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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1976

Preferences by northern grasshopper mice for solutions of sugars, acids, and salts in Richter-type drinking tests.

Taste preferences, as measured in 48-hour, Richter-type drinking tests (test solution opposite distilled water), were determined for northern grasshopper mice (Onychomys leucogaster, ssp. breviauritus). The Ss were nine males and nine females which were individually housed within an environmental chamber. The test solutions were prepared from five sugars (fructose, glucose, lactose, maltose, sucrose) three salts (magnesium sulfate, potassium chloride, sodium chloride), and two acids (citric acid and hydrochloric acid). In randomly assigned order, each sugar and each salt solution was presented at five molar concentrations, and each acid was paired with distilled water at six levels of pH. Strong drinking preferences were shown for all concentrations of the sugars above .05-.10 M, and sugars ranked in order of preference as follows: Maltose = sucrose greater than glucose = fructose greater than lactose. Preferences were also shown for hypotonic concentrations of NaCl. The other salts and both acids, however, were indifferently preferred at low concentrations and were rejected at the higher concentrations. Taste preferences by grasshopper mice for these chemicals were similar to those exhibited by Monogolian gerbils tested with the same items. The similar patterns of preference shown by New World cricetid rodents (grasshopper mice) and Old World cricetid rodents (gerbils) suggest that conclusions concerning disparity in taste sensibilities among animal forms may be premature.

Acids↗
PubMed2024

Transcriptional landscape and dynamics involved in sugar and acid accumulation during apple fruit development.

In fleshy fruit, sugars and acids are central components of fruit flavor and quality. To date, the mechanisms underlying transcriptional regulation of sugar and acid during fruit development remain largely unknown. Here, we combined ATAC-seq with RNA-seq to investigate the genome-wide chromatin accessibility and to identify putative transcription factors related to sugar and acid accumulation during apple (Malus domestica) fruit development. By integrating the differentially accessible regions and differentially expressed genes, we generated a global data set of promoter-accessibility and expression-increased genes. Using this strategy, we constructed a transcriptional regulatory network enabling screening for key transcription factors and target genes involved in sugar and acid accumulation. Among these transcription factors, 5 fruit-specific DNA binding with one finger genes were selected to confirm their regulatory effects, and our results showed that they could affect sugar or acid concentration by regulating the expression of sugar or acid metabolism-related genes in apple fruits. Our transcriptional regulatory network provides a suitable platform to identify candidate genes that control sugar and acid accumulation. Meanwhile, our data set will aid in analyzing other characteristics of apple fruit that have not been illuminated previously. Overall, these findings support a better understanding of the regulatory dynamics during apple fruit development and lay a foundation for quality improvement of apple.

Malus↗
PubMed1978

Developmental aspects of maleic acid-induced inhibition of sugar and amino acid transport in the rat renal tubule.

The transport of alpha-aminoisobutyric acid and alpha-methyl-d-glucoside by isolated tubules from Sprague-Dawley rats at different stages of development follows a separate age-dependent pattern for each substrate. The effects of 6 M maleic acid on transport processes differ for amino acids and sugars and become manifest at distinct points during development. Maximum inhibition by maleic acid occurs at a time subsequent to maturity of these transport systems. In an effort to explain these transport phenomena, the uptake and metabolism of 14C-labeled maleic acid by the newborn or adult renal tubule was studied, showing significant binding by the tubule membrane, penetration of the cell by diffusion, and no conversion to 14CO2. Maleic acid has no demonstrable effect on the membrane-associated enzymes which are thought to play a role in the transport of small molecules.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1978

High-performance liquid chromatographic investigation of the amino acid, amino sugar and neutral sugar content in glycoproteins.

A methods for the simultaneous separation and determination of amino acids, amino sugars and neutral carbohydrates is described. Stepwise elution systems with sodium citrate and borate buffers have developed for the ion-exchange liquid chromatographic separation of amino acids and sugars, using 8-micrometer particle size resins and the Stein and Moore and orcinol colorimetric method for detection. With the aid of this system, the direct quantitative comparison of sugars and amino acids by liquid chromatography becomes possible for the first time.

Amino Acids↗
PubMed1979

Effects of Mn-deficit feeding to ewes on certain amino acids and sugars in cartilage of their newborn lambs.

The distribution of amino acid, amino sugar, and uronic acid in the epiphyseal cartilage of newborn lambs were examined to determine the influence of manganese (Mn) deficiency. Throughout the gestational period, one group (group I) of eight pregnant ewes was given a ration containing 60 mg of Mn/kg of feed and a second group (group II) of eight ewes was given a ration containing 5 mg of Mn/kg of feed. The neonatal lambs were killed, and the epiphyseal plates from various bones in the thoracic limb were removed and analyzed for glucosamine, galactosamine, uronic acid, and 17 amino acids. Concentrations of uronic acid and of the sulphur amino acids (methionine not significant, P greater than 0.05) were larger in the cartilage from the lambs born of group I ewes (60 mg of Mn/kg of ration) than in the cartilage from those of the Group II ewes (Mn deficiency). A tendency for higher hexosamine values was observed in the organic matrix of the group I lambs than of the group II lambs. However, concentrations of serine, histidine, and lysine were higher in the cartilage from group II lambs (Mn deficiency). Thus, the role of Mn in the prevention of joint abnormalities may be its influence on the mucopolysaccharide and protein composition of the epiphyseal plate.

Amino Acids↗
PubMed1977

Hereditary deafness in the cat. Free amino acid and sugar content in the perilymph.

The free amino acid and sugar content of cat perilymph was studied from 11 normal and 17 deaf ears, and compared with simultaneous estimations from cerebrospinal fluid and serum. Each fluid has a distinctive amino acid composition, whilst glucose was the only saccharide demonstrable. The functional status of the cochlea did not influence the biochemical parameters studied.

Amino Acids↗
PubMed1978

The sugar chain structures of ABO blood group active glycoproteins obtained from human erythrocyte membrane.

The glycoproteins of human erythrocyte membrane have two groups of sugar chains with blood type ABH determinants, which are quite distinct in their molecular sizes. A neutral sugar chain and an acidic sugar chain, which belong to the small size group, were isolated from the glycoproteins obtained from the erythrocyte of blood type O individuals, and their structures were elucidated as Fucalpha1 leads to 2Galbeta1 leads to 3N-acetylgalactosaminitol and Fucalpha1 leads to 2Galbeta1 leads to 3(AcNeualpha2 leads to 6)N-acetylgalactosaminitol, respectively. The molecular weight of the large sugar chains with ABH determinants were estimated to be more than 4000. Both large and small neutral sugar chains of membrane glycoproteins obtained from blood type O erythrocyte could serve as acceptors of alpha-N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferases purified from milk of blood type A1 and A2 individuals, producing the same radioactive sugar chain distribution patterns. However, the acidic sugar chain with the H determinant could not serve as an acceptor of these enzymes.

ABO Blood-Group System↗
PubMed1976

The prosthetic group of citrate-lyase acyl-carrier protein.

The acyl carrier protein of citrate lyase contains adenine, phosphate, sugar, cysteamine, beta-alanine and pantoic acid in a molar ratio of 1:2:2:1:1:1. Peptides containing these components in the same stoichiometric relationship were isolated after proteolytic digestion of acyl carrier protein. All components were linked together in a single prosthetic group. This was released from the peptide by mild alkaline hydrolysis. Under these conditions a phosphodiester bond is cleaved which links the prosthetic group to a serine residue of the peptide. Incubation of the prosthetic-group-containing peptide with phosphodiesterase I yielded 4'-phosphopantetheine and adenylic acid. The 5'-AMP was not free but was substituted by presumably an acidic sugar residue, which was released by mild acid hydrolysis yielding free 5'-AMP. It was concluded from these results that the prosthetic group of citrate lyase acyl carrier protein consists of a substituted isomeric dephospho-CoA. This is bound to the protein by the 5'-phosphate group of adenylic acid. The 4'-phosphopantetheine residue is bound by a phosphodiester linkage to the 2' or 3' position of ribose and the remaining hydroxyl group of ribose is substituted with presumably an acidic sugar residue. The structural similarities of this prothetic group and coenzyme A are discussed and related to the catalytic properties of citrate lyase.

ATP Citrate (pro-S)-Lyase↗
PubMed1975

Amino acid and sugar transport incells permissively infected with simian virus 40.

Transport of alpha-aminoisobutyric acid and 2-deoxy-D-glucose in African green monkey kidney cells was measured 8 to 100 hr following permissive simian virus 40 infection. No differences in transport were detected during the time-period studies, and no significant differences were seen between the apparent Michaelis-Menten constants of normal and virally infected cells. The absence of transport enhancement in permissive simian virus 40 infection suggests that the augmented transport of viral-transformed cell lines devolves upon altered host genome function.

Aminobutyrates↗
PubMed1978

Effects of various metabolites (sugars, carboxylic acids and alcohols) on riboflavin formation in non-growing cells of Ashbya gossypii.

The effects of various sugars and sugar derivatives on flavinogenesis were examined using non-growing cells of a high flavinogenic mold, Ashbya gossypii. Glucose, fructose and galactose were found to be the most stimulative. Glycerol and glucono-delta-lactone were less stimulative; next in order were n-propanol, n-butanol, glycols and butanediols, which were likewise effective; acetate, lactate and pyruvate were slightly stimulative. In contrast, ribose, xylose, arabinose, ribitol, citrate, succinate, oxaloacetate, glyoxylate and malate were rather inhibitory, in additions at 1.0%. Among these compounds, ethanol (1%) greatly stimulated riboflavin formation. Maximum flavinogenesis with the above stimulants was attained by the additions of 1% ethanol, 1.25--3.0% glucose, 1.25% glycerol, 4.0--6.0% propane and butanediols, 1.0% pyruvate and 0.9% acetate after 37 hr incubation, respectively. These compounds inhibited flavinogenesis with increasing concentrations above their optimum concentrations. The stimulation effect of ethanol far exceeded those of other stimulants but ethanol had almost no effect on growth and pH values during incubation. With the addition of ethanol (1%) during incubation, maximum formation (1,776 microgram/g wet mycelia) of riboflavin was achieved when added at the start of incubation and the most effective utilization was observed when added at the logarithmic phase of flavinogenesis, although the maximum formation of riboflavin in the latter case was much lower than in the former case. The relation of sugar metabolism, especially ethanol metabolism, to flavinogenesis was discussed with the flavinogenic activities of these additives.

Acetates↗
PubMed1979

Studies on the competitive intestinal absorption of amino acids, and sugars in two teleost fishes.

In both fishes Ophiocephalus punctatus and Heteropneustes fossilis, the compound of the same group inhibited the transport rate of another compound such as, both glucose and fructose inhibited the uptake of xylose. Glucose was comparatively more inhibitory in nature than fructose. Transport of one amino acid was also inhibited in the presence of another amino acid. In glycine transport, leucine was stronger inhibitor than tyrosine. Almost similar results have been observed in both fishes irrespective of different feeding habits.

Amino Acids↗
PubMed1979

Laryngeal chemoreflex in newborn lambs: respiratory and swallowing response to salts, acids, and sugars.

The laryngeal chemoreflex was tested in a standardized manner in eighteen 1- to 6-day-old lambs. The respiratory and swallowing components of the reflex response to chemical solutions introduced to the larynx were quantified to characterize the function of the receptors and to elucidate what kind of receptors most likely are involved. A relationship between the strength of the stimulus and the respiratory response was found. The response was suppressed with the addition of small amounts of CaCl2, NaCl, and LiCl. NaCl, 0.3--0.6 M, 0.15 M NaCl titrated to a pH of 3--5 with hydrochloric or acetic acid, and 0.25--1.0 M glucose in 0.15 M NaCl elicited the reflex response. A quantitative separation was seen in the respiratory response to equimolar concentrations of the salt solutions as well as to the acid solutions in normal saline with equal pH. The response to glucose was significantly reduced after application of potassium gymnemate (P less than 0.001). A direct relationship between the amount of swallowing and the respiratory response was found (r = 0.83). The laryngeal chemoreflex responses to the stimuli used have certain functional characteristics that are similar to taste receptor responses. This would suggest that the taste bud-like structures present in the laryngeal area are likely receptors for mediation of the reflex.

Acetates↗