PubMed Health⌕ Search

SEARCH · PubMed Health

Results for “thyroid nodules”

Explore indexed PubMed citations for clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health research. Read source abstracts and follow each citation to its original PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1975

The ultrasonic evaluation of nonfunctioning thyroid nodules.

Thyroid echography was carried out on 100 patients with thyroid abnormalities to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of ultrasound in differentiating simple thyroid cysts from solid thyroid nodules. In all 46 proven cases, the ultrasonic diagnosis of the solid or cystic nature of thyroid nodules was correct.A proposed diagnostic workup of a hypofunctioning (cold) thyroid nodule is suggested with primary needle aspiration and cytologic examination of the cyst fluid being recommended if the nodule is shown to be entirely cystic by ultrasound.

Cysts↗
PubMed1975

Thyroid nodules and thyroid carcinoma.

Seventy carcinomas of the thyroid gland were found in 1300 thyroidectomies for an incidence of 5.4%. The incidence of malignancy in single nodules was 9.7% and in multinodular nontoxic goiter 4.3%. The risk of cancer was higher (14.2%) in males than in females (4.3%). The highest incidence of cancer was found in children under the age of 10 (40%). Radioactive iodine scintiscanning was of limited help in differentiating benign from malignant nodules. Early surgery is advised for all patients with single thyroid nodules and all thyroid nodules in children should be excised.

Abscess↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Localization of transferrin receptors (TFRs) in human non functioning thyroid nodules and in extranodular thyroid tissue.

In this research the TFR localization in non functioning human thyroid nodules and in the extranodular thyroid tissue, using an immunohistochemical technique, has been studied. For this study a monoclonal antibody (B3/25) against TFR and the peroxidase technique have been utilized. Moreover a morphometric comparative analysis was carried out based on the following parameters: 1) mean immunoreactive area for microscopic field, 2) mean value of immunoreactive follicular perimeter, 3) integrated optical density, 4) % of immunoreactive area on total examined area in nodular and extranodular tissue. The immunoreactivity was detected in some follicular cells in a number of follicles randomly distributed in the extra nodular tissue. As concern the non functioning thyroid nodules, the positivity was localized in the generality of the follicles both in the flattened epithelial cells of the larger follicles and in the cuboidal cells of the smaller ones. The morphometric parameters confirm a statistically significant difference of immunoreactivity between extranodular and nodular tissue. These results suggest that TF might play a role in the cellular proliferation of thyroid gland.

Cell Division↗
PubMed1992

Thyroid nodules associated with Hashimoto thyroiditis: assessment with US.

Sonographic findings in 109 thyroid nodules in 104 patients with Hashimoto thyroiditis were retrospectively analyzed. Sixty patients underwent ultrasound (US)--guided fine-needle aspiration (FNA) biopsy (65 nodules, 24 palpable, 27 surgically confirmed), 14 of whom also underwent palpation-guided FNA (14 nodules, all palpable, all surgically confirmed). Forty-four patients (44 nodules, 25 palpable) underwent diagnostic US followed up with surgery. US-guided FNA helped differentiate between benign (n = 11) and malignant (n = 16) diseases (sensitivity, 100%). Two papillary carcinomas were falsely diagnosed as Hashimoto thyroiditis with palpation-guided FNA. Eight malignancies were not palpable, and correct diagnosis was obtained with US-guided FNA. Hyperechoic nodules were usually benign, and isoechoic nodules had a low frequency (13%) of malignancy. Most carcinomas were found in hypoechoic masses, and almost all lymphomas were found in markedly hypoechoic masses. Lymphoma was indistinguishable from pseudotumor in Hashimoto thyroiditis or adenomatous hyperplasia at US. US-guided FNA is helpful in making the histologic diagnosis in thyroid nodules associated with Hashimoto thyroiditis. US-guided FNA is clinically beneficial because it can help select patients who need surgery, avoiding unnecessary surgery for patients with nonneoplastic disorders.

Adenoma↗
PubMed1977

[Scintigraphic discordances between technetium 99m and iodine 131 in the study of thyroid nodules].

Eighty thyroid nodules found to be hyperfixating, isofixating or heterogeneous after an initial scintigraphy with Technetium 99m were studied comparatively using iodine 131. Differences in the apparent activity of the nodule and the extra-nodular parenchyma were found in one third of cases. A "cold nodule" appearance, not seen with techneitum was found in 8 cases at the time of the examination using iodine. Five of these patients underwent operation, the diagnosis being a carcinoma in one.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed1979

[Thyroid nodule secondary to subacute thyroiditis. 8 cases (author's transl)].

This description of 8 cases of thyroid nodules secondary to subacute thyroiditis serves to emphasise the relative prevalence of the circumscribed forms. These nodules, variable in size, firm and painful, developed after a period of cervical discomfort and pain. A contrast between a raised or normal blood hormone level and a very low uptake of I131 was found in five cases. It was all the more valuable when there was no iodine overload. Scintigraphy showed the nodule to be cold in 6 cases, isofixing in one and hot in one case. An essential diagnostic criterion is the rapidly favourable course: 4 nodules disappeared completely, 3 regressed in less than 6 months and one persisted, justifying excision with histopathological examination since localised thyroiditis of this type may be the presenting feature of a carcinoma.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Thyroid hormones homeostasis and TSH in autonomic thyroid nodule.

Thirty patients with autonomic thyroid nodules were studied. Thyroid scintigram, iodine uptake at 2 and 24 hrs, PBI, total thyroxine, serum T3(RIA), basal TSH and 30 minutes after TRH administration were performed. A lack of concordance was found between the clinical signs and the laboratory data. According to the data obtained the patients were grouped into 3 categories: having 1) autonomic thyroid nodules with normal PBI, T4t, T3 values and absent or diminished TSH response to TRH; 2) autonomic thyroid nodules with increased T3 secretion and no response to TRH despite a normal T4 and iodine uptake, 3) hyperfunctional autonomic nodules in which PBI, T4t, T3 and iodine uptake are increased. TSH response to TRH is the most sensitive test for hyperthyroidism, more sensitive than the circulating thyroid hormones assay, and best fitted for adequate therapeutic management. Serum triiodothyronine was found to be increased in 95% of the patients. Thus, there is a T3 thyreotoxicosis in most of the autonomic nodules. TRH test and serum T3 assay being essential elements in starting the treatment, they have to be included among the tests used in autonomic thyroid nodules investigation.

Adenoma↗
PubMed1992

Thyroid nodules in pregnancy.

Thyroid nodules are common in pregnant women. Most of them are benign. Toxic autonomous nodules may be seen infrequently, and the diagnosis is supported by elevated free thyroid hormone levels and undetectable levels of TSH. The most common and most important problem is the diagnosis of thyroid cancer. FNB is the most reliable diagnostic tool. FNB findings also can be used to indicate the urgency for surgery and the appropriate extent of the operation when surgery is indicated. Best use of FNB data requires that the cytopathologist provide tissue diagnoses and that there has been enough experience to permit reasonable inferences of cancer probability for each diagnosis.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Outcome of long standing solitary thyroid nodules.

We investigated the outcome of long standing palpable solitary thyroid nodules by surveying 441 patients and examining 140 patients who had untreated thyroid nodules for 15 +/- 4.5 years. In our clinical survey, the most common outcome was disappearance of the thyroid nodule (38.3%). Also a significant number of patients (36.3%) underwent surgery in other hospitals. Five (1.1%) patients died of thyroid cancer. When thyroid nodules were re-examined, most nodules indeed decreased in size or disappeared; however, 13% of nodules increased in size. Ultrasound of the nodules showed that most solitary nodules were multiple and partially cystic and solid. There was an increased incidence of calcification in long standing nodules. Thyroid cancer was found by fine needle aspiration biopsy in 26.3% of enlarging nodules and 6.4% of nodules without changing size. The risk of cancer decreased when the size of the nodule decreased. A total of 15 patients with suspicion of malignancy underwent surgery. Surgical procedures were lobectomy, near total thyroidectomy, or resection of nodules with or without modified neck dissection. Seven patients had papillary carcinoma and 2 patients with benign cytology had microscopically evident papillary carcinoma. In our study, the majority of palpable solitary thyroid nodules tended to decrease in size; these nodules do not require treatment. Enlarging solid nodules are a definite risk for thyroid cancer. If the size of the nodule remains the same, judicious approach with fine needle aspiration biopsy is needed.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Evaluation of the thyroid nodule.

The evaluation and management of thyroid nodules remains an area of controversy. The past decade has witnessed two important advances. The increased availability and acceptance of fine-needle aspiration biopsy of thyroid nodules has dramatically altered the clinician's approach to this disease, and provides for the single most precise method for selecting appropriate patients for surgery. The introduction of high-resolution thyroid ultrasonography provides for anatomic definition that is clearly superior to thyroid scintigraphy. However, radionuclide imaging of the thyroid remains critical for determining the functional status of abnormal thyroid tissue. While aspiration, ultrasound, and scintigraphy all have appropriate indications, utility, and limitations, no single test or group of tests substitutes for careful clinical assessment and follow-up. This review attempts to provide a practical approach to the evaluation and management of the thyroid nodule.

Biopsy, Needle↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Management of the thyroid nodule.

The approach to the patient with a palpable solitary thyroid nodule remains controversial. In the rare patient with signs and symptoms suggestive of malignancy, the course of action is reasonably established. However, the patient with an asymptomatic solitary thyroid nodule presents a dilemma. The therapeutic alternatives range from suppressive medical therapy with serial examinations to surgical excision; therefore, to obviate unnecessary surgery, several diagnostic techniques and approaches have evolved which attempt to predict the presence of malignancy. A multitude of articles reflects the widespread disagreement among physicians regarding these diagnostic approaches. Thus, many questions still remain as to the proper management of patients with solitary nodules. The issue is further confounded by problems in assimilating and practically applying the results of the various studies, which often differ in their results. In this report, data regarding the prevalence of the solitary thyroid nodule are reviewed, and the clinical significance of the solitary thyroid nodule is discussed. The problem of management is examined in terms of the various diagnostic approaches to the solitary thyroid nodule: history and physical examination, laboratory tests, ultrasonography, thyroid suppressive therapy, scanning techniques, and fine-needle aspiration. The efficacy of each technique is critically evaluated with an emphasis upon the ability to distinguish benign from malignant disease. The overall aim of this report is to establish a reasonable diagnostic approach to the asymptomatic patient with the solitary palpable thyroid nodule, based upon a critical review of the literature.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1990

[New techniques of thyroid medical imaging. Value and limitations in the exploration of isolated thyroid nodules].

The exploration of thyroid nodules deals mainly with the problem of detection of malignancy. Except in the cases of characteristic clinical situations which suggest at once malignancy, classical investigations offer mostly an insufficient approach including erroneous conclusions. Scintigraphy, whose morphological definition remains limited, can miss non- or hypofixing lesions. Pharmacological tests of nodule reduction by suppression of thyreostimulin do not provide specific informations. Fine needle- biopsy cannot absolutely exclude malignancy, depending too much of the sites of punction and of the difficulties of cytological analysis. Echography brings an important progress in the precision of thyroid volume, nodules counting and gross connections. The liquid or solid characterization is an important echographic information as well. Tomodensitometry provides useful data in the retrosternal and retrotracheal areas. The connections with aerodigestive tract are more clearly pointed out and the presence of metastatic nodes as well. Magnetic resonance imaging gives further information because of the ability of multiple longitudinal slices, and of the trial of a tissular characterization from signal analysis and ultrastructural macroanatomic study. Additive precisions will be likely in the future by a more accurate determination of criteria of malignancy. The complementarity of magnetic resonance imagery and fine needle-biopsy should lead to a more frequent use of these investigations before the decision of surgical removal.

Diagnostic Imaging↗