PubMed Health⌕ Search

SEARCH · PubMed Health

Results for “therapeutic applications”

Explore indexed PubMed citations for clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health research. Read source abstracts and follow each citation to its original PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2026

Engineering extracellular vesicles for targeted siRNA delivery: Advances, therapeutic applications, and clinical translation.

Small interfering RNA (siRNA) therapeutics have emerged as a transformative approach for sequence-specific gene silencing, offering the potential to treat a broad spectrum of diseases by selectively suppressing disease-associated genes. However, the clinical translation of siRNA remains limited by rapid enzymatic degradation, poor cellular uptake, inadequate endosomal escape, and off-target effects, necessitating the development of efficient delivery systems. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have gained considerable attention as natural nanocarriers owing to their excellent biocompatibility, low immunogenicity, intrinsic targeting capability, and ability to protect therapeutic cargo while traversing complex biological barriers. This review comprehensively discusses the biological characteristics of EVs, the molecular basis of RNA interference, and the major challenges associated with siRNA delivery [Fig. 1]. Recent advances in EV engineering, including cargo-loading strategies such as electroporation, sonication, extrusion, parent-cell engineering, and microfluidic approaches, together with surface functionalization using peptides, antibodies, aptamers, and hybrid nanoplatforms, are critically evaluated for improving targeting specificity and intracellular delivery. Furthermore, the therapeutic applications of engineered EV-mediated siRNA delivery in cancer, neurological disorders, liver diseases, cardiovascular diseases, inflammatory disorders, and infectious diseases are systematically summarized, highlighting their potential to enhance gene silencing while minimizing systemic toxicity. Current challenges related to large-scale manufacturing, cargo-loading efficiency, standardization, quality control, regulatory approval, and clinical translation are also discussed, together with emerging technologies involving synthetic biology, genome engineering, artificial intelligence, and multifunctional hybrid vesicles. Overall, engineered extracellular vesicles represent a highly versatile and biologically inspired platform for targeted siRNA delivery, providing a promising foundation for the development of next-generation precision RNA therapeutics and accelerating the clinical translation of gene-silencing strategies.

Extracellular vesicle engineering↗
PubMed1977

[Diagnostic and therapeutic applications of bronchoscopy (author's transl)].

The development of therapeutic bronchoscopy into diagnostic bronchoscopy is described. Based on a personal experience of more than 35,000 bronchoscopies, attention is given to some important points in diagnosis and therapy. In diagnosis, these factors include: 1) color of mucosa, 2) structure of cartilage, 3) minimal tissue changes (nodules, vessels, folds), 4) tonus, 5) secretion, 6) miscellaneous peculiarities. Therapeutic studies involve: 1) recanalisation (from secretion to foreign body and tumor), 2) scrubbing (in treatment of fibrinous bronchitis and tracheitis, 3) bougies, 4) irrigation, 5) washing (for status asthmaticus, aspiration of gastric contents, etc.), 6) tamponade for persistent hemoptysis.

Bronchial Diseases↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Therapeutic applications of digestive endoscopy].

Endoscopy has proven useful as a diagnostic tool and recently many useful therapeutic possibilities have been proposed. The authors discuss their experience with therapeutic endoscopic procedures and present new ones for treatment of Acalasia and small sliding hiatal hernia.

Esophagoscopy↗
PubMed1978

[Survey of medical practice: therapeutic applications and iatrogenic implications].

This survey sought to investigate and quantify the use of analgesics and the understanding of their therapeutic hazards. One hundred physicians from different fields and specialties practicing in São Paulo were queried as to the frequency of their use of these products and about their knowledge of the contraindications and the precautions to be taken, measured in percentages on the basis of information supplied by the producing laboratories themselves. The data were processed electronically, and the results bore out the immediate necessity of disseminating greater information on the side effects of these drugs among physicians, health authorities, and the general public.

Brazil↗
PubMed1992

Therapeutic applications of oligonucleotides.

This review focuses strictly on the pharmacodynamic considerations of the use of oligonucleotides designed to interact with nucleic acids as therapeutics. The objectives are to place oligonucleotide therapeutics in the context of modern drug discovery and development and to summarize recent progress.

Base Composition↗
PubMed2026

CRISPR/Cas in gynecologic cancers: A review of experimental and therapeutic applications.

Gynecological malignancies-including cervical, ovarian, and endometrial cancers-remain a major global health challenge, contributing significantly to cancer-related morbidity and mortality among women. Despite advances in conventional treatments such as surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and immunotherapy, issues such as drug resistance, tumor recurrence, and limited efficacy in advanced-stage disease necessitate novel therapeutic strategies. The emergence of CRISPR/Cas-based genome editing has revolutionized cancer research by enabling precise, efficient, and programmable modifications of specific genomic loci. In gynecologic oncology, CRISPR/Cas systems have been employed to dissect oncogenic mechanisms, identify therapeutic targets, and develop innovative treatment modalities. In cervical cancer, CRISPR-mediated targeting of HPV E6 and E7 oncogenes has shown potential in restoring tumor suppressor pathways and enhancing chemosensitivity. In ovarian cancer, gene editing has been used to modulate chemoresistance, tumor angiogenesis, and metastasis through the knockout of key regulators such as DNMT1, EGFL6, and BRCA1/2. Similarly, in endometrial cancer, CRISPR tools have elucidated mechanisms of hormonal resistance and facilitated the development of in vivo models via somatic gene editing. This review highlights recent advances in the application of CRISPR/Cas technology to gynecologic malignancies, discussing its potential as both a therapeutic and research platform while acknowledging current limitations and translational hurdles.

Humans↗
PubMed1976

[Pharmacocinetic behaviour of alpha-L-arabinofuranosidase in therapeutical application to toxify transport forms of cancerostatic substances (author's transl)].

The present studies were carried out to obtain pharmacokinetic data about the elemination of intravenously administered alpha-Larabinofuranosidase from the blood stream and about the distribution and retention of the enzyme in different organs and in a transplantable sarcoma of mouse. The results were used for the planning of therapeutical experiments, in which detoxified transport forms of cancerostatic agents were to be toxified by exogenous enzymes specifically in the tumour tissue. The alpha-Larabinofuranosidase is eliminated from the blood circulation quite rapidly (half-life about 20 min); a large portion is apparently excreted through the kidneys. The distribution in the organs, as compared with the tumour tissue, is very favourable for the planned therapeutical experiments in relation to other enzymes: The enzyme is scarcely accumulated in the RES-containing organs. In the tumour tissue, the enzymatic activity declines linerly with time of the experiment, while elimination of the enzyme from the kidney and muscle follows rather an exponential function. The optimal time interval between the enzyme and substate injections was determined to be 6 hrs.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

[Transfer factor. Properties and possible therapeutic applications (author's transl)].

Transfer factor (TF) is a dialysable and ultrafilterable extract from human leukocytes. It contains only substances with a molecular weight of less than 10 000. Several biological activities of TF are so far known. These refer to the transfer of specific cellular immunity from one individual to another and a stimulating effect, probably of an unspecific nature, on the cellular immune system. So far, favorable therapeutic results have been obtained in chronic candidiasis and a few other chronic infectious diseases, in the Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome and possibly also in some special malignant tumors. The small number of treatments does not permit any firm conclusions to be drawn.

Arthritis, Rheumatoid↗
PubMed1978

Therapeutic application of iodine-125 labeled iododeoxyuridine in an early ascites tumour model.

In its decay, iodine-125 emits cascades of Auger electrons with subcellular ranges and leaves a highly charged tellurium-125 product. When iodine-125 is incorporated into DNA as the thymidine analog 125I-UdR, the localized deposition of such energy has been shown to be extremely radiotoxic. This report presents the results of quantitative investigations into the therapeutic efficacy of 125I-UdR in an early ascites murine tumour model. An ovarian embryonal cell carcinoma has been maintained by serial intraperitoneal transplantation. Challenge doses of 10(4)-10(6) cells were used. Four divided doses of 125I-UdR were administered starting 24 h after tumour cell inoculation; the interval between doses was 4 or 12 h. Therapeutic efficacy was demonstrated by prolonged median and increased absolute survivals of treated animals. Divided doses were more effective than single doses, and antineoplastic activity was related to fractionation. The degree of cell killing with a given fractionation scheme was constant over the range of 10(4)-10(6) cells, and total doses of 50-100 muCi resulted in a 2-3 log killing of tumour cells (1-0.1% cell survival). Therapy with 125I-UdR affords a promising new approach to the treatment of cancer. The therapeutic potential of iodine-125 and other radionuclides whose decay results in a highly localized deposition of energy merits further investigation.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

The Auger cascade and therapeutic applications of 125I.

The Auger cascade consists of low-energy electrons which are emitted instead of characteristic X-rays when a vacancy in an inner electronic shell is filled. Such atomic vacancies are produced by orbital electron capture, internal conversion, and the photoelectric absorption of photons. The relative abundance of Auger electrons and their decrease with increasing atomic charge (Z) is explained. For iodine (Z = 53), about 30% of the energy is carried by Auger electrons and thus is dissipated locally. As the concept of average dose cannot always be applied to electron capture decay in cellular components, microdosimetric parameters, applied separately to each of the distinct types of low energy radiations involved, seem more appropriate. The development and applications of the relevant microdosimetric concepts are reviewed briefly. The approach explains the high biological effectiveness of 125I in different and unrelated systems, such as DNA molecules and the thyroid gland. The effects of 125I on thyroids of humans and experimental animals were compared to those produced by 131I by the Glasgow and the Beilinson groups. The experience of these teams in applying therapeutic doses of 125I in order to control thyrotoxic patients is evaluated.

Electrons↗
PubMed1979

[The serum concentration of anticonvulsants -- pharmacokinetic findings and practical therapeutic applications (author's transl)].

Routine determination of the blood serum concentration of most of the usual anticonvulsants is possible by means of an immunoenzymatic method (EMIT). Determination of the total concentration permits conclusions as to the amount of available, unbound and, thus, effective amount of the substance. Regular determination of serum values provides insight into the relevant pharmacokinetics. Metabolism of anticonvulsants differs greatly among individuals and therefore considerable individual variation exists in the relation between the applied dose and the attained serum level. The metabolic rate of the various substances is unequal and, accordingly, the time necessary to reach a steady state and the half life is very variable. Metabolism may be altered by various biological adaptations, diseases or other drugs, causing alterations in the serum level of the anticonvulsant. Results obtained to date indicate a therapeutic threshold concentration range. In a certain percentage of patients seizures are abolished or diminish in frequency only on attaining such a serum level. In more benign cases an adequate therapeutic effect may be obtained with lower ("subtherapeutic") concentrations, while on the other hand, in malignant cases, no efficient control of seizure activity can be attained even at a high serum concentration. The method should be used in all problematic patients. Up to 50% of patients with insufficient control of seizures show improvement or, even, absence of seizures if this method is included in the therapeutic concept.

Antacids↗
PubMed1975

The therapeutic application of hyperthermia in the bladder.

Experience with 10 cases of hyperthermic irrigation of the bladder suggests that irrigation with saline at 80 degrees C for 10 to 15 min will stop bleeding and destroy epithelium and muscle layers without causing visceral injury or systemic disturbance. It may be preferable to cystectomy in certain poor-risk patients, or in those who refuse cystectomy for fear of impotence.

Aged↗
PubMed1976

Vitamin D: the discovery of its metabolites and their therapeutic applications.

Our understanding of the role of vitamin D in calcium-phosphorus metabolism has changed considerably in the last decade. Studies performed in tissue culture, animal, and man have firmly established that the natural compound requires hydroxylation in the liver at the C-25 position and in the kidney at the C-1 position to form the biologically active derivative 1,25-(OH)2D3. These hydroxylation reactions are finely regulated to maintain normal calcium-phosphorus homeostasis: We now regard 1,25-(OH)2D3 as a hormone which is released by the kidney during periods of hypocalcemia. This hormone acts on the intestinal mucosa to facilitate calcium absorption and on bone to increase calcium mobilization. Its function in other tissues is still being evaluated. The active metabolites of vitamin D and several closely related analogs have been synthesized. It has been clearly demonstrated that 1,25-(OH)2D3 and 1alpha-OH-D3 promote healing in uremic bone disease. Administration of small amounts of these compounds has corrected the biochemical disturbances in vitamin D-dependency and hypoparathyroidism. Limited clinical experience with 25-OH-D3 and 1,25-(OH)2D3 in children with familial hypophosphatemia has failed to show convincing evidence of a therapeutic effect. Further clinical studies are needed to fully evaluate the therapeutic potential of this new family of compounds.

Animals↗