sets randomly assigned to contextualized practice, motor-only practice, or no treatment. Three preschoolers with CAS completed 18 therapy sessions, each consisting of two 25-min blocks: one contextualized practice and one motor-only practice. Order of practice was randomized each visit. Changes in percent phonemes correct (PPC) and lexical stress accuracy, derived from blinded transcription, were explored with visual analysis and effect sizes (standardized mean difference, d statistic). RESULTS: Meaningful improvements (d > 1) were observed in PPC across words treated in contextualized practice for all three children immediately posttreatment and for two of three children at the 1-month follow-up. Meaningful improvements in the motor-only condition were observed in two of three children immediately posttreatment and at follow-up. No meaningful changes were observed in lexical stress across any conditions in any participant. CONCLUSIONS: This study provides preliminary support for the feasibility of a modified integral stimulation therapy that incorporates elements of linguistically grounded therapies (linguistic retrieval, recasts, expansions) that may facilitate target retention in some preschoolers with CAS. However, other elements should be explored in conjunction with integral stimulation to maximize clinical outcomes. SUPPLEMENTAL MATERIAL: https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.33228981.
Humans↗
Validation norms for speech discrimination scores of normal-hearing subjects in wide-band and in speech-spectrum noise at S/N 0 DB.
W-22 lists were given at 40 db re SRT with a Maico MA-24B audiometer and attachments to 20 normal-hearing adults in quiet and in combination with either wide-band or speech-spectrum noise at S/N = 0, monaurally by earphone and binaurally by loudspeaker(s). No systematic L-R differences were observed. DS in quiet by any condition was at or near 100%. Mean DS in noise by monaural earphone was 79.80 +/- 13.3 for wide-band noise and 54.7 +/- 12.7 for speech-spectrum noise. When speech and noise were from two different loudspeakers placed +/- 45 degrees from midline, DS was 90.8 +/- 9.5 for wide-band noise and 88.1 +/- 7.8 for speech-spectrum noise. When both speech and noise came from the same loudspeaker, DS was 79.10 +/- 10.3 for wide-band noise and 57.0 +/- 21.8 for speech-spectrum noise. These values are proposed as provisional norms for clinical facilities using these conditions and employing similar instrumentation.
Adult↗
Speech intelligibility in and speech interference levels of traffic noise in hearing-impaired and normal listeners.
Speech intelligibility (phonetically balanced monosyllables = PB words) in traffic-like noise (random noise) as well as the speech interference levels (75% intelligibility) of this noise were investigated in three common listening situations, two indoors and one outdoors. A total of 279 persons were examined; 56 had normal hearing, 90 a presbycusic-type hearing loss, 95 noise-induced hearing loss, and 38 conductive hearing loss. In the indoor situation the hearing-impaired groups mainly retained their intelligibility in 40 dBA. Lowering of the noise level to less than 40 dBA resulted in only a minor, mostly insignificant improvement in speech intelligibility. Normal-hearing listeners maintained good speech intelligibility in the outdoor listening situation with noise levels up to 60 dBA, without lip-reading. For hearing-impaired groups, representing more than 1/2 million (8% of the population) people in Sweden, with hearing loss due to age and/or noise, the noise level outdoors must be lowered to 45 dBA in order to achieve good speech intelligibility at 1 m, without lip-reading.
Adolescent↗
Behavioral responses in 7 to 9 month old infants to speech and non-speech stimuli.
A comparison was made of the behavioral responses of 36 infants (18 M, 18 F) aged 7--9 mo, to natural speech, warbled tone of 3 kc/s. and a noise band of 2--4 kc/s. The intensity level for speech was significantly lower, and the number of responses for speech was significantly higher, than for the other two stimuli. Girls demonstrated a significantly lower mean threshold and a significantly higher number of responses than boys. The threshold means for all three stimuli were significantly lower and the number of responses were significantly higher for the R ear than for the L ear in girls, but not in boys. There was no difference in threshold means for speech between the L and the R ears for the whole population, but there was a significantly higher number of responses to speech stimuli by girls, but not for boys, in the R ear than in the L ear.
Acoustic Stimulation↗
Speech audiometry by a speech synthesizer. I. A preliminary report.
A preliminary report on speech test results with a portable, text-to-speech synthesizer is presented. The differentiation scores achieved at speed 80 words/min vary. So far the best mean differentiation scores in normal material are 75%. The increase of the presentation level improves the differentiation score, as does the decrease of word speed and training. The future and present uses of this system are discussed. These include: devices for the handicapped, e.g. to produce speech for the mute, man-machine communication through speech in industry control, data processing systems and uses in audiological diagnostics. The study is continued.
Adult↗
A comparison of speech discrimination scores by using PB-50 lists and the speech discrimination scale with hearing-impaired adults.
Performance-intensity functions were drawn for each of the 5 progressively more difficult 8-word subtests of Gaeth's Speech Discrimination Scale (SDS) with 16 limited-hearing Ss aged 20-88 yrs. Prior examination with the NU-6 test at 24 db SL revealed speech discrimination ability groupings, unrelated either to pure-tone ac hearing losses or to age. The largest (middle) group achieved scored of 50%-correct at -5, 0, 11, and 14 db SL (re pure-tone ac HTL averaged for the better 2 of the frequencies .5, 1, and 2 kc/s) for the subtests Digits, Easy Letters, Easy Words and Hard Letters respectively, as compared with 30 db SL for full PB lists; and never achieved 50%-correct for the Hard Words subtest. The possibility was suggested that the clinician might initiate speech testing with the East Words subtest and proceed to either more or less difficult subtests/levels as S responds. Each item would contain more statistical power than a single item in a 50-word PB list at a single SL.
Adult↗
Speech considerations in oral surgery. Part I. Speech physiology.
A brief overview of the physiologic process associated with speech is presented. The areas of respiration, phonation, and articulation are defined, along with the role each plays in the production of speech sounds. Finally, a discussion is presented as to why an understanding of the dynamics of speech production is needed when ablative surgery is the preferred course of management for oral malignancies.
Humans↗
Speech considerations in oral surgery. Part II. Speech characteristics of patients following surgery for oral malignancies.
The characteristics of speech following ablative surgery for oral malignancies are presented. The speech following cheilotomy, maxillectomy, mandibulectomy, nasopharyngeal excavation, and glossectomy is described. Emphasis is placed on glossectomy because of the prevalence of this surgery and the nature of the research being done in this area. Finally, a discussion of research needs involving the oral surgeon, dentist, and speech pathologist is presented.
Articulation Disorders↗
Relationships between comfortable loudness levels for speech and speech discrimination in sensorineural hearing loss.
The primary purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between the sensation level selected as most comfortable for loudness and intelligibility, and the sensation level at which maximum speech discrimination is obtained. An articulation function was generated at five sensation levels for 45 subjects with sensorineural hearing loss. Speech discrimination scores were also obtained at sensation levels corresponding to most comfortable loudness levels for loudness and intelligibility. Results indicated that most comfortable loudness, at least under the conditions of the present study, does not appear to be the level at which maximum speech discrimination is obtained. Therefore, the use of comfortable loudness as a single sensation level for testing a subject's maximum discrimination is not recommended at this time.
Acoustic Stimulation↗
[Determinatives of the understanding and judging of the speech-impaired's language on the part of speech-functioning people.-An empirical study (author's transl)].
The purpose of the study was to find out the individual and social factors influencing the understanding and judging of the speech-defective's language by speech-functioning persons. In contrast to prevailing opinions, it was proven that the evaluation is not controlled by "adopted" prejudices, but by the real understanding of linguistic and paralinguistic components of language. Within this context, the level of understanding and the significance of these two components in view of the evaluation depends on the sociolinguistic milieu to which the speech-functioning individual belongs.
Adult↗
Investigating the MESA (multipoint electrotactile speech aid): the transmission of segmental features of speech.
Four normal-hearing young adults have been extensively trained in the use of a tactile speech-transmission system. Subjects were tested in the recognition of various phonetic elements including vowels, and stop, nasal, and fricative consonants under three receiving conditions; visual reception alone (lipreading), tactile reception alone, and tactile plus visual reception. Subjects were artificially deafened using earplugs and white noise and all speech tokens were presented live voice. Analysis of the data demonstrates that the tactile transform enables receivers to achieve excellent recognition of vowels in CVC context and the consonantal features of voicing and nasality. This, in combination with high recognition of vowels and the consonantal feature place of articulation through visual receptors, leads to recognition performance in the combined condition (visual plus tactual) which far exceeds either reception condition in isolation.
Abdomen↗
Adaptive speech audiometry and speech discrimination space in hearing-impaired subjects.
Phonemic discrimination difficulties in a small group of patients with sensorineural hearing loss have been mapped using a new form of speech audiometry which is au automated, adaptive, audio-visual system, using a binary forced-choice response mode. Phonemic confusion patterns have been displayed in directed graph form and the cases presented here have been chosen to illustrate the potentialities of the test method for obtaining detailed information on the fine structure of speech reception in these patients.
Aged↗
[The Göttingen audiometric speech test for children. I. Speech audiometry of the young and retarded child by a picture-test (author's transl)].
The Göttingen audiometric speech test was developed for testing 3 to 4-years-old and retarded children. The test presents the following advantages: 1. The child is tested by one-syllable nouns. Thus more information by speech-rhythm is prevented. 2. For each word there are given four different pictures, which present words containing the same vowel, therefore a) the possibility of choice remains constant, b) the child won't be overtaxed by too many pictures, c) the possibility of understanding the test-word by hearing the vowel alone is avoided. The test was applied to 122 3 to 6-years-old children in order to get normal values.
Audiometry↗
[Speech sounds and speech signals--the perspective of a new phonometry (author's transl)].
Descriptive phonetics and instrumental phonetics have two entirely different empirical domains as their subject matters. On this basis, ZWIRNER's central problem of the theoretical relationship between sound category and sound realisation is re-formulated and discussed. It is shown how the traditional descriptive procedures of segmentation and decomposition can be connected with the segments of digital speech signals and the features analysed from them.
Humans↗
Time-intensity trade for speech: a temporal speech-Stenger effect.
Time-intensity trade for selected spondaically stressed words was investigated using a centering method for interaural time delays of 0.00, 1.00, 2.00, 2.25, 2.50, and 2.75 msec at five levels of presentation: 0-, 25-, 40-, 55-, AND 70-DB HL (ANSI, 1969). Lateralization effects increased with level of presentation, with a maximum lateralization effect of between 22 and 30 dB occuring with an interaural time delay of 2.25 msec. Multiple images were perceived by all subjects with an interaural time delay of 2.75 msec and by some subjects with an interaural time delay of 2.50 msec at high levels of presentation. No "ear effect" was observed for any of the listeners. A potential clinical application is discussed for this temporal speech-Stenger effect.
Adult↗
[The Göttingen audiometric speech test for children. II. Speech audiometry of the pre-school child with a monosyllabic picture-test (author's transl)].
The Göttingen audiometric speech test was originally developed for testing three to four-year old children as well as retarded children. A refinement of this test supplements the original test in order to test five and six-year old children. This latter test follows the same advantages by using one-syllable nouns in combination with four different pictures. These pictures present words containing the same vowel but in contrast to the earlier test, the word list is expanded from twenty to 100 words. Standardization of the test was obtained by testing 62 five and six-year old normal children.
Age Factors↗
Phonetic feature theory: the linguist, the speech scientist and the speech pathologist.
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Humans↗